Exp.

No: PRACTCING WIRING, SOLDERING AND D-ESOLDERING

Date:

Aim :
To practice soldering and de-soldering of components on a PCB

Apparatus Required:
PCB Board
Soldering Iron
Solder Wire [Alloy]
Flux
Circuit Diagram

Theory :

Soldering is the process of joining two or more metals using an alloy metal having low melting
point to establish electrical connection. It uses tin-lead alloy as filler material. The melting point of the
filler material should be below 400oC (752oF)

Solder Wire

Solder is used for joining two or more metals at temperatures below their melting point. The
popularly used solders are alloy of tin(63%) and lead (37%) that melts at 183C (361 F) and solidifies
when it cools. Melting point of tin(Sb) and Lead(Pb) are 232C and 327C respectively. When the tin and
lead are mixed in 63:37 ratio, it becomes molten at 183C. It is to fix the components like resistors,
capacitors and so on to the PCB in the given fields. The leads of the devices are connected to the track
of the PCB by melting the soldering wire to the junction.
 Solder flux is a kind of chemical. The oxides deposited on the board may not permit good solder
joints. If the solder joint is poor, there will be poor electrical conduction. In order to make the surfaces
accept the solder readily, the component terminals should be free from oxides and other obstructing
films. Flux is to clean and remove any oxide from the board. Small amount of solder should be coated
on cleaned portion of component leads and bit of the soldering iron. This is called tinning. Zinc chloride,
ammonium chloride and rosin are the most commonly used fluxes.

The soldering iron is the heat source tool for the process .It is a tool to melt solder and apply at
the joints in the circuit. The normal power ratings of the soldering iron are 10 W, 25 W, 35 W, 65 W
and 125 W. Usually a 25 Watt soldering iron is adequate for the process. A higher watt device may
bring too much heat to the PCB and will surely damage the sensitive components. The iron bit at the tip
gets heated up within few minutes. Tips of the bits are either pointed or tapered. Pointed bits are useful
for soldering very accurate and small circuits. It needs very little mount of solder.

Soldering Iron Stand:

It is used to place the soldering iron safely when it is not in use.

Soldering Station
Soldering station is a soldering tool with a separate station to control temperature and a soldering
iron. A soldering station can be either analog or digital. The tip temperature is maintained by feedback
loop. It has the provision for setting and displaying the temperature.

Solder Gun:
It is a gun shaped tool used especially more heat is required. It triggers a switch which controls
AC power.

De-solder Pump:
It is a vacuum pump used to remove the solder when melted by the soldering iron while
desoldering connections. When the solder melts, a trigger on the desolder pump should be activated to
create a vacuum. This vacuum pull the solder into the tube.
De-soldering and Re-soldering
There may be cases where a soldered PCB may be taken for re-soldering. The solder that is
already used has some dissolved base metals that make it unfit for reuse. So before re-soldering, it is
good practice to de-solder and thus remove the solder from the joint. For this purpose there are de-
soldering equipments called solder suckers. By doing this a lot of flux is released which will clear the
dissolved base metals and all other contaminants from the copper trace. Thus a bright, shiny, clean
junction will be ready to be re-soldered.

Precautions to be taken while Soldering

 The room must get enough light and ventilation.

 Unplug the soldering iron when not in use.
 Avoid touching the soldering iron. Skin, dress, hair etc keep away from soldering iron.
 Keep the soldering iron in soldering iron stand when not in use.
 Take the iron in the plastic handle.
 The power cord must be kept away from the hot iron.
 The wires to be heated must be hold using tweezers.
 The cleaning sponge must be wet while use.
 After soldering, wash hands using soap and water.
 Lead and other metal fumes are hazardous. So avoid toxic fumes.

Soldering Procedure

 Setting up Work Area and Preparing Work piece.

o Ensure adequate ventilation.
o Make sure the area to be used for soldering or de-soldering are clean and free of dust or
grease before applying heat.
 Selecting a Solder and Flux
 Tinning Soldering Tip
o Make sure the solder tip is cleaned and tinned.
o Allow the soldering iron to reach temperature.
o Apply flux to the tip first and then liberally apply solder to tip.
 Soldering
o Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle.
o Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be made. Make sure it touches both the component
lead and the track. Hold the tip there for a few seconds to heat the joint.
o Unroll the solder and bring the end to the joint to be soldered near the soldering iron tip.
The solder should melt and smoothly flow onto the components to be soldered (component
lead, PCB trace, etc). Be sure to apply the solder to the joint, not the iron.
o Remove the solder, then the iron, while keeping the joint still. Allow the joint a few seconds
to cool before you move the circuit board.
o Inspect the joint closely. Be sure that the solder joint is good.
o Solder joints may be cleaned after they have cooled using isopropyl alcohol or similar
cotton swab

Result:
Thus PCB soldering and de-soldering were practiced.

