Digestive System

We know that food gives us energy to do NUTRITION

work. It is needed for the growth and repair Nutrition is the process of taking in food k.
of cells. It protects us from various diseases an organism and its digestion
(converting
and keeps us healthy. Food contains a variety complex substances into simpler substances
of substances called nutrients. absorption and utilisation by the body.
Nutrients are the substances needed by our Steps Involved In The Process Of Nutrition
body for good health and growth. The five steps in the process of nutrition in
Types of Nutrients human beings are
1. Carbohydrates: We get energy from i) ingestion
carbohydrates. Rice, wheat, potato, banana (i) digestion
and sugar cane are rich in carbohydrates. (ii) absorption
2. Fats: Fats give more energy than (iv) assimilation
carbohydrates. Butter, ghee, cooking oil (v) egestion
and nuts are rich in fats.
1. Ingestion
3. Proteins: They help us grow. They are
The process of taking in food through the
needed to build muscles and repair the mouth is called ingestion.
damaged tissues of the body. Milk, meat
fish and eggs are rich in proteins. 2. Digestion
4. Vitamins and Minerals: These are needed The food we eat. is in the form of larg
absorbed
insoluble substances. It cannottbe
for the normal functioning of our body.
as such by the body.
They protect us from diseases and keep us Components

healthy. Fruits and vegetables are rich in The breakdown of complex called
is
vitamins and minerals.
of food into simpler substances
digestion.
Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are needed
in large amounts in our body. They are called 3. Absorption food

macronutrients. Vitamins and minerals are The process by which the digested smal
the
needed in small amounts in our body. They are gets absorbed in the walls of
called micronutrients. intestine is called absorption.

48 Biology -6
4, Assimilation
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The process of utilisation of the
food for energy, growth and
absorbed The whole passage along which tie
repair of passes through the body during digestion
body cells is called assimilation. Blood
carriesthe absorbed food to is called the alimentary canal or digestive
all parts of the tract. It starts from the mnouth and ends at
body for its assimilation.
the anus. The alimentary canal consists of
5. Egestion
the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach,
The whole food that we eat is not
digested Small intestine, large intestine and anus.
completely by our body. The undigested Salivary glands, liver and pancreas are the
food needs to be removed by the body. digestive glands.
The process of the removal of undigested The alimentary canal and the digestive glands
food from the body is called egestion. |together form the digestive system (Fig. 4.1).

mouth salivary gland

pharynx

-oesophagus

liver

gall bladder
stomach
pancreas

small intestine
large intestine

anus

Fig. 4.1 Human digestive system

PROCESS OF NUTRITION IN HUMANS .and grinding.
The process of nutrition starts with taking Digestion
the first bite of food. The different steps of The digestion of
food starts in the mouth.
nutrition in humans are discussed below- Mouth
Ingestion The mouth is surrounded by soft movable
ne food is ingested into the mouth. Here, it lips. Lips serve as an opening for food intake.
Sbroken into small pieces by biting, chewing They also help in holding the food during
Biology -649
Swallowing. From the mouth, the food goes On the basis of structure and
into the buccal cavity (or mouth cavity). there are four types of teeth in functian
The buccal cavity extends from the mouth to (Fig.4.2). hu mans
the pharynx. It lies between the two jaws. It The dental formula of an adult human
contains teeth, tongue and salivary glands. is represented as
1. Teeth C pm m
Teeth help in the breaking, chewing and Half upper jaw 2 1 2 3
grinding of food (mechanical digestion). Half lower jaw 2 1 2 3

Incisors Canines
incisors
These re four flat and straight These are present on either side of
teeth. They are present at incisors. They are two in number :
the front of each jaw. They each jaw. They are sharp and pointei
are chisel-shaped with sharp teeth. They help in tearing the food
edges. They are used to bite canines
and cut food intU Small pieces. Molars
premolars These are six in each jaw,
Premolars
three molars on each side
These are four in
situated on either side of the
each jaw, two on premolars. These teeth are
each side, situated also broad and flat but larger
next to each canine. molars
They are broad
than the premolars. They are
and flat teeth. They used to crush and grind food.
The last molars on either side
grind and crush
the food into small |of each jaw are called wisdom
teeth. They appear at the age
pieces. of 17-20 years.
Fig. 4.2 A set of teeth (in adult)
Milk Teeth and Permanent Teeth Crown: It is the top part of the tooth that canbe
In human beings, the teeth grow twice. The seen. It provides surface for the breakdowndf
first set of teeth starts developing when the food. Awhite hard layer surrounds the crown.
child is a few monthsold. This set of teeth is It is called enamel. It is the hardest material
called milk teeth or temporary teeth. These enamel
teeth are small, weak and temporary. These are croWn

