TOPIC 2: PIPE FLOW ANALYSIS
TOPIC 2: PIPE FLOW ANALYSIS
SUB-TOPIC 2.3:
WATER RETICULATION DESIGN
Learning Outcomes
• To design pipe layout, peak flow and
fire flow.
• To determine highest supply level.
• To calculate residual head using Hazen-
William equation.
Water Reticulation Design
Key Reference:
• JKR Design Criteria & Standards for Water
Supply Systems Vol. 3 (1989) - obsolete
• MWA Design Guidelines for Water Supply
Systems (1994) - current
State requirement
• Johor • Syarikat Air Johor (SAJ) Holdings Sdn Bhd
• Melaka • Perbadanan Air Melaka
• Negeri Sembilan • Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri Sembilan
• Selangor • Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (Syabas) Sdn Bhd
• Perak • Lembaga Air Perak
• Pulau Pinang • Perbadanan Air Pulau Pinang
• Kedah • Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri Kedah
• Perlis • Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri Perlis
• Pahang • Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri Pahang
• Terengganu • Syarikat Air Terengganu
• Kelantan • Syarikat Air Kelantan
• Sabah • Lembaga Air Sabah
• Sarawak • Lembaga Air Sarawak
Step 1: Proposed layout
From main/ A Pipe length B Pipe length C
reservoir
drawoff drawoff
Pipe length
Pipe length
Pipe length
D Pipe length E Pipe length F
Node
drawoff drawoff drawoff
*HEAD BALANCE METHOD (HBM)
Step 2: Calculate water demand
Basis of calculation:
• Equivalent population (EP) demand = 50 gpd
(= 225 lpd) multiplied occupancy (e.g. 4pax/room)
depending on types of building.
• For institutional buildings, demand is based on
floor/ built-up area or DO directive.
• For facilities (e.g. swimming pool), demand is based
on usage/ expected patronage (e.g. 100pax/day).
Description Demand
Low Cost Terrace House /Flat 1135 lpd (250 gpd)
Single Storey Terrace / Low Medium & Medium Costs Flats 1360 lpd (300 gpd)
Double Storey Terrace House/High Cost Flats 1590 lpd (350 gpd)
Semi Detached House 1820 lpd (400 gpd)
Bungalow / Condominiums 2270 lpd (500 gpd)
Shophouse (Single Storey)/ Gerai 2270 lpd (500 gpd)
Shophouse (Double Storey) 2730 lpd (600 gpd)
Shophouse (Three Storey) 4090 lpd (900 gpd)
Light Industrial Workshop 1590 lpd (350 gpd)
Semi Detached / Bungalow Workshops 2730 lpd (600 gpd)
Heavy Industry 65,000 l/ha/day (6,000 gal/acre/day)
Medium Industry 50,000 l/ha/day (4,500 gal/acre/day)
Light Industry 33,000 l/ha/day (3,000 gal/acre/day)
Office / Complex / Commercial (Domestic Usage) 1,200 lpd/100 Sq.M (250 gpd/1,000 [Link].)
Hotels (with dining and laundry facility – Domestic Usage)
- Hotel (3 star) 1,360 lpd/room (300 gpd/room)
- Hotel (5 star) 2,000 lpd/room (440 gpd/room)
Schools /Education Institutions
- Day School / Institution 55 lpd/student (12 gpd/student)
- Fully Residential 360 lpd/student (80 gpd/student)
Hospitals (domestic usage) 1,100 lpd/bed (240 gpd/bed)
Mosque (domestic usage) 135 lpd/person (12 gpd/person)
Other place of worship 55 lpd/person ( 12 gpd/person)
Wet Market 820 lpd/store (180 gpd/store)
Stadium 55 lpd/person ( 12 gpd/person )
Golf course 5500 lpd/hole (1200 gpd/hole )
Petrol Kiosk 5000 lpd/service bay (1080gpd/service bay)
Summary of water demand
From main/ reservoir
Qi
Q1 Q2
Q3 Q4 Q5
Step 3: Determine design flow
• Peak flow = 2.5 Total water demand
• Fire flow = Fire risk + Total water demand
(aka fire-fighting flow, hydrant flow at farthest location)
Design is based on whichever
MORE CRITICAL
Peak flow scenario
From main/ reservoir
2.5Qi
2.5Q1 2.5Q2
2.5Q3 2.5Q4 2.5Q5
Fire risk
Average Total Flow Spanning Maximum number of
( Litres per minute) (Meters) hydrant outlets
used simultaneously
Class A Risk 4100 90 3
Large buildings, shopping complexes,
high rise buildings, large industrial estate,
warehouse and ports.
Class B Risk 2700 90 2
Congested areas with buildings up to 5
storeys.
Class C Risk 1370 90 1
Shophouse up to 3 storey, light industry
Class D Risk 1140 120-terrace 1
Residential terrace house, detached, semi 150-detached/
detached semi detached
Class E Risk 680 180 1
Others
Note: 1370 lpm = 300 gpm = 22.83 lps
Fire flow scenario
From main/ reservoir
Qfire+Qi
Q1 Q2
Q3 Q4 nQfire+Q5
Step 4: Tapping point
• From existing pipe mains: available pressure H
to be determined.
