Unit 1

Basic Syntactical Constructs In Java

 What is Java
Java is a high level, robust, object-oriented and secure programming
language.
Java was developed by Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of
Oracle) in the year 1995.
James Gosling is known as the father of Java. Before Java, its name was Oak.
Since Oak was already a registered company, so James Gosling and his team changed the Oak name to
Java.

Sample Java Program

class Sample
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
[Link](“Hello”);
}
}

A] Class Declaration
The first line
class Sample
declares a class, which is an object-oriented construct.
Java is a true object-oriented language and therefore, everything must be placed inside a class. class
is a keyword and declares that a new class definition follows.
Sample is a Java identifier that specifies the name of the class to be defined.

B] Opening Brace
Every class definition in Java begins with an opening brace "{“ and ends with a matching closing brace
“}”. This is similar to C++ class construct (Note that class definition in C++ ends with a semicolon.)

C] The Main Line

Every Java application program must include the main() method.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy
This is the starting point for the interpreter to begin the execution of the program.
A Java application can have any number of classes but only one of them must include a main method
to initiate the execution.

This line contains number of keywords, public, static and void.

It is an Access modifier, which specifies from where and who can access the method.
main() method is made public so that JVM can invoke it from outside the class.
public:
If we use private, protected, and default before the main() method, it will not be visible
to JVM.

The main() method is marked static so that the JVM may call it without having to create
static:
an object of the class that contains the main() method.

void: It is a returntype and is used to specify that main() method doesn’t return anything.

Here, String args[] declares a parameter named args, which contains an array of objects of the class
type String.

D] The Output Line

[Link]() is used to print an argument that is passed to it. The statement can be broken
into 3 parts which can be understood separately as:

System:
It is a built in class defined in the [Link] package.
It provides access to standard input, output
out:
This is an object of PrintStream type, which is a public and static member field of the
System class.
It handles the actual writing of data to the output destination.
As it is static, it can be accessed directly using the class name ([Link]).

println():
It prints any argument passed to it and adds a new line to the output.
This is an upgraded version of print().
Every Java statement must end with a semicolon.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Implementing A JAVA Program
Implementation of a Java application program involves a series of steps. They include:
1 Creating the program
2 Compiling the program
3 Running the program

Remember that, before we begin creating the program, the Java Development Kit (JDK) must be
properly installed on our system.

1. Creating the Program

We can create a program using any text editor. Assume that we have entered the following program:
class Test
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
[Link](“Hello!”);
[Link](“Welcome to the world of Java.”);
[Link](“Let us learn Java.”);
}
}
We must save this program in a file called [Link] ensuring that the filename contains the class
name properly. This file is called the source file. Note that all Java source files will have the extension
java. Note also that if a program contains multiple classes, the file name must be the classname of the
class containing the main method.

2. Compiling the Program

To compile the program, we must run the Java Compiler javac, with the name of the source file on the
command line as shown below:
javac [Link]
If everything is OK, the javac compiler creates a file called [Link] containing the bytecodes of the
program. Note that the compiler automatically names the bytecode file as
<classname> .class

3. Running the Program

We need to use the Java interpreter to run a standalone program. At the command prompt, type
java Test
Now, the interpreter looks for the main method in the program and begins execution from there.
When executed, our program displays the following:
Hello!
Welcome to the world of Java.
Let us learn Java.
Note that we simply type “Test" at the command line and not “[Link]” or “[Link]”.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Features of Java
Q] What are the features of JAVA? [W-08, 09, 10, 11, 12, S-12]
Q] Explain: 1) Platform independence
2) Compiled and interpreted features of Java. [W-14]

1. Compiled and Interpreted

Usually a computer language is either compiled or interpreted. Java combines both these approaches
thus making Java a two-stage system. First, Java compiler translates source code into byte code
instructions. Byte codes are not machine instructions and therefore, in the second stage, Java
interpreter generates machine code that can be directly executed by the machine that is running
the Java program.
We can thus say that Java is both a compiled and an interpreted language.

2. Platform-Independent and Portable

Q] Explain the concept of platform independence and portability with respect to Java language.
(S-19 ) [4 Marks]

Java is a platform independent language. This is possible because when a java program is
compiled, an intermediate code called the byte code is obtained.
Byte code is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by the JVM which is
the interpreter for the byte code. Byte code is not a machine specific code.
Byte code is a universal code and can be moved anywhere to any platform.
Therefore java is portable, as it can be carried to any platform.
JVM is a virtual machine which exists inside the computer memory and is a simulated computer
within a computer which does all the functions of a computer.
Only the JVM needs to be implemented for each platform. Although the details of the JVM will defer
from platform to platform, all interpret the same byte code.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Java Programming Model:-

3. Object-Oriented

Q] Why Java is called as Truly Object Oriented Programming? [S-09, 11, 12, 13, W-11]
- Java is a true object-oriented language.
- Almost everything in Java is an object.
- All program code and data reside within objects and classes.
- Java includes all the features of OOP including Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Dynamic Binding
etc.
- Most of methods and constructors used in Java are overloaded.
- So JAVA itself supports Polymorphism.
- JAVA does not support Multiple Inheritance to avoid duplication of data, but it is supported by the
way of Interface.