Viva Questions
1. What is soldering?
2. Give the specifications of soldering iron
3. State the alloys present in solder wire
4. How soldering station is different from soldering iron?
5. State the use of flux.
 Exp. No: FABRICATION OF REGULATED DC POWER SUPPLY
Date:

Aim:
To fabricate DC regulated power supply circuit using bridge rectifier on a PCB

Apparatus required:

[Link]. Name of the Apparatus Range Qty

1 Step-down Transformer 12V 1A 1
2 IC 7805 1
3 Capacitor 470 µF 1
0.1 µF 2
4 DC source 1
5 Diodes IN 4007 4
6 CRO 1
8 Multimeter 1
9 Soldering Iron 1
10 Solder Wire -
11 Flux -
12 PCB Board 1

Circuit Diagram
Tabulation:

Input Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V)

Mains Step-down Rectified Regulated
voltage

Theory
Power supply is a device which delivers an exact voltage to another device as per its needs. There
are many power supplies available like regulated, unregulated, variable etc,

Transformers
The AC mains are fed to the transformer, which steps down the 230 Volts to the desired voltage.
Transformers are devices which step down a relatively higher AC input Voltage into a lower AC output
voltage. To find the input and output terminals of a transformer is very tricky. Basically, there are two
sides in a transformer where the coil winding inside the transformer ends. Both ends have two wires
each (unless you are using a centre-tapped transformer for full wave rectification). On the transformer,
one side will have three terminals and the other will have two. The one with the three terminals is the
stepped down output of the transformer, and the one with the two terminals is where the input voltage is
to be provided.

Diode Bridge
A bridge rectifier consists of an assembly of four ordinary diodes, by means of which we can
convert AC Voltage into DC Voltage. Diodes drop about 0.7V each when operated in forward bias. So,
in bridge rectification the drop is about 1.4V .So basically, the transformer step down voltage should be
at least 3.4V more than the desired Power Supply output.

Voltage Regulators
The 78XX series of voltage regulators is a widely used range of regulators all over the world.
The XX denotes the voltage that the regulator will regulate as output, from the input voltage. For
instance, 7805, will regulate the voltage to 5V. Similarly, 7812 will regulate the voltage to 12V. The
voltage regulators need at least 2 volts more than their output voltage as input.

Filter Circuit
The bridge rectifier follows the transformer thus converting AC voltage into a DC output and
through a filtering capacitor feeds it directly into the input (Pin 1) of the voltage regulator. The common
pin (Pin 2) of the voltage regulator is grounded. The output (Pin 3) of the voltage regulator is first filtered
by a capacitor, and then the output is taken. It is necessary to filter, both the input and output of the
voltage regulator in order to get the smoothest DC Voltage as possible, Capacitors are the simplest
current filters available, they let AC current pass through and block DC, so they are used in parallel to
the output.
Procedure:
1. Surface Preparation
 A clean surface is very important for a strong, low resistive solder joint. Ensure that PCB boars
and component leads are clean.
2. Component Placement
 Bend the leads as necessary and insert the component through the proper holes on the board. bit
so that the parts do not fall out when the board is turned upside down
 To hold the part in place while soldering bend the leads on the bottom of the board at a 45º
 Insert components with the correct polarity. The polarity of the component should also be
marked on the PCB
3. Apply Heat
 Apply a very small amount of solder to the tip of the iron. This helps conduct the heat
to the component and board,
 Now it is ready to actually heat the component and board. Lay the iron tip so that it
rests against both the component lead and the board
4. Apply Solder and Remove Heat
 Once the component lead and solder pad has heated up, apply solder. Touch the tip of
the strand of solder to the component lead and solder pad, but not the tip of the iron.
 Once the surface of the pad is completely coated, stop adding solder and remove the
soldering iron
5. After the circuit has been assembled, clip the leads off of the components. Take care not to cut into
the solder joint

Viva Questions
1. What is rectifier?
2. State the need for filters
3. Why regulators are required?
4. What is use of step-down transformers
5. Name different voltage regulator ICs
 Exp. No:
MEASUREMENT OF SIGNAL PARAMETERS
Date:
Aim:

To measure the amplitude, frequency, time period, RMS value and waveform shape of signals
generated using the Function Generator by using CRO, DSO and DMM.