20 in number, 10 in the upper jaw (4 incisors, dentine

2 canines and 4 molars) and 10 in the lower

jaw. These temporary teeth start falling at the pulp

age of 5-6 years. These teeth are replaced gum root

by a permanent set of teeth. These are 32 in

nerves
number.
Structure of Tooth: A tooth has two parts
the crown and the root (Fig. 4.3). Fig. 4.3 Structure of a tooth

50 Biology -6
inthe
human body. There is a bone-like hard .cavity in
the croWn
cavity
enlarges
substance prresent just below the enamel,
calledthe dentine. It has a hollowSpace. This decay
'spread
spaceis filled with aa soft material called pulp. into
root
vessels and nerves. The blood dentine
Pulp has blood infected

wessels give nutrition to the teeth. (b) Bacteria reach the root of the
(a) cavity in the tooth
Doott It is the lower part of the tooth, It is tooth causing unbearable pain,
tooth may have to be removed.
fxved in the jawbone. The gums help to keep
Fig. 4.5 Cavity due to tooth decay
the tooth firmly in the jaw bone.
When any cold or hot thing comes in contact
Tooth Decay and Toothache
with these exposed nerves, we feel pain.
Sometimes, small bits of food get stuck Tooth decay also causes a foul smell, toothache
hetween our teeth. When we do not brush our
and loss of teeth. Sometimes, the plaque
feeth carefully, these bits of food stay between becomes hard and forms a yellow layer on the
our teeth on which bacteria grow. The stuck [Link] is called tartar.
food particles and bacteria form a sticky
Care of Teeth
yellowish layer on the teeth called dental
plaque. Bacteria produce acid. The acid (i) Avoid eating too many sweets, ice creams
and chocolates.
slowly corrodes the enamel. Due to this, the
tooth starts decaying. This is called tooth (ii) Floss your teeth every day to remove the
decay or dental caries (Fig. 4.4). food stuck between them.
Tooth decay causeS (iii) Get your teeth examined by a dentist
holes or cavities in every six months.
the tooth (Fig. 4.5). (iv) Rinse your mouth properly after each
Due to this, the meal.
nerves and blood (v) Brush your teeth at least twice a day (in
vessels in the pulp the morning and at night, before going to
get exposed. Fig. 4.4 Tooth decay bed) (Fig. 4.6).

3. Outside surface of 4. Inside surface of [Link] of

[Link] surface 2. Inside surface
of upper teeth, lower teeth, use an lower teeth, use an premolars and
of upper teeth,
use a downward use a downward upward sweeping upward sweeping molars, scrub back
motion. motion. and forth.
Sweeping motion. sweeping motion.
Fig. 4.6 Correct method of brushing teeth

Biology-651
 cIENCDPDATE
Britishscientists developed the first ultrasound producing electrical toothbrush of the world called
dent toothbrush. This toothbrush: gives ultrasound waves and creates tiny bubbles using aspecial Emmi.
This toothpaste gets between the teeth and kills harmful bacteria that causes tooth decay. Anothertohpasle
toothbrush called 'Ultreo' not only kills bacteria but also removes food particles stuck between the elteeth.
ectrica
DO WE KNOW (Science in (NEP GUIDEINEN
Life)
premolars
The pattern of teeth differ in different animals. It depends on the diet of the
animals.
incisors
Herbivores: Cows, horses and deer are herbivores. They eat grass and other molars
plant parts only. They cut and chew the plants and their parts. They have tlat
and sharp incisors for cutting. They have molars with broad and flat surfaces (a) rabbit
that help to chew and grind. premolars
Carnivores: Lions, tigers and dogs are carnivores. They eat the flesh of other incisors
animals. They have long and pointed canines that help to tear flesh. canine
Omnivores: Humans are omnivores. They have sharp incisors for biting and molars
Cutting, large and pointed canines for tearing flesh, and premolars and molars (b) dog
to grind and chew the food.