4. Robust
Java is a robust language that can handle run-time errors as it checks the code during the compile
and runtime.
Java incorporates the concept of exception handling where any serious runtime error is identified
by the JVM, and it will not be passed directly to the underlying system.
Instead, it will immediately terminate the program and stop it from causing any harm to the system.
Java has a strong memory management system.
It also supports the concepts of garbage collection and exception handling.

5. Secure
Java is a secure language that ensures that programs cannot access memory locations without
authorization. It has access modifiers to check memory access.
It does not allow programmers to explicitly create pointers.
Java also ensures that no viruses enter an applet.
Java’s bytecode verifier checks the code blocks for any illegal code that violates the access right.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 6. Distributed
Java is designed as a distributed language for creating applications on networks.
In Java, we can split a program into many parts and store these parts on different computers.
A Java programmer sitting on a machine can access another program running on the other machine.
This feature in Java gives the advantage of distributed programming, which is very helpful when we
develop large projects.

7. Simple, Small and Familiar

Java is a small and simple language. Many features of C and C++ that are redundant are not part of
Java. For example, Java does not use pointers, pre-processor header files, goto statement and
many others. It also eliminates operator overloading and multiple inheritance.

8. Multithreaded and Interactive

Multithreaded means handling multiple tasks simultaneously.
Java supports multithreaded programs. This meant that we need not wait for the application to finish
one task, before beginning another. For example we can listen to an audio clip while scrolling a page
and at the same time download an applet from a distant computer. This feature greatly improves the
interactive performance of graphical applications.

9. High Performance
Being a compiled language, Java tends to offer better performance compared to interpreted
languages. Its Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler further optimizes the performance by translating bytecode
into native machine code just before execution.

10. Dynamic and Extensible

Dynamic and extensible means one can add classes and add new methods to classes with the help of
Object Oriented Programming. This is available in JAVA. It makes easier for programmers to expand
their own classes and ever modify them.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Java Byte code and Java Virtual Machine

Q] What is byte code? Explain any two tools available in JDK. [S-09, S-12]
Q] What is Byte code explain JVM? [W-11, W-13]
Q] What is JVM? What is bytecode? [S-13]

Compiler translates source code into machine code for specific computer (platform dependent).
But the Java compiler produces an intermediate code known as byte code, for a machine that does not
exist.
This machine is called as ‘Java Virtual Machine’ (JVM) and it only exist inside the computer memory.
It is simulated computer within the computer and performs all major functions of real computer.

Fig.: Process of Compilation

The output produced by the Java compiler is not executable code.
It is byte code, highly optimized set of instructions executed by java run time system or JVM. JVM is
an interpreter for the byte code.
The virtual machine code generated by Java Interpreter is not machine specific (portable), but it acts
as an intermediary between the virtual machine and real machine as shown in following Fig.

Fig. Process of converting byte code into machine code.

 Java Tokens
Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy
Smallest individual units in a Program that are meaningful to the Java compiler are called Tokens.
Java language includes 5 types of Tokens:
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literal
4. Operators
5. Separators

For example, consider the following code.

public class Demo

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("Arrow");
}
}

In the above code, public, class, Demo, {, static, void, main, (, String, args, [, ], ), System, ., out,
println, Arrow, etc. are the Java tokens.

1) Keywords:
- pre-defined reserved words of Language definition.
- Each keyword has a special meaning.
- Must be written in Lowercase
- Eg. do, while, int, if, short, void, continue, public etc.

abstract assert boolean

break byte case
catch char class
const continue default
do double else
enum exports extends
final finally float
for goto if
implements import instanceof
int interface long
module native new
open opens package
private protected provides
public requires return
short static strictfp
super switch synchronized
this throw throws
to transient transitive
try uses void
volatile while with

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 2) Identifiers:
- It usually defined by the user.
- Used for naming classes, methods, variables, objects, packages and interface in a program.
-
- Follows following Rules:
1. Identifiers can only contain letters (a-z, A-Z), digits (0-9), the underscore (_), and
the dollar sign ($).
2. The first character cannot be a digit. It must be a letter, an underscore, or a dollar
sign.
3. Java keywords (e.g., class, public, int, if, while, for, void) cannot be used as
identifiers.
4. Uppercase and Lowercase letters are distinct meaning that tot and TOT are treated
as two distinct identifiers.
5. Identifiers cannot contain spaces or other special characters (like #, @, or -).

3) Literals:-
Any constant value that can be assigned to the variable is called a literal.

int x = 100; // Here 100 is a constant/literal.

Types of Literals:-
1. Integer
2. Character
3. Floating-point
4. String
5. Boolean
6. Null

4) Operators:-
An operator is a symbol that indicates one or more arguments and operates on them to
produce result.

 Arithmetic Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Relational Operators
 Unary Operators
 Logical Operators
 Ternary Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Shift Operators

5) Separators:-
- Separators are symbols used to indicate where groups of code are divided and arranged.
- Eg. {}, [], () etc.
- The separators in Java is also known as punctuators

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Variables, Constants and Data Types
Variables
Variables are the containers for storing the data values.
It is a named memory location.
Value of variable may change during the execution of the program.