Apparatus Required:
[Link] Equipment Quantity
1 CRO 1
2 DSO 1
3 DMM 1
4 Function Generator 1
5 Connecting Probes & Wires As required

Theory:

1. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO):

Used to display analog waveforms. Parameters measured:

 Amplitude
 Time Period
 Frequency
 Phase Difference

2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO):

Allows digital capture of waveforms with higher accuracy. Automatically calculates:

 RMS voltage
 Frequency
 Duty cycle
 Peak-to-peak voltage

3. Digital Multimeter (DMM):

Measures:

 DC/AC Voltage
 Frequency (limited range)
 RMS value (for sinewave mainly)
4. Function Generator:

Generates:

 Sine
 Square
 Triangular waveforms
Adjustable:
 Amplitude
 Frequency
 Duty Cycle (for square wave)

Procedure:

A. Using CRO

1. Connect Function Generator output to Channel 1 of CRO.

2. Select sine wave from function generator.
3. Adjust frequency to a known value (e.g., 1 kHz).
4. Set CRO:

 Time/Div
 Volt/Div
 Trigger

5. Measure:

 Peak-to-peak voltage (Count vertical divisions × Volt/Div)

 Time period (Count horizontal divisions × Time/Div)
 Frequency = 1 / Time Period

B. Using DSO

1. Connect the same signal to Channel 1 of DSO.

2. DSO will automatically display:

 Frequency
 Vrms
 Vp-p
 Duty cycle

3. Store waveform if needed.

C. Using DMM

1. Set DMM to AC Voltage mode.

2. Measure RMS voltage (works best for sine wave).
3. For frequency measurement, switch DMM to frequency mode if available.

Observation Table:

1. Using CRO
Parameter Observed Value
Volt/div
Time/div
Peak-to-peak Voltage (Vp-p)
Time Period (T)
Frequency (f = 1/T)

2. Using DSO
Parameter Measured Value
Vp-p
Vrms
Frequency
Duty Cycle

3. Using DMM
Parameter Measured Value
AC Voltage (RMS)
Frequency

Result:

The signal parameters such as amplitude, RMS voltage, time period, frequency, and waveform shape
were successfully measured using CRO, DSO, DMM, and Function Generator.

1. Simulate electronics circuits and verify desired results

2. Soldering of customized PCB

 Exp. No:
SIMULATE ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS AND VERIFY
Date:
DESIRED RESULTS
Aim

To simulate a Half Wave Rectifier circuit using Proteus Design Suite and verify the input and
output waveforms using the Virtual Oscilloscope (Output Window).

Software Required

 Proteus Design Suite (ISIS)

 Version: 8 Professional or above

[Link] Component Value / Type

1 AC Voltage Source 230 V, 50 Hz
2 Step-down Transformer 230 V / 12 V
3 Diode 1N4007
4 Load Resistor 1 kΩ
5 Oscilloscope Virtual Instrument
6 Ground GND

Circuit Diagram Description

 The primary of transformer is connected to AC source.

 The secondary is connected to:
o One end → Diode anode
o Other end → Ground
 Diode cathode → Load resistor
 Other end of load resistor → Ground
 Oscilloscope probes connected:
o Channel A → Transformer secondary (Input)
o Channel B → Across Load Resistor (Output)
 Procedure (Step-by-Step in Proteus)

Step 1: Create New Project

 Open Proteus ISIS
 Click New Project
 Select Schematic Capture
 Finish the setup

Step 2: Select Components

 Press P (Pick Devices)
 Search and add:
 AC SOURCE
  TRANSFORMER
 1N4007
 RESISTOR
 OSCILLOSCOPE
 GROUND

Step 3: Design the Circuit

 Place all components on the workspace
 Connect components as per the circuit description
 Set resistor value = 1kΩ
 Ensure proper grounding

Step 4: Configure Oscilloscope

 Channel A → Input AC
 Channel B → Output across load
 Set Time Base = 5 ms/div
 Voltage scale = 5 V/div

Step 5: Run Simulation

 Click Run button
 Observe waveforms in the Output Window (Oscilloscope)

Output Window Observation

Input Waveform (Channel A)
 Complete sinusoidal AC waveform
Output Waveform (Channel B)
 Only positive half cycles
 Negative half cycles removed
 Pulsating DC output
RESULT
The Half Wave Rectifier circuit was successfully simulated using Proteus software.
The output waveform observed in the Output Window confirms rectification action by allowing
only positive half cycles, thus verifying the desired result.