Exercise For Revision

A. Tick () the correct options.o0 (Remembering, Understanding)
1. The substances needed by our body for good health and growth are
(a) minerals Ob) foodv O(c) nutrients U(d) none of these
sdos2. The last molar tooth in human beings is called alan
(a) adult tooth O(b) wisdom tooth O (c) child tooth U(a) none of these 0
3. The human teeth appear in two sets. The first set is called teeth and
consists of teeth.
(a) temporary, 20 U (b) permanent, 200 () temporary, 32 O(a) permanent, 32 0
4. How many permanent teeth are present in humans?
(a) 20 O
6) 32 O) 26 O(d) 24
5. Which of the following are not nutrients?
(a) carbohydrates and fats O(b) proteins
(c) vitamins and minerals O(d) roughage
6. The five steps in the process of nutrition in the correct sequence are
(a) digestion ’ absorption ’ assimilation -’ egestion ’ ingestion
(b) ingestion ’ digestion ’ absorption ’ assimilation ’ egestion
(c) assimilation ’ digestion ’ absorption -’ ingestion’ egestion
(a) ingestion ’ digestion -’ assimilation ’ absorption ’ egestion

52 Biology -6
 7. Which of the folowing is not a digestive gland? o
(2) salivary gland O (6) oesophagus (c) liver u Dd) pancreas
&The buccal cavity does not contain
(a) teeth O(6) tongue D
) salivary glands O (d) epiglottis
parts of the image given below: (Remembering)
B. Label the
1.

2.

>7.

5.

2. Tongue
The tongue is a fleshy muscular organ. It is
attached at the back to the floor of the buccal
cavity. It is free at the front and can move in
all directions.
salivary
Functions glands
0) thelps in tasting
food. It has several Fig. 4.8 Salivary glands
taste buds that can These glands produce saliva. Saliva is a fluid
distinguish different that contains water, salts and a slimy mucus.
tastes. It also contains an enzyme called salivary
(i) It helps in mixing amylase (ptyalin).
saliva (watery Fig. 4.7 Tongue Functions of Saliva
secretion in mouth) with food. (i) It cleans the teeth.
(n) It helps to swallow and push the food
into the food pipe. (ü) It keeps the buccal cavity, tongue and
lips moist to make speaking easy.
") Ithelps in cleaning the teeth when food (ii) It makes the food soft and slippery for
particles get stuck between them.
crushing and swallowing.
() It helps us speak.
(iv) Salivary amylase breakdown the starch
3. Salivary Glands present in food into sugar (maltose).
Three pairs of salivary glands are present in salivary amylase
the mouth cavity (Fig. 4.8). starch ’ maltose

Biology -6 58
After chewing and mixing with saliva, the The process of peristalsis occurss
throughout the
food is rolled into a smal1 ball or bolus. It is alimentary canal. It helps in pushing the food
then swallowed. forward.

Think1BeuonaCritical Thinking) (NEP GUDELNEa) No digestion takes place in the pharynx and
Why does a chapati, when chewed for some time, oesophagus. The wall of the oesophagus
taste sweeter?
secretes mucus. It helps to lubricate the
passing bolus (food).
Pharynx And Oesophagus
Stomach
The tongue pushes the chewed food into
a short muscular tube called the pharynx The stomach is a J-shaped, bag-like orggan.
It is present on the left side of the abdomen.
(Fig. 4.9). The digestive and respiratory tracts
meet at the pharynx. It is the widest part of the alimentary
canal.
The wall of the stomach is highly muscular. l:
contains gastric glands. These glands secreta
nasal cavity gastric juice. Gastric juice contains rennin
pharynx hydrochloric acid (HC), pepsin and mucuS.
mouth cavity
Hydrochloric acid: It softens the food. I
epiglotis makes the medium acidic for the proner
windpipe functioning of enzymes (pepsin and
oesophagus rennin).Italso kills theharmful bacteria that
enter along with the food. Hydrochloric
Fig. 4.9 Pharynx and oesophagus acid converts inactive pepsinogen into
From the pharynx, thechewed food goes into pepsin, and prorennin into rennin.
a long and narrow muscular tubecalled the HCI
oesophagus or food pipe. It starts from the pepsinogen pepsin
pharynx and opens into the stomach. HCI
prorennin rennin
The walls of the oesophagus contract and
expand to push the food down into the Pepsin: It is the main enzyme of gastric
stomach. This wave-like movement in the juice. It converts protein into simpler
walls of the oesophagus is called peristalsis compounds called peptones and proteoses.
pepsin
(Fig.4.10). protein peptones + proteoses
(acidic medium)
-contracted
muscle Rennin: Casein is a milk protein. Rennut
food
-oesophagus causes curdling of milk.
relaxed
bolus contracted rennin
muscle muscle casein curdling of milk
(milk protein)
Mucus: It protects the inner lining
-stomach
the stomach fromn the harmful effectS
hydrochloric acid. In the absence of mucus
Fig. 4.10 Peristaltic movement hydrochloric acid can cause acidity
54 Biology - 6
 (due to corrosion of the inner
chyme. The chyme then moves to the irst
gastriculcers

lining of the stomach), part of the small intestine (duodenum).