Declaration of Variables:
Before a variable can be used, it must be declared.
Syntax:-
dataType variableName;

Example:

1. Declaration reserves a location in memory with a specific name and type.

2. It tells the compiler what the variable name is.
3. It specifies what type data the variable will hold.

Variable Initialization
To assign a value, use the assignment (=) operator followed by the value.
Each declaration or initialization statement must end with a semicolon (;).

variable name = value;

Example: a = 25;

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Constants
Constants in Java refer to fixed values that can not change once assigned.
After declaration of symbolic constants, they should not be assigned any other values within the
program using assignment operator.

Syntax:-
final data_type CONSTANT_NAME = value;

final:
The final keyword indicates that the value of the constant cannot be changed once it is initialized.

data_type:
The data type of the constant such as int, double, boolean, or String.

CONSTANT_NAME:
The name of the constant which should be written in all capital letters with underscores separating
words.

value:
The initial value of the constant.

Example :-
final double PI = 3.14;

/ * Calculate Area of Circle */

class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int radius;
final double pi = 3.142;
double area;
radius = 5;
area = pi * radius * radius;
[Link]("Area of circle is :" + area);
}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Data Types
Q] Write all primitive data types available in Java with their storage sizes in bytes.
[W 09, S10, 12, 13, 17]

Data types in Java specify how much memmory is to be allocated to Variable.

Each variable has a data type that decides what type of value the variable will hold.

Primitive data types in Java are those data types whose variables can store only one value at a
time. We cannot store multiple values of the same type. These data types are pre-defined in Java.

int x; // valid
x = 10; // valid because "x" store only one value at a time because it is the primitive type variable.
x = 10,20,30; // invalid.
Java defines eight primitive data types: boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, and double.

1] Integer Types
Integer type stores whole numbers that may be positive or negative and should not contain any
decimal places such as 123, -96, and 5639. Type Size
Valid Integer types are byte, short, int, and long.
byte 1 byte
Long is used when int data type cannot hold a value.
short 2 byte
It is 2 times larger than int(integer).
int 4 byte
We must use L or l at the end of the value.
long 8 byte
Example: 123L , 123l

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

2] Floating Point Types

1. float :

The float data type in Java is a single-precision 32-bit floating-point data type used to store
fractional numbers
A float uses 4 bytes (32 bits) of memory.
It offers a single precision of approximately 6 to 7 decimal digits.
When assigning a literal value to a float variable, you must append the letter f or F to the number
(e.g., 3.14f), because Java treats all floating-point literals as double by default.

float weight = 70.645f; Type Size

or float 4 byte
float weight = 70.645F; double 8 byte

2. double:
The double keyword in Java is also a primitive data type, and its size limit is 8 byte or 64
bits double-precision, up to 15 digits precision after the decimal.
We often use this keyword when we have a larger floating value and if we want a more precise
and accurate value.
By default, Java considers any decimal or float values of double type, so we do not need to typecast
any decimal value to double manually.
Hence, adding the suffix 'd' or 'D' in the number is optional in the case of Double data type values.

double weight = 70.6458763;

or
double weight = 70.6458763d;
or
double weight = 70.6458763D;

Note:- double is best suited for applications that require a high degree of accuracy and a wide range
of values

3] Character Type
In order to store character constant in memory, Java provides a character data type called char.
The char type assumes a size of 2 bytes but basically, it can hold a single character.

4] Boolean Type
Used when we want to test a particular condition during the execution of the program. There are only
two values that a Boolean type can take: true and false. It uses only 1 bit.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 Data
Size Description
Type

byte 1 byte Stores whole numbers from -128 to 127

short 2 bytes Stores whole numbers from -32,768 to 32,767

int 4 bytes Stores whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

long 8 bytes Stores whole numbers from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to

9,223,372,036,854,775,807

float 4 bytes Stores fractional numbers. Sufficient for storing 6 to 7 decimal digits

double 8 bytes Stores fractional numbers. Sufficient for storing 15 decimal digits

boolean 1 bit Stores true or false values

char 2 bytes Stores a single character/letter or ASCII values

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain mathematical or logical
manipulations. Java operators:
1) Arithmetic
2) Relational
3) Logical
4) Assignment
5) Increment and Decrement
6) Conditional
7) Bitwise
8) Special

1) Arithmetic Operators
Q] Explain Arithmetic Operators with suitable example. [W-08, S-13]
Arithmetic Operators are used to construct mathematical expressions.

Operators Meaning
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulo division (Remainder)

2) Relational Operator

Q] Explain Relational Operators with suitable example. [S-10, W-11]

Relational Operators are used to compare two quantities and depending on their relation, take certain
decision. There are 6 relational operators in JAVA.
The relational operators in java are:
1) < Less than Operator
This operator is used to check the inequality of two expressions. It returns true if the first expression
is less than the second expression else returns false.
eg. if x=10; then x<20 is true
20<x is false
2) > Greater than operator
This operator is also used to check the inequality of two expressions. It returns true if the first
expression is greater than the second one else returns false.
eg. if x=10; then 20>x is true
20<x is false
3) <= Less than or equal to
This operator returns true if the first expression is less than or equal to the second expression else
returns false.
eg. if x=10; then x<=20 is true
20<=x is false

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 4) >= Greater than or equal to
This operator returns true if the first expression is greater than or equal to the second expression else
returns false.
eg. if x=10; then 20>=x is true
x>=20 is false
5) = = Is equal to
This operator returns true if the values of both the expressions are equal else returns false.
eg. if x=10; then x==20 is false