Step 5: Top Water Level, TWL
i) TWL = Platform level + Bldg height + 3 m water tank height
Or
ii) TWL = Platform level + 3 m suction tank height
TWL
Water tank height
Building height TWL
Platform level
i) ii)
Step 6: Residual head (from main)
• Minimum residual head = 25 ft (= 7.6 m)
(EL + H) – TWL 7.6 m HSL = TWL + 7.6 m
Friction loss, hf
(EL + H0 – hf ) HSL
Available Residual head
head, H0 TWL
Main
EL
(Tapping Point)
Step 6: Residual head (from reservoir)
Available head:
H0 = Hres + (TWL – BWL)/2
TWL (EL + H) – TWL 7.6 m
Water tank
BWL
Friction loss hf
Hres (EL + H0 – hf) HSL
Residual head
TWL
EL
Example Available head of water tank:
H0 = Hres + (TWL – BWL)/2
TYPES OF RESERVOIRS & STORAGE TANKS
The types of reservoirs and storage tanks are:
• Reinforced concrete (R.C)
• Prestressed concrete
• Galvanized pressed steel
• Fibreglass reinforced polyester
• Steel fused with glass
Factors to be considered in selecting the types of Elevated Water Tank
reservoirs for a distribution system are :
• Capital cost
• Cost of maintenance
• Topography
• Life expectancy
Ground Level Water Tank
Example
The pipe network below uses uniform pipe size d (mm). The flow direction and friction
losses hf calculated using Hardy-Cross method are as shown in the figure.
At point A, the elevation EL = 20 m, and the available head H0 = 22 m. The elevation of all
draw-off points are as shown, where the building height and water tank height may be
taken as 10 m and 3 m respectively. Determine whether the pipe size is suitable.
HA = 22 m
ELA = 20 m ELB = 19.5 m ELC = 19.0 m
A hf = 1.2 m B hf = 1.4 m C
hf = 0.9 m hf = 0.9 m hf = 0.9 m
D hf = 1.2 m E hf = 1.4 m F
ELD = 19.5 m ELB = 18.5 m ELC = 18.0 m
Residual head
calculation
Method I Method II (based on minimum residual head = 7.6 m
Residual Node EL H HSL (EL+H) - HSL
Node EL H TWL
Head
A 20 22 40.6 1.4
A 20 22 33 9
B 19.5 20.8 40.1 0.2
B 19.5 20.8 32.5 7.8
C 19 19.4 39.6 -1.2 not OK
C 19 19.4 32 6.4 not OK
D 19.5 21.1 40.1 0.5
D 19.5 21.1 32.5 8.1
E 18.5 19.9 31.5 6.9 not OK E 18.5 19.9 39.1 -0.7 not OK
F 18 18.5 31 5.5 not OK F 18 18.5 38.6 -2.1 not OK
* TWL = EL + Hbldg + Htank * HSL = TWL + 7.6 m
Conclusion: Pipe size Conclusion: Pipe size
need to be increased to need to be increased to
reduce the losses! reduce the losses!
Determine EL + H
Propose layout Det. drawoff point,
at tapping pt/
Measure pipe L Calculate demand
reservoir
Choose
size d Compare FF & PF, Det. TWL at
Determine design flow every node
Hardy-Cross
calculation
NO dh = 0 in
every loop?
YES
Calculate residual at Residual YES
END
every drawoff pt OK?
NO
Service reservoir/ water tank
• Capacity = 1 day supply
• Minimum residual head = 25 ft (= 7.6 m)
• Main trunk: 1.2 Total water demand
Service reservoir/ water tank
Minimum ; 1-day
Service Maximum ; 3-day
Tank Suction Tank ; 1/3 x Demand
Service Tank ; 2/3 x Demand
Suction
Tank
Service reservoir/ water tank
HSL
Residual head
Pumping head
TWL
Water tank
BWL
Available
head
Pump house
Main
EL
1.2Q 2.5Q/ FF
Hazen-William Eqn
• Consider h = KQn (S.I. unit) Contrast
Darcy-Weisbach eqn:
• n = 1.852 1.852
10.69 L Q fLQ 2
h 4.87 h
• K 10.69 L D C 3D 5
D 4.87C 1.852
• Using Hardy-Cross method:
• Widely used in industrial application
(instead of Darcy-Weisbach eqn)
• Empirical, relates head loss with flow rate.
• Exponents adjusted so that roughness coefficient C is
more or less constant over a wide range of parameter.
Types of pipe
The commonly used types of pipes are listed below:
• Cast iron (C.I)
• Ductile iron (D.I)
• Asbestos cement (A.C)
• Mild steel (M.S)
• High density polyethylene (HDPE)
• Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (uPVC)
• Glassfibre reinforced plastics (GRP)
Factors to be considered in the selection of type of pipe :
• Working & test pressures
• Strength of pipe to withstand designed internal & external loads
• Durability of the pipe
• Suitability and workability for laying and operating requirements
• Capital, operation and maintenance costs
• Extent of possible leakage.
Types of pipe
• Incoming: MS pipe, DI pipe (C=110)
• Beneath paved area: MS pipe, DI pipe
• Marine area: DI pipe
• Others: HDPE pipe (C=130)
where C = Hazen-William roughness coeff.
• Minimum pipe size = 150 mm (= 6 in)
Other requirements
• New main (where existing main is not sufficient)
• Pump house/ Booster pump
• Sluice valves, air valves, scour valves
• Water meter
• Fire hydrant
Sluice valves
• Isolate individual pipes for maintenance.
From main/ reservoir
Construction
• Trench excavation & backfill
• Drain/ river crossing
• Standard drawings:
– Typical section
– Pipe fittings/ hydrant
• Minimum cover:
– 1.2 m for pipes buried at the side and under road.
– 0.9 m for pipes buried in ground away from road.
Useful units
• 1 m3 = 1000 litre = 264 gallon = 950 kg
• 1 tonne = 1000 kg
• 1 bar = 10 m
• 100 hectar = 247.105 acre = 1 km2 = 1106 m2
Summary
• Layout design
• Demand calculation
• Peak flow vs Fire flow
• Hardy-Cross method (using Hazen-William eqn)
• Chk residual head >7.6m at all drawoff point;
chg pipe size if necessary
• Water tank design