In the stomach,,food is churnedI thoroughly GUIDELINES)
and mixed with the digestive juices. It is Think Beuond (Critical Thinking) (NEP
Why do we take antacids? Discuss in class.
[Link] a pulp-likethick paste called
Exercise For Revisioni

A. Tick
( ) the correct options. (Remembering, Understanding)
1. The enzyme present in saliva is
(a) trypsin
() pepsin
Ob) amylase
O
(a) maltase O0
2. Saliva converts starch into
(a) glucose O(6) sucrose
(c) maltOse Od) lactose
3. The process that helps in pushing food forward is
(a) absorption O6) peristalsis
(c) ingestion O
(a) nutrition
AWhich one of the following enzymes causes curdling of milk?
(a) trypsin O ) rennin Uc) p e p s i n O (d) amylase
6. Where does the digestion of proteins begin?cr toeniart
(a) mouthlo O
) stomach
(c) oesophagus O(d) small intestine
6. Gastric juice does not containot eol by scase boolsleiessil sd
(a) HCI O
6) pepsin O(c) mucus0
() salivaaO
B. Assertion-Reason based Questions. (Reasoning)
In the following questions, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other
labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answers to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
and (d) as given below.
(a) Both Aand R are true and Ris the correct explanation of the [Link]
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) Ais true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
1. Assertion:The tongue is a fleshy muscular organ, that is attached to the back of the buccal
cavity.
Reason: It has several taste buds that can distinguish different types of tastes.
2. Assertion: Muscus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the harmful effects of
hydrochloric acid.
Reason: In the absence of mucus, hydrochloric acid can cause acidity and gastric ulcers.

Biology -655
Small Intestine Pancreas
The small intestine is the longest part of the The pancreas is alarge cream-coloured. gland.
alimentary canal. It is about 6-6.5 metres long. Itis located just below the stomach. It secretes

pancreatic juice into the small

It is divided into three parts-duodenum,
duct.
intesting
jejunum and ileum. through the pancreatic Pancreatic juice
The small intestine receives digestive juices contains three main enzymes-trypsin (ats
from the liver and pancreas (Fig. 4.11). The on proteins), pancreatic amylase (acts
starch) and lipase (acts on fats).
Wall of the small intestine secretes digestive
juices called intestinal juices. Trypsin: It converts proteins and peptones
into peptides.
liver
trypsin
proteins and peptones peptides
Lipase: It converts emulsified fat into faty
bile duct acids and glycerol.
-stomach lipase
emulsified fat fatty acids +glycerol
gall bladder
pancreas Pancreatic Amylase: It converts starch into
duodenum
maltose.
pancreatic duct
pancreatic amylase
Fig. 4.11 Stomach, duodenum and the digestive starch maltose
glands (liver and pancreas) From the duodenum, chyme enters the
The food remains in the small intestine for about
jejunum. No digestion takes place in the
2-6 hours for digestion.
jejunum. From the jejunum, food goes to
Liver the ileum.
The liver is a reddish-brown gland. It is Intestinal Juices
situated at the upper part of the abdomen on The lining of the ileum secretes intestinal
the right side. It is the largest gland in the juice. Intestinal juice contains a number of
body. It produces bile juice.
Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid. It is stored in SeIENCE PDATE
the gall bladder (located near the liver). First Artificial Pancreas
Bile helps in the digestion of fats. The first artificial pancreas device
It breaks the big droplets of fat into small automatically monitors blood 120
droplets. This iscalled emulsification of fat. glucose levels and delivers
bile juice appropriate insulin doses. The
big droplets small droplets system is made up of a sensor that
of fat of fat
measures blood glucose, an insulin
Bile contains sodium bicarbonate and
pump, a needle injection that delivers insull
provides an alkaline medium in the from the insulin pump via flexible tube inserted
duodenum. The alkaline medium is into the skin and a computer chipthat Uses datato
necessary for the action of pancreatic optimise insulin delivery making diabetic patient

free from manual monitoring.

enzymes.
58 Biology -6
enzymes s u c h as erepsin, maltase, lactase villi
a n ds u c r a s e .