6) != Not equal to
This operator returns true if the values of both the expressions are not equal else returns false.
eg. if x=10; then x!=20 is true

Example of Relational Operator:-

class RelationalOperators {
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a = 10, b = 20;
[Link]("a is " + a);
[Link]("b is " + b );
[Link]("a == b is " + (a == b) );
[Link]("a != b is " + (a != b) );
[Link]("a > b is " + (a > b) );
[Link]("a < b is " + (a < b) );
[Link]("a >=b is " + (a >= b) );
[Link]("a <=b is " + (a <= b) );
}
}
Output is:
a == b is false
a != b is false
a > b is false
a < b is true
a >=b is false
a <=b is true

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 3) Logical Operators
Q] Explain Logical Operators with suitable example. [S-10,S-15, W-11, 13]
Logical Operators are used when we want to form compound Operator Meaning
conditions by combining two or more relations. Java has three && Logical AND
logical operators as shown in table. || Logical OR
! Logical NOT
Example:-
a > b && x==10

This expression which combines two or more relational expressions is known as a logical expression
or a compound relational expression. The logical relation given above is True only if both a > b and
x==10 are true. If either (or both) of them are false, the expression is false.

Truth Table of Logical Operators

Value of the expression
OP-1 OP-2
op-1 && op-2 op-1 || op-2 ! OP-1
true true true true false
true false false true false
false true false true true
false false false false true

OP-1 && OP-2 is true if both the operands are true and false otherwise.
OP-1 || OP-2 is true if either one of the operands are true.

Example of Logical Operator

class Log
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
boolean A=true;
boolean B=false;
[Link]("A is " +A);
[Link]("B is " +B);
[Link]("A || B is " +(A||B));
[Link]("A && B is " +(A&&B));
[Link]("!A is " +(!A));
[Link]("(A||B)&&Ais"+((A||B)&A));
}
}
Output:
A is true
B is false
A || B is true
A && B is false
! A is false
(A || B) && A is true

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 4) Bit-Wise Operators
Q] Explain any two bit-wise operators with example. [W-15]
1) Bitwise NOT (~): called bitwise complement, the unary NOT operator, inverts all of the bits of its
operand.

e.g Let value of X is 6;

Its binary Equivalent is :- 0000 0110
Using Not operator (~X) :- 1111 1001 // This is 1’s complement of X
Here the Leftmost digit is 1.
That is the number is negative.
And negative nos are stored as 2’s Complement.
So in order to find decimal equivalent of result, we need to find 2’s Complement. (1’s Complement
+1).

1111 1001 -> 0000 0110 +1 -> 0000 0111 (It is equivalent to 7)
Reesult -> 1’s Complement -> 2’s Complement
Since the MSB was 1, as mentioned above, therefore result is :- (-7)

2) Bitwise AND ( & ) :

The AND operator, &, produce a 1 bit if both operands are also 1. A zero is produced in all the cases.
e.g 0101 & 0011 = 0001
(decimal 5) (decimal 3) (decimal 1)

3) Bitwise OR ( | ) :

The OR operator, | , combines bits such that if either of the bits in the operand is a 1, then the resultant
bit is a 1.
e.g 0101 | 0011 = 0111
(decimal 5) (decimal 3) (decimal 7)

4) Bitwise XOR ( ^ ):
The XOR operator, ^, combines bits such that if exactly one operand is 1, then the result is 1. Otherwise
result is zero.
e.g 0101 ^ 0011 = 0110
(decimal 5) (decimal 3) (decimal 6)

5) The Left Shift (<<):

The left shift operator, <<, shifts all of the bits in a value, to the left a specified number of times
specified by num.
General form: value <<num
e.g. int x=12;
x << 2 ;
0000 1100 << 2 = 0011 0000 (decimal 48)

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

6) The Right Shift (>>):

The right shift operator, >>, shifts all of the bits in a value, to the right a specified number of times
specified by num.
General form: value >>num.
e.g. (x=32)
x>> 2;
0010 0000 >> 2 = 0000 1000 (decimal 8)
Program of bitwise operators
class Bitwise
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int A =35, B=2;
[Link]("A&B is "+(A&B));
[Link]("A|B is "+(A|B));
[Link]("A^B is "+(A^B));
[Link]("~A is "+(~A));
[Link]("A<<B is "+(A<<B));
[Link]("A>>B is "+(A>>B));
}
}

Output:-
A&B is 2
A|B is 35
A^B is 33
~A is -36
A<<B is 140
A>>B is 8

A B A&B A|B A^B ~A

0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 5) Increment and Decrement Operators

Java has two very useful operators i.e. increment (++) and decrement (--) operators.
The increment operator increases its operand by one.
The decrement operator decreases its operand by one.
This statement: x = x + 1; can be rewritten like x++;
Similarly, this statement: x = x - 1; is equivalent to x--;
Both are unary operators and are used in following form:
1) Postfix Increment (x++)
2) Prefix Increment (++x)
3) Postfix Decrement (x--)
4) Prefix Decrement (--x)
In the prefix form, the operand is incremented or decremented before the value is assigned to the
other variable in the expression.
For example:
x = 42;
y = ++x;
In above example; first value of x is incremented (43) and this changed value is assigned to variable
y (43).

In the postfix form, first the operand is assigned to another variable and then it is incremented or
decremented.

