NumPy (Numerical Python) is the fundamental Python library used for
numerical computations, arrays, matrices, statistics, broadcasting, and
scientific computation.
Importing NumPy
import numpy as np
NumPy Arrays
Creating Arrays
[Link]() – Create array from Python list
arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3])
Explanation: Creates a 1D array.
[Link]() – Create 2D array
arr = [Link]([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
Array Creation Functions
[Link]()
Creates array of zeros.
Syntax:
[Link](shape, dtype=float)
Example:
[Link]((2,3))
[Link]()
Creates array of ones.
[Link]((3,3), dtype=int)
[Link]()
Creates an array filled with a constant value.
[Link]((2,2), 7)
[Link]()
Creates a range of numbers.
[Link](1, 10, 2)
[Link]()
Evenly spaced numbers between a range.
[Link](0, 1, 5)
[Link]()
Creates identity matrix.
[Link](3)
[Link]()
Random numbers between 0 and 1.
[Link](2, 3)
[Link]()
Random integers in a range.
[Link](1, 10, size=(3,3))
Array Attributes
Attribute Description Example
.ndim Number of dimensions [Link]
.shape Dimensions (rows, columns) [Link]
.size Total elements [Link]
.dtype Data type [Link]
.itemsize Size of each element in bytes [Link]
Example:
arr = [Link]([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
print([Link]) # 2
print([Link]) # (2,3)
print([Link]) # 6
print([Link]) # int32
Indexing and Slicing
Basic Indexing
arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40])
arr[2]
Slicing
arr[1:4]
arr[:3]
arr[::2]
2D Indexing
arr = [Link]([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
arr[1][2] # 6
arr[1, 2] # 6
2D Slicing
arr[:, 1:] # All rows, columns from index 1
Mathematical Functions
Element-wise operations
a+b
a-b
a*b
a/b
a ** 2
Universal Functions (ufuncs)
Function Meaning Example
[Link]() Square root [Link](arr)
[Link]() Exponential [Link](arr)
[Link]() Natural log [Link](arr)
[Link]() Absolute value [Link](arr)
[Link]() Rounding [Link](arr)
[Link]() Flooring [Link](arr)
[Link]() Ceiling [Link](arr)
Statistical & Aggregate Functions
Function Description
[Link]() Minimum
[Link]() Maximum
[Link]() Sum
[Link]() Average
[Link]() Median
[Link]() Standard deviation
[Link]() Variance
[Link]() Index of max value
[Link]() Index of min value
Examples:
arr = [Link]([1,2,3,4,5])
[Link](arr)
[Link](arr)
[Link](arr)
Array Reshaping
reshape()
[Link](3,2)
Stacking Arrays
[Link]() – Horizontal stack
[Link]((a, b))
[Link]() – Vertical stack
[Link]((a, b))
[Link]()
[Link]((a, b), axis=0)
Splitting Arrays
[Link]()
[Link](arr, 2)
[Link]()
[Link](arr, 2)
Boolean Indexing
arr[arr > 50]
arr[(arr > 20) & (arr < 40)]
Broadcasting
Broadcasting allows arithmetic on arrays of different shapes.
Example:
arr = [Link]([1,2,3])
arr + 10
Sorting
[Link](arr)
[Link]()
Unique Values
[Link](arr)