Erepsin (peptidase): It breaks peptides

into amino acids.

erepsin
peptides amino acids Small
intestine
It converts maltose into
Maltase:
glucose
(simple sugar). Fig. 4.12 Villi in the wall of small intestine
maltase
maltose
glucose Each villus has a network of thin and small
" Lactase: It converts lactose into glucose blood vessels called capillaries close to its
and galactose.
surface (Fig. 4.13).
lactase
lactose glucose +galactose villus
. Sucrase (nvertase): t converts sucrose capillary (tiny
into glucose and fructose, blood vessel)
sucrase
sucrose glucose +fructose
Thus, the digestion of proteins, fats and muscle
carbohydrates is completed in the small
intestine.

Carbohydrates ’Glucose Fig. 4.13 Villi as seen under the microscope

Proteins Amino acids These villi increase the surface area of
the inner wall of the small intestine. The
Fats Fatty acids and Glycerol
villi help the small intestine to absorb the
nOWE KNO (Science in Life) (NEP GUIDELINES) digested food (glucose and amino acid) and
Different types of bacteria live in ourintestine. These pass them into the blood capillaries. The
bacteria are helpful in various ways. Nowadays, fatty acids go into special tubes called lymph
doctors recommend taking probiotics. Probiotics vessels (You will learn about these in higher
are a special type of edible microorganisms. They classes).
help in digestion, destroy pathogens and enhance
immunity. Probiotic curd is easily available in the Vitamins and minerals are soluble in water.
market these days. Thus, they are directly absorbed by the wall
of the small intestine.
Absorption Think BeuondCritical Thinking) (NEP GuIDELINES)
Ihe process of absorption occurs in the small Why is food not absorbed in the stomach?
intestine. The inner wall of the small intestine
has millions of finger-like projections Assimilation
folds. These are called villi(singular :villus) After absorption, the nutrients from digested
(Fig. 4.12). food is carried by the blood from the small

Biology -657
intestine to different organs of the body. in the body cells and
Fats are stored
it is used to produce Here, act as
energy, repair worm an energy reserve.
out tissues or build complex substances like
proteins. This is called assimilation. Egestion Of Undigested Food
The food that remains undigested
Glucose: It is broken down with the help passes
the large intestine. Large intestine is about1int
of oxygen to release energy. It is also
metres in length. It has three parts-caecum
stored in the liver and muscle cells in the colon and rectum. The caecumn is the fir
form of glycogen. part. It connects the ileum to the colon.
When the body needs more
energy, colon is the largest part of the large intestineThe
glycogen is again converted into glucose. Tt leads to the rectum. The rectumn is a shos
Excess glucose is converted into fat. tube. It opens outside through anus. There
Amino Acids: They are used for the is no digestive gland in the large intestine
synthesis of proteins. Proteins help in the absorbs water from the undigested food.
growth and repair processes. The undigested food becomes dry and almost
Fatty Acids and Glycerols: They are again semi-solid. This is krown as faeces. It is
converted into fats. removed from the body through the anus
This process is called egestion.
Exercise For Revision
A. Label the parts of given diagram. oraeD (Remembering)
1....

-5.

2. ....s*******.*
-6.
3. ....

B. Tick () the correct options. (Remembering)

1. It is the longest part of the alimentary canal.
(a) stomach O(b) liver
(c) small intestine O(d) large intestine
9 which nart of the small intestine receives
juices from the liver and the pancreas?
(a) duodenum O6) jejunum
(c) ileum O
(d) colon
3. The largest gland in the human body is the
(a) stomach od U6) liver
a e (c) pancreas O
(d) salivary gland

58 Biology-6
as Whatis the end product of protein digestion?
(a) amino acids
(b) peptides
() peptones
O() maltose
5. The part
of the alimentary canal where absorption ofddigested food occurs is the
(a) pancreas
O
() small intestine
(c) liver
O(d) stomach
t 6. In which part of the alimentary canalis water absorbed from the undigested food?
(a) pancreas
O
) small intestine
(c) stomach
O(d) large intestine
INDIGESTION