For example:
x = 42;
y = x++;

In the above example, first value of x is assigned to variable y (42) and then the value of x is
incremented(43).

Program of increment operator

class IncDec
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a = 10;
int b = 5;
int c;
int d;
[Link]("Initial Value of a is " + a);
[Link]("Initial Value of b is " + b);
c = ++a;
[Link]("a = " + a);
[Link]("c = " + c);
d = b++;

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

[Link]("b = " + b);
[Link]("d = " + d);
c = --a;
[Link]("c = " + c);
[Link]("a = " + a);
d = b--;
[Link]("b = " + b);
[Link]("d = " + d);
}
}

Output:
a = 11
c = 11
b=6
d=5
c = 10
a = 10
b=5
d=6

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 6) Conditional Operator
The conditional operator is also known as the ternary operator.
This operator consists of three operands and is used to evaluate Boolean expressions.
It can replace certain types of if-then-else statements.
General form of Conditional Operator (?:) is

variable x = expression1 ? expression2 : expression3;

Here, expression1 can be any expression that evaluates to a boolean value.

If expression1 is true, then expression2 is evaluated and its value will be the value of conditional
expression.
If expression1 is false, then expression3 is evaluated and its value will be the value of
conditional expression.
Both expression2 and expression3 are required to return the same type, which can’t be void.
Example:
a= ( x > y ) ? x : y ;

When Java evaluates this assignment expression, it first looks at the expression to the left of the
question mark.
If x>y, then the expression between the question mark and the colon is evaluated and used as the
value of the entire ? expression.
If x<y, then the expression after the colon is evaluated and used for the value of the entire ?
expression. The result produced by the ? operator is then assigned to a.

Example 1: Program of the ?: operator

class Ternary
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10;
int b=20;
int c;
c=(a>b)?a:b;
[Link]("Largest number is \t"+c);
}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Scope of Variable
The area of program where the variable is accessible is called its Scope.
The variable scope also refers to its lifetime.
A block of code refers to all of the code between curly braces {}.
A variable declared inside pair of brackets “{” and “}” in a method has scope within the brackets only
and it is only accessible by the code between the curly braces,

// demonstrate block scope.

class Scope
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
int n1; // Visible in main
n1 = 10;
if(n1==10)
{ // start new scope
int n2 = 20; // visible only to this block
// n1 and n2 both visible here.
[Link]("n1 and n2 : " + n1 + " " + n2);
}
//n2 = 100; // Error! N2 not known here
//n1 is still visible here.
[Link]("n1 is " + n1);
}
}

Output:
n1 and n2 : 10 20
n1 is 10

n1 is declared in main block thus it is accessible in main block.

n2 is declared in if block thus it is only accessible inside if block
Any attempt to access it outside block will cause compilation error.
Nested Block can have access to its outmost block.
if block is written inside main block thus all the variables declared inside main block are accessible in
if block

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Types of JAVA Variables
Java variables are classified into three kinds:
 instance variables
 class variables / Static Variable
 local variables
1) Instance variable
Instance variables are declared in a class, but outside a method, constructor or any block.
Instance variables are created when an object is created with the use of the keyword 'new'
and destroyed when the object is destroyed.
Hence they are associated with the objects.
They take different values for each object.
Access modifiers can be given for instance variables.
Instance variables have default values. For numbers, the default value is 0, for Booleans it is
false.

2) Class Variables / Static variable

Class variables also known as static variables are declared with the static keyword in a class,
but outside a method, constructor or a block.
You can create a single copy of the static variable and share it among all the objects of the
class.

3) Local Variable
Local variables are declared in methods, constructors, or blocks.
Local variables are created when the method, constructor or block is entered and the variable
will be destroyed once it exits the method, constructor, or block.
Access modifiers cannot be used for local variables.
Local variables are visible only within the declared method, constructor, or block.
There is no default value for local variables, so local variables should be declared and an initial
value should be assigned before the first use.

Fig: Nested Program Block.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Each block contains its own set of local variable declaration.
We cannot declare variable to have same name as one in an outer block.
Here variable x declared in Block 1 is available in all three blocks.
However variable n is available in block 2 only, because it goes out of the scope at the end of block 2.
Similarly, m is accessible in block 3 only.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Type Casting
Q] Explain ‘Type Casting’ with suitable example. [S-11]
Q] What do you mean by ‘Type Casting’? When is it needed? [W-12, 14]

Assigning a value of one type of a variable to another type is known as Type Casting
There are 2 types of type casting
1. Widening or Implicit type casting
2. Narrowing or Explicit type casting

1. Implicitly Type Casting / Automatic Type Conversion/ Widening casting:

Widening casting is done automatically when passing a smaller size type to a larger size type.
For assigning one type of data to another type of data variables, casting is required.
But java provides this type of assignment without casting, known as Automatic Type Conversion.
It is possible only if the destination type has enough precision to store the source value.
Example: int is large enough to hold a byte value.
Hence
byte b=75;
int a = b;
are valid statements.

Example:

public class Test

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i = 100;
long l = i; // no explicit type casting require
float f = l; // no explicit type casting required
[Link] ("Int value " + i);
[Link] ("Long value " + l);
[Link] ("Float value " + f);
}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 2. Explicit Type casting/ Narrowing Casting
When you are assigning a larger type value to a variable of smaller type, then you need to perform
explicit type casting.
Narrowing casting must be done manually by placing the type in parentheses in front of the value.
Casting to smaller type can result in a loss of data.

