3 CHAPTER SUMMARY

BIG IDEAS
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Big Idea 1 Using Rational Exponents
The following are properties of rational exponents. Let a and b be real numbers
and let m and n be rational numbers.

Property Example

am p an 5 am 1 n 45/2 p 41/2 5 43 5 64

(a m)n 5 a mn (28)1/4 5 22 5 4
(ab)m 5 a mb m (25 p 4)1/2 5 251/2 p 41/2 5 5 p 2 5 10

1 1 1
a2m 5 }m,aÞ0 821/3 5 } 5}
a 1/3
8 2

am m2n 95/8
}n 5 a ,aÞ0 } 5 94/8 5 91/2 5 3
a 91/8
m m 1/4
161/4
a
1 }b 2
a
5}
bm,bÞ0 1}
81 2
16
5}
1/4
5}
81
2
3

Big Idea 2 Performing Function Operations and Finding Inverse Functions

Operation Definition Example: f (x) 5 2x, g(x) 5 x 2 5

Addition h(x) 5 f(x) 1 g(x) h(x) 5 2x 1 (x 2 5) 5 3x 2 5

Subtraction h(x) 5 f(x) 2 g(x) h(x) 5 2x 2 (x 2 5) 5 x 1 5

Multiplication h(x) 5 f(x) p g(x) h(x) 5 2x(x 2 5) 5 2x2 2 10x

f (x) 2x
Division h(x) 5} h(x) 5 }
g(x) x25

Composition h(x) 5 g( f(x)) h(x) 5 2x 2 5

Inverse h(x) 5 g21(x) h(x) 5 x 1 5

Big Idea 3 Graphing Radical Functions and Solving Radical Equations

To graph radical functions, use the graph To solve a radical equation, first isolate
of the parent functions. For example, to the radical. Then raise each side of the
}
graph y 5 Ï x 1 1 2 2, translate the graph equation to the same power and solve
}
of y 5 Ï x left 1 unit and down 2 units. the polynomial equation.
}
Ï 2x 2 5 2 3 5 2 Write equation.
y
}
y5 x Ï 2x 2 5 5 5 Isolate radical.
1
(Ï 2x 2 5 )2 5 52
}
Square each side.
x
y5 x1122 2x 2 5 5 25 Simplify.

x 5 15 Solve.

Chapter Summary 217

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 3 CHAPTER REVIEW
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY
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• Multi-Language Glossary
• Vocabulary practice

• nth root of a • power function • inverse function

• index of a radical • composition • radical function
• simplest form of a radical • inverse relation • radical equation
• like radicals

VOCABULARY EXERCISES
4 }
1. Copy and complete: The index of the radical Ï 7 is ? .
2. List two different pairs of like radicals.
3. Copy and complete: A(n) ? function has the form y 5 axb where a is a real
number and b is a rational number.
4. WRITING Explain how the graph of a function and the graph of its inverse are
related.
5. WRITING Explain how to use the horizontal line test to determine whether the
inverse of a function f is also a function.
3 }
6. WRITING Describe how the graph of y 5 Ï x 2 4 1 5 is related to the graph of the
3 }
parent function y 5 Ï x .
7. REASONING A student began solving the equation x2/3 5 5 by cubing each
side. What will the student have to do next? What could the student have
done to solve the equation in just one step?

REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES

Use the review examples and exercises below to check your understanding
of the concepts you have learned in each lesson of this chapter.

3.1 Evaluate nth Roots and Use Rational Exponents

EXAMPLE
Evaluate the expression.
( Ï4 16 )5 5 25 5 32
}
a.

b. 2724/3 5 }1 5 1 1 5 1
} 5} }
274/3 (271/3)4 34 81

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate the expression without using a calculator.
for Exs. 8–15 3 } 3 }
8. 811/4 9. 01/3 10. Ï 264 11. Ï 125

( Ï3 8 )7 1
}
12. 2563/4 13. 2722/3 14. 15. }
5 } 23
( Ï 232 )

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 [Link]
Chapter Review Practice

3.2 Apply Properties of Rational Exponents

EXAMPLE
Write the expression in simplest form. Assume all variables are positive.
(x )
4 1/2

1 2
1/2 4 p 1/2
3 } 3 } 3 } 3 }
a. Ï 48 5 Ï 8 p 6 5 Ï 8 p Ï 6 5 2 Ï 6
3 }
b. x4 5 } 5 x} x2
5}
}8 8 p 1/2
y (y 8)1/2 y 4
y

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES Write the expression in simplest form. Assume all variables are positive.

Î
4, 6, and 7 }
18x5y4
for Exs. 16–19 3 }
16. Ï 80 17. (34 p 54)21/4 18. (25a10b16)1/2 19. }3
49xz

3.3 Perform Function Operations and Composition

EXAMPLE
Let f (x) 5 3x 2 1 1 and g(x) 5 x 1 4. Perform the indicated operation.
a. f(x) 1 g(x) 5 (3x 2 1 1) 1 (x 1 4) 5 3x 2 1 x 1 5
b. f(x) p g(x) 5 (3x 2 1 1)(x 1 4) 5 3x 3 1 12x 2 1 x 1 4
c. f(g(x)) 5 f (x 1 4) 5 3(x 1 4)2 1 1 5 3(x 2 1 8x 1 16) 1 1 5 3x2 1 24x 1 49

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
1, 2, and 5
Let f (x) 5 4x 2 6 and g(x) 5 x 1 8. Perform the indicated operation.
for Exs. 20–23
20. f (x) 1 g(x) 21. f (x) 2 g(x) 22. f (x) p g(x) 23. f(g(x))

3.4 Use Inverse Functions

EXAMPLE
Find the inverse of the function y 5 3x 1 7.
y 5 3x 1 7 Write original function.

x 5 3y 1 7 Switch x and y.

x 2 7 5 3y Subtract 7 from each side.