6. Include foods like whole grain, fruits and

Indigestion is discomfort or pain in [Link] (rich in fibres) in your diet.
Common Symptomns: Pain and burning 7. Avoid fried and very spicy food.
sensation in stomach, nausea,
bloating of 8. Say'No' tojunk foods.
stomach, excessive gas formation
9. Drink 8-10glasses of water every day.
Causes of Indigestion: Overeating eating
too fast, consuming very oily or spicy food, Constipation and stomach ulcers are digestive
disorders.
consuming too much alcohol and lying down
immediately after a meal. Indigestion can be |Inconstipation, the person suffers from difficult
bowel movements. The faeces become dry and
prevented by adopting healthy food habits. hardened. Take sufficient quantity of water or
HEALTHY FOOD HABITS roughage in diet to prevent constipation.
1. Eat at regular intervals. Do not skip meals. Stomach ulcers are painful wounds on the
wall of the stomach. Eating food too quickly
2. Do not overeat.
or not chewing it properly leads to excessive
3. Chew the food well before swallowing. production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
If this condition persists, then excessive
4 Eat a balanced diet according to your age.
hydrochloric acid can destroy the lining of the
5. Eat clearn, fresh and properly cooked food. stomach.

Exercise For Revision

A. Fillin the blanks.
(Remembering)
1. Discomfort or pain in the stomach is called
2
(indigestion/undigestion)
and in the stomach are common symptoms of indigestion.
(Pain/burning sensation/cough)
B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the false statements
correctly. (Understanding)
1, We should chew food well before swallowing.
2. We should eat a balanced diet.
3. Fried food is good for our health.

Biology -659
BU
Complete the flowchart for Revision
NUTRITION IN
Steps HUMANS
Biol-6
gy
Villi
(in small intestine)

Digestion Capillaries
through

Anus
Human Large
Digestive intestine
System
Tooth decay Caecum Colon Rectum
(absorbs water) (stores faeces)
Associated
glands
Oesophagus
Pancreas

HCI (kills
Teeth Tongue Salivary microorganisms
glands and activates Pancreatic juice
enzymes)
Carbohydrates
into glucose Bile
Incisors, canines, Mucus
premolars and (protects inner
molars Carries food
to stomach lining of stomach |Proteins into
from HCI) amino acids

Pepsin (converts Fats into

Chew and Mixes food Breakdown proteins into
grind food with saliva starch into
fatty acids
peptones and and glycerol Emulsification
sugar proteoses) of fats
 EXERCISE [According to NEP Guidelines]
Qumpelency Based Diocusoian: Human Digestive System
short Answer Questions:
(Remembering, Understanding, Logical Thinking)
Define the following: nutrition, ingestion, digestion,
albsorption and egestion
.hat happens with glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and
glycerol after assimilation?
3. Differentiate between milk teeth and permanent teeth.
AWhy is the smallintestine best suited for digestion and absorption of food?
E Arrange the following organs in correct order to show the path of food:
Pharynx, Anus, Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Large intestine, Small intestine
Long Answer Questions:
(Remembering, Understanding, Analysing)
4 Name the types of teeth found in an adult human. Compare them on the
basis of structure, number,
location and function.
2 Name and explain the role of juices secreted by stomach.
2 Write short notes on two digestive glands.
A Which process in the buccal cavity will be affected if salivary amylase is lacking in saliva?
Application/Skill-based Questions:
1. Draw a labelled diagram of human digestive system. (a) (b
2. Identify the types of teeth (Fig. A).
3. Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a tooth.
4. Reema feels pain in her teeth when she eats or drinks
Fig. A
anything cold or hot. What could be the reason for
this? How can we prevent it?

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES [According to NEP Guidelines]

Experiential Learning
To test the action of saliva on starch
Things needed: Two test tubes, 10% starch solution, iodine solution, saliva and a dropper
Method: Take two test tubes and label them 'A' and 'B. Add 1 ml dropper
of 10% starch solution to both the test tubes. Add 1 ml saliva to
test tube A, shake well and leave both the test tubes undisturbed
for 20-30 minutes. Add 2-3 drops of iodine solution to each test iodine solution
tube (Fig. B).
Starch
Observation: Blue-black colour appears in test tube B, showing solution turns
the presence of starch. Blue-black colour does not appear in test blue-black.
tube A. starch solution
Art Integration
Make a model of the digestive system. Display it in your class. Fig. B

Biology -661