The syntax is:

type variable = (type) variable1

Example:
int m = 50;
byte n= (byte) m;
long count = (long) m;

Example:
public class Test
{
public static void main(String args[]) {
double d = 100.04;
long l = (long) d; // explicit type casting required
int I = (int) l; // explicit type casting required
[Link] ("Double value " +d);
[Link] ("Logn value " + l);
[Link] ("Int value " + I);
}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Java User Input
The Scanner class is used to get user input, and it is found in the [Link] package.

To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class.

To create an object of Scanner class, we usually pass the predefined object [Link], which
represents the standard input stream.

Then we can use the nextLine() method, which is used to read Strings:

import [Link]. Scanner; // Import the Scanner class

class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]); // Create a Scanner object
[Link]("Enter username");
String userName = [Link](); // Read user input
[Link]("Username is: " + userName); // Output user input
}
}

Input Types
In the example above, we used the nextLine() method, which is used to read Strings. To read other
types, look at the table below:

Method Description

nextBoolean() Reads a boolean value from the user

nextByte() Reads a byte value from the user

nextDouble() Reads a double value from the user

nextFloat() Reads a float value from the user

nextInt() Reads a int value from the user

nextLine() Reads a String value from the user

nextLong() Reads a long value from the user

nextShort() Reads a short value from the user

In the example below, we use different methods to read data of various types:

import [Link];

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

class ScannerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner myObj = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter name, age and salary:");

// String input
String name = [Link]();

// Numerical input
int age = [Link]();
double salary = [Link]();

// Output
[Link]("Name: " + name);
[Link]("Age: " + age);
[Link]("Salary: " + salary);
}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

  Decision Making and Looping
Decision Making with if statement
Q] Write general syntax of any two decision making statements and also give its examples.
(Any two decision making statement & example - 2 marks each) [**Note: Any relevant example
can be considered**]
Ans:
The if statement is powerful decision making statement & is used to control flow of execution
of statements.
The if statement is the simplest one in decision statement. The if keyword is followed by test
expression in parentheses.
It is basically a two way decision statement & is used in conjunction with an expression. It has
following syntax:
if (test expression)

It allows computer to evaluate expression first & then

depending on value of expression (relation or condition) is
“true” or “false”, it transfers control to a particular statement.
The program has two parts to follow one for “if condition is
true” & the other for “if condition is false”

1) Simple if Statement
General form of a statement is
if (test expression)
{
statement block;
}
statement n;
Statement in block may be single statement or multiple
statements. If condition is true then statement block will be
executed otherwise block is skipped & statement n is
executed.

Example of if statement

public class Sample

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=20, b=30;
if(b>a)
[Link]("b is greater");
}
}
Output:
b is greater

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

The if……..else Statement
General form of a statement is
if (test expression)
{
true block statements;
}
else
{
false block statements;
}
statement n;

If test expression is true, then true block statement (s) following

the if statement are executed otherwise, false-block statement(s) are executed. In both cases
statement n will always executed.

Example of if else statements

public class Sample

{
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = 80, b = 30;

if (b > a)
{
[Link]("b is greater");
}
else
{
[Link]("a is greater");
}
}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Even Odd Number Program:-

import [Link].*;
public class Main
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{

Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter number");
int num = [Link]();
if(num%2==0)
{
[Link]("Number is Even");
}
else
{
[Link]("Number is Odd");
}

}
}

Nested if else statements

When series of decision are involved, more than one if else statements are used in nested.
General form is:-

if (test expression 1)
{
if (test expression 2)
{
statement block 1;
}
else
{
statement block 2;
}
}
else
{
statement block 3;
}
statement n;
If condition-1 is false, statement block-3 will be executed; otherwise it continues to perform second
test. If condition-2 true, the statement block-1 will be evaluated; otherwise statement block-2 will be
evaluated & then control is transferred to statement n.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Example
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//Creating two variables for age and weight
int age=15;
int weight=48;
//applying condition on age and weight
if(age>=18)
{
if(weight>=50)
{
[Link]("You are eligible to donate blood");
}
else
{
[Link]("Not eligible to donate blood : Weight is Less than 50");
}
}
else
{
[Link]("Not eligible to donate blood :Age must be greater than 18");
}
}
}

Example :
class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n1 = 150, n2 = 180, n3 = 170;

if (n1 >= n2) {

if (n1 >= n3)
[Link]("Student with height: " + n1 + " is the tallest.");
else
[Link]("Student with height: " + n3 + " is the tallest.");
} else {
if (n2 >= n3)
[Link]("Student with height: " + n2 + " is the tallest.");
else
[Link]("Student with height: " + n3 + " is the tallest.");
}
[Link]("\n");
}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

The else…….if ladder

When multipath decisions are involved either nested if or else ……if ladder can be used.
A multipath decision is chain of ifs in which statement associated with each else is if.
General form is:
if (test expression 1)
statement 1;
else if (test expression 2)
statement 2;
else if (test expression 3)
statement 3;
.
.
.
.
else if (test expression n)
statement n;
else
default statement;

statement x;

Example of if else ladder

import [Link].*;
public class Main
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter Two numbers");
int num1 = [Link]();
int num2 = [Link]();
if(num1>num2)
{
[Link](num1+" is greater than "+num2);
}
else if(num2>num1)
{
[Link](num2+" is greater than "+num1);
}
else
{
[Link](num1+" is equal to "+num2);
}
}
}
Output:

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Both are equal
This construction is known as else……if ladder. The conditions are evaluated from top (of the ladder)
to downwards. As soon as true conditions are found, statement associated with it is executed &
control is transferred to statement-x (skipping the rest of the ladder). When all the n conditions
becomes false, then final else containing default statement will be executed.