1 7
}x 2 } 5 y Divide each side by 3.
3 3

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
1, 4, and 5 Find the inverse of the function.
for Exs. 24–26
1x 1 4
24. y 5 } 25. y 5 4x2 1 9, x ≥ 0 26. f(x) 5 x 3 2 4
3

Chapter Review 219

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 3 3.5
CHAPTER REVIEW
Graph Square Root and Cube Root Functions
EXAMPLE
}
Graph y 5 2Ï x 2 3 1 2 . y
}
y52 x2312
Sketch the graph of y 5 2Ï x . Notice that it begins at the (3, 2) (4, 1)
1 x
origin and passes through the point (1, 21).
} (0, 0) (1, 21) 5
For y 5 2Ï x 2 3 1 2, h 5 3, and k 5 2. So, shift the graph
}
of y 5 2Ï x right 3 units and up 2 units. The resulting y52 x
graph begins at the point (3, 2) and passes through the
point (4, 1).

EXAMPLE
3 }
Graph y 5 Ï x 1 2 2 4. y 3
1
3 } (1, 1) y 5 x
Sketch the graph of y 5 Ï x . Notice that it passes
(21, 21) (0, 0) 4 x
through the points (21, 21), (0, 0), and (1, 1).
3 } (21, 23)
For y 5 Ï x 1 2 2 4, h 5 22 and k 5 24. So, shift the y5 x1224
3
3 }
graph of y 5 Ï x left 2 units and down 4 units. The (22, 24)
resulting graph passes through the points (23, 25), (23, 25)
(22, 24), and (21, 23).

EXAMPLES
EXERCISES
4 and 5
Graph the function. Then state the domain and range.
for Exs. 27–29
} } 3 }
27. y 5 Ï x 1 3 1 5 28. y 5 3Ï x 1 1 2 4 29. y 5 Ï x 2 4 2 5

3.6 Solve Radical Equations

EXAMPLE
}
Solve Ï 4x 1 9 5 5.
}
Ï 4x 1 9 5 5 Write original equation.
2
(Ï 4x 1 9 )
}
5 52 Square each side to eliminate the radical.

4x 1 9 5 25 Simplify.

4x 5 16 Subtract 9 from each side.

x54 Divide each side by 4.

CHECK Check x 5 4 in the original equation.

} } }
Ï 4x 1 9 5 Ï 4(4) 1 9 5 Ï 25 5 5 ✓

EXAMPLES
EXERCISES
1, 3, and 5
Solve the equation. Check for extraneous solutions.
for Exs. 30–32 }
Ï x 2 2 10 5 Ï 3x
3 } }
30. Ï 5x 2 4 5 2 31. 3x 3/4 5 24 32.

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 3 CHAPTER TEST
Evaluate the expression without using a calculator.
4 } 3 }
1. 21251/3 2. 321/5 3. Ï 81 4. Ï 27
(Ï3 227 )2 (Ï3 64 )24
} }
5. 85/3 6. 1623/2 7. 8.

Write the expression in simplest form. Assume all variables are positive.

Î 1249
} 3 }
3 }
9. Ï 88
5 }
10. Ï 16 p Ï 8
5 }
11.
Ï 24
12. }
} 3 }
Ï9

Î Î
} }
} } x6 75x5y6
Ï 64x 4y 2 Ï 2x6y8z
3 4
13. 14. 15. 5 }4
16. }5
y 36xz

Let f(x) 5 2x 1 9 and g(x) 5 3x 2 1. Perform the indicated operation and state
the domain.
f(x)
17. f(x) 1 g(x) 18. f (x) 2 g(x) 19. f (x) p g(x) 20. }
g(x)

21. f(g(x)) 22. g(f(x)) 23. f (f(x)) 24. g(g(x))

Find the inverse of the function.

25. y 5 22x 1 5 1x 1 4
26. y 5 } 27. f (x) 5 5x 2 12
3
1 x 4, x ≥ 0
28. y 5 } 29. f(x) 5 x 3 1 5 30. f (x) 5 22x 3 1 1
2

Graph the function. Then state the domain and range.

3 } } 3 }
31. y 5 26 Ï x 32. y 5 Ï x 2 4 2 2 33. f (x) 5 2 Ï x 1 3 1 4

Solve the equation. Check for extraneous solutions.

} } } }
34. Ï 3x 1 7 5 4 35. Ï 3x 2 Ï x 1 6 5 0 36. x 2 3 5 Ï x 2 1

37. KINETIC ENERGY The kinetic energy E (in joules) of a 1250 kilogram
compact car is given by the equation E 5 625s2 where s is the speed of the
car (in meters per second).
a. Write an inverse model that gives the speed of the car as a function of its
kinetic energy.
b. Use the inverse model to find the speed of the car if its kinetic energy is
120,000 joules. Give the speed in kilometers per hour.
c. If the kinetic energy doubles, will the speed double? Explain why or
why not.

38. BOWLING SCORES In bowling, a handicap is a change in score to adjust for

differences in players’ abilities. You belong to a bowling league in which
each bowler’s handicap h is determined by his or her average a using this
formula:
h 5 0.9(200 2 a)
If a bowler’s average is over 200, the handicap is 0. Find the inverse of the
model. Then find your average if your handicap is 36.

Chapter Test 221

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