Example 1:
import [Link].*;
public class Main
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{

Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter number");
int num = [Link]();
if(num>0)
{
[Link]("Positive");
}
else if(num<0)
{
[Link]("Negative");
}
else
{
[Link]("Zero");
}

}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Example 2:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,tot,per;
m1=32;
m2=35;
m3=40;
m4=43;
m5=51;
tot = m1+m2+m3+m4+m5;
per=tot/5;
[Link]("Total is "+tot);
[Link]("Percentage is "+per);
if(per>=75 && m1>=40 && m2>=40 && m3>=40 && m4>=40 && m5>=40)
{
[Link]("Distinction");
}
else if(per>=60 && m1>=40 && m2>=40 && m3>=40 && m4>=40 && m5>=40)
{
[Link]("First Class");
}
else if(per>=50 && m1>=40 && m2>=40 && m3>=40 && m4>=40 && m5>=40)
{
[Link]("Second Class");
}
else if(per>=40 && m1>=40 && m2>=40 && m3>=40 && m4>=40 && m5>=40)
{
[Link]("Pass");
}
else
{
[Link]("Fail");
}

}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Switch Statement
The Java switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions. It is like if-else-if ladder
statement.

General form:
switch (expression)
{
case value 1:
block 1;
break;

case value 2:
block 2;
break; .
.
.
.
.
case value n:
block n;
break;
default:
default block;
break;
}
statement x;

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Example:
class Switch
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 1:
[Link]("Monday");
break;
case 2:
[Link]("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
[Link]("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
[Link]("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
[Link]("Friday");
break;
case 6:
[Link]("Saturday");
break;
case 7:
[Link]("Sunday");
break;
}
}
}
// Outputs "Thursday" (day 4)

The expression is an integer expression or character.

value1, value2…. valuen are constants or constant expressions which must be evaluated to integral
constants are known as case labels.
Each of these values should be unique within switch statement.
Block1, block 2 are statement lists & may contain zero or more statements. There is no need to put
braces around these blocks but case labels must end with colon ( : ).
When switch is executed, value of expression is successively compared against values value-1, value-
2.
If case is found whose value matches with value of expression, then block statements that follows case
are executed.
The break statement at end of each block signals end of particular case & causes exit from switch
statement & transferring control to statement following switch.
The default is optional case. When present it will be executed if value of expression does not match
with any of cases values.
Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy
If not present, no action takes place when all matches fail & control goes to statement x.
Note that if the default statement is used as the last statement in a switch block, it does not need a
break.
But if its not last case in Switch, then there must be a break statement.

class Switch
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str = "two";

switch (str)
{
case "one":
[Link]("one");
break;
case "two":
[Link]("two");
break;

case "three":
[Link]("three");
break;
default:

[Link]("no match");
}
}
}

class Switch
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char ch = '*';
int a=20,b=30;
switch(ch)
{
case '+':
[Link](a+b);
break;
case '-':
[Link](a-b);
break;
case '*':
[Link](a*b);

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

 break;
case '/':
[Link](a/b);
break;
default:
[Link]("Wrong Choice");
}
}
}

Examples:
import [Link].*;
class Swich
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
int choice,num1;
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader([Link]));
[Link]("1. Odd / Even");
[Link]("2. Square");
[Link]("Enter the choice");
choice=[Link]([Link]());
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
[Link]("Enter the number");
num1=[Link]([Link]());
if(num1%2==0)
{
[Link]("Number is Even");
}
else
{
[Link]("Number is Odd");
}
break;
case 2:
[Link]("Enter the number");
num1=[Link]([Link]());
[Link]("Square of the number is"+(num1*num1));
break;
default:
[Link]("Enter the correct choice");
}
}
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Loops in Java
In programming languages, loops are used to execute a set of instructions/functions repeatedly when
some conditions become true. There are three types of loops in java.
o for loop
o while loop
o do-while loop
Java For Loop vs While Loop vs Do While Loop

Compa for loop while loop do while loop

rison

Introduc The Java for loop is a The Java while loop is a The Java do while loop is a control
tion control flow statement control flow statement flow statement that executes a
that iterates a part of that executes a part of the part of the programs at least once
the programs multiple programs repeatedly on and the further execution
times. the basis of given boolean depends upon the given boolean
condition. condition.

When to If the number of If the number of iteration If the number of iteration is not
use iteration is fixed, it is is not fixed, it is fixed and you must have to
recommended to use recommended to use execute the loop at least once, it is
for loop. while loop. recommended to use the do while
loop.

Syntax for(init;condition;in while(condition) do

cr/decr) { {
{ //code to be executed //code to be executed
// code to be } }while(condition);
executed
}

Example //for loop //while loop //do-while loop

for(int int i=1; int i=1;
i=1;i<=10;i++) while(i<=10){ do{
{ [Link](i); [Link](i);
[Link](i i++; i++;
); } }while(i<=10);
}

Syntax for( ; ; ) while(true){ do{

for { //code to be executed //code to be executed
infinitive //code to be } }while(true);
loop executed
}

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

A] Java For Loop

The Java for loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of iteration is
fixed, it is recommended to use for [Link] a simple for we can initialize the variable, check condition
and increment/decrement value. It consists of four parts:

Initialization: It is the initial condition which is executed once when the loop starts. Here, we can
initialize the variable, or we can use an already initialized variable. It is an optional condition.

Condition: It is the second condition which is executed each time to test the condition of the loop. It
continues execution until the condition is false. It must return boolean value either true or false. It is
an optional condition.

Statement: The statement of the loop is executed each time until the second condition is false.

Increment/Decrement: It increments or decrements the variable value. It is an optional condition.

Syntax:
for(initialization; condition; incr/decr)
{
//statement or code to be executed
}

Flowchart:

for loop in java flowchart

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Example:

public class ForExample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//Code of Java for loop
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
[Link](i);
}
}
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Java Nested For Loop

If we have a for loop inside the another loop, it is known as nested for loop. The inner loop executes
completely whenever outer loop executes.

Example:
public class NestedForExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//loop of i
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++)
{
//loop of j
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++)
{
[Link](i+" "+j);
}//end of i
}//end of j
}
}
Output:
11
12
13
21
22
23
31
32
33

Pyramid Example 1:
public class PyramidExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();//new line
} } }
Output:
*
**
***
****
*****

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Java While Loop

The Java while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of iteration is
not fixed, it is recommended to use while loop.
Syntax:

while(condition)
{
//code to be executed
}

public class WhileExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=1;
while(i<=10){
[Link](i);
i++;
}
}
}

Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Java do-while

The Java do-while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of iteration
is not fixed and you must have to execute the loop at least once, it is recommended to use do-while
loop.
The Java do-while loop is executed at least once because condition is checked after loop body.

Syntax:
Do
{
//code to be executed
}while(condition);

Example:

public class DoWhileExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=1;
do{
[Link](i);
i++;
}while(i<=10);
}
}

Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy
Java Break Statement
When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately terminated and the
program control resumes at the next statement following the loop.
The Java break is used to break loop or switch statement. It breaks the current flow of the program at
specified condition.
We can use Java break statement in all types of loops such as for loop, while loop and do-while loop.

Syntax:
jump-statement;
break;

Java Break Statement with Loop

Example:
public class BreakExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//using for loop
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
if(i==5)
{
//breaking the loop
break;
}
[Link](i);
}
}
}

Output:

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

1
2
3
4

Java Continue Statement

The continue statement is used in loop control structure when you need to jump to the next iteration
of the loop immediately. It can be used with for loop or while loop.
The Java continue statement is used to continue the loop. It continues the current flow of the program
and skips the remaining code at the specified condition.
We can use Java continue statement in all types of loops such as for loop, while loop and do-while
loop.

Syntax:
jump-statement;
continue;

Example:

public class ContinueExample

{

public static void main(String[] args)

{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
{
continue;//it will skip the rest statement
}
[Link](i);
}
}
}
Output:
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

As you can see in the above output, 5 is not printed on the console. It is because the loop is continued
when it reaches to 5.

0369

Java Labeled For Loop

We can have a name of each Java for loop. To do so, we use label before the for loop. It is useful if
we have nested for loop so that we can break/continue specific for loop.
Usually, break and continue keywords breaks/continues the innermost for loop only.

Syntax:

labelname:
for(initialization;condition;incr/decr)
{
//code to be executed
}

Example:
public class LabeledForExample {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
aa:
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++)
{
bb:
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++)
{
if(i==2&&j==2)
{
break aa;
}
[Link](i+" "+j);
}
}
}
}

Output:
11
12
13
21
If you use break bb;, it will break inner loop only which is the default behavior of any loop.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

public class LabeledForExample2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
aa:
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
bb:
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
if(i==2&&j==2){
break bb;
}
[Link](i+" "+j);
}
}
}
}

Output:
11
12
13
21
31
32
33

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Java for-each Loop
In Java, the for-each loop is used to iterate through elements of arrays. It is also known as the
enhanced for loop.

Sytnax

for(dataType item : array) {

...
}

Here,

array - an array
item - each item of array is assigned to this variable
dataType - the data type of the array/collection

Example 1: Print Array Elements

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// create an array
int[] numbers = {3, 9, 5, -5};

// for each loop

for (int number: numbers) {
[Link](number);
}
}
}
Output

3
9
5
-5

Here, we have used the for-each loop to print each element of the numbers array one by one.
In the first iteration, item will be 3.
In the second iteration, item will be 9.
In the third iteration, item will be 5.
In the fourth iteration, item will be -5.

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy

Example 2: Sum of Array Elements

// Calculate the sum of all elements of an array

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// an array of numbers
int[] numbers = {3, 4, 5, -5, 0, 12};
int sum = 0;

// iterating through each element of the array

for (int number: numbers) {
sum += number;
}

[Link]("Sum = " + sum);

}
}
Output:

Sum = 19

Prof. Akshay Somwanshi :- 8788335443 JPR (Unit 1) Arrow Computer Academy