2.

Energy Management and Conservation

2. Energy Management and Conservation

Syllabus

2.1 Definition and objectives of energy management, energy conservation act-2001 and its
features, need for energy management program, need and importance of energy conservation and
management, Sankey diagram, specific energy consumption.
2.2 Energy Monitoring and Targeting - Definition, elements of monitoring and targeting, benefits
of monitoring and targeting.
2.3 Energy conservation opportunities in mechanical systems – Water Pumps, steam distribution
system and its losses, steam leakage, air leakage, fans and blowers, cooling towers, Heating
Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC)systems.
2.4 Energy conservation opportunities in electrical systems –Lightning system, diesel gas energy
power generation system, electrical motors, industrial drive, and variable speed drive.
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Q. 1. Explain Energy Management and state its objectives.

Energy Management

Definition - Energy Management is the systematic planning, monitoring, and control of energy
usage to reduce energy cost and wastage while maintaining production and comfort levels.

Energy management aims to use energy efficiently without affecting quality or output.

Objectives of Energy Management:

1. To reduce energy consumption

2. To minimize energy cost

3. To improve energy efficiency

4. To reduce energy losses

5. To increase equipment life

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6. To protect environment

7. Ensure reliable energy supply.

8. Improve overall productivity.

9. Improve profitability of organization

Q. 2. Explain Energy Conservation Act – 2001 and its features.

The Energy Conservation Act – 2001 was enacted by the Government of India to promote
efficient use of energy and reduce energy intensity in industries and appliances.

The Act helps in reducing energy wastage and improving national energy efficiency.

Features of Energy Conservation Act – 2001:

1. Establishment of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

2. Energy Appliance labelling program

3. Mandatory energy audits for large industries

4. Energy performance standards for appliances

5. Promotion of energy-efficient technologies

6. Energy Conservation Fund: Financial support for energy efficiency projects.

7. Large industries or organizations with high energy consumption are required to implement
energy management practices

Q.3. Explain the need and importance of Energy Management program.

Energy management is essential due to limited energy resources and increasing energy demand.

➢ Need and importance for Energy Management Program

1. Increasing energy prices

2. Limited energy resources

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3. High industrial energy cost

4. Environmental pollution

5. Sustainable development

Q.4. Explain the need and importance of Energy Conservation

Energy conservation is essential due to limited energy resources and increasing energy demand

➢ Need and Importance of Energy Conservation

1. Rising energy cost

2. Limited availability of fossil fuels

3. Reduction in operating and production cost

4. Reduction in environmental pollution

5. Improvement in energy efficiency

6. Sustainable development

7. Energy conservation ensures energy security and economic growth

Q. 5. Explain Sankey Diagram.

A Sankey diagram is a graphical representation of energy flow in a system.

• The width of arrows represents quantity of energy

• Shows energy input, useful output, and losses

➢ Uses of Sankey Diagram:

• Identifies major energy losses

• Helps in energy audit

• Improves energy efficiency analysis

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• Sankey diagrams help in visualizing and reducing energy losses

➢ Example:

A Sankey diagram could show the total energy entering a factory, with arrows showing energy
usage in production, losses in the form of heat, and the final useful energy.

Sanky diagram

Q. 6. Define Specific Energy Consumption (SEC). Explain its importance.

➢ Definition - Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) – it is defined as the amount of energy

consumed per unit of production. It is a performance indicator used to evaluate the energy
efficiency of a process or system.
➢ Formula -

Energy Consumed
𝑆𝐸𝐶 =
Units Produced

➢ Example: If a factory consumes 500 kWh of energy to produce 100 units of product, the
SEC would be 5 kWh per unit of product.
➢ Importance of SEC:

1. Indicates energy efficiency

2. Helps in performance comparison across different processes, products, or time periods.

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3. Helps in energy cost control

4. Lower SEC means better efficiency

Q.7. Define Energy Monitoring and Energy Targeting.

➢ Energy Monitoring
Definition - Energy Monitoring is the process of continuously measuring and recording
energy consumption in real-time or at regular intervals. It involves tracking the use of
energy across various systems or departments within an organization.
➢ Energy Targeting:
Definition - Energy Targeting is the process of setting energy performance goals or targets
based on historical energy consumption data and are aimed at improving energy efficiency
by identifying areas where energy use can be reduced.

Q.8 Give Elements of Energy Monitoring and Energy Targeting.

➢ Elements of Monitoring and Targeting

1. Setting targets

2. Setting Benchmarks

3. Implementation of Action Plans:

4. Energy data collection

5. Energy Data analysis

6. Metering and sub-metering

7. Corrective action

Q.9. Give benefits of Energy Monitoring and Energy Targeting.

➢ Benefits of Energy Monitoring and Energy Targeting-

1. Regularly reviewing energy consumption against targets

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2. Making adjustments as needed to ensure progress towards goals

3. Identifies energy wastage

4. Controls energy cost

5. Improves efficiency

6. Supports management decisions.

7. Enhanced Reputation of organization.

8. Monitoring and targeting help businesses comply with energy efficiency standards and
avoid penalties.
Q.10. Explain energy conservation opportunities in mechanical systems.

❖ Energy conservation opportunities in mechanical systems

➢ Water Pumps
Energy Conservation Opportunities
1. Ensure the pump is correctly sized for the application.
2. Ensure pumps are operating at their optimal efficiency.
3. Regular maintenance, including checking for wear and tear, can prevent energy losses.
4. Use Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) to adjust pump speed based on demand.
5. Regularly check alignment and seals to prevent leakage and friction losses.
6. Lower system pressure settings (where possible) to reduce energy usage in pumping
systems.
7. Avoid throttling
➢ Steam Distribution System and Its Losses
Energy Conservation Opportunities:
1. Properly insulate steam pipes to reduce heat loss, saves energy.
2. Install and maintain steam traps to prevent steam leakage
3. Ensure condensate is properly removed from the system.
4. Use lower pressure steam where possible for heating purposes.

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5. Regularly inspect for leaks in the system and repair them promptly to prevent energy
wastage.
6. Implement heat recovery systems to capture waste heat from exhaust steam and reuse it for
other processes.
➢ Steam Leakage
Energy Conservation Opportunities:
1. Check for leaks in steam lines, valves, and fittings regularly to ensure steam is not being
wasted.
2. Promptly repair any steam leaks.
3. Use leak detection technologies like ultrasonic devices to identify hard-to-find leaks.
➢ Air Leakage
Energy Conservation Opportunities:
1. Seal air leaks in compressed air systems, ducts, and around machinery.
2. Use appropriately sized compressors to avoid overloading and inefficiency.
3. Install variable speed drives on air compressors to adjust the output based on the actual air
demand, reducing unnecessary energy use.
1. Maintain air filtration systems and check for any blockages or damage that could lead to
higher energy consumption.
➢ Fans and Blowers
Energy Conservation Opportunities:
1. Use VSDs to adjust the fan speed based on demand.
2. Ensure fans are properly sized and maintained to run at optimal efficiency.
3. Ensure the fan blades and casing are designed to minimize air resistance and improve
overall efficiency.
4. Seal any air leaks in ducts or around the fan assembly.
5. Proper selection of fan as per requirement
6. Clean blades of fans and blowers regularly.
➢ Cooling Towers
Energy Conservation Opportunities:
1. Ensure proper water treatment to avoid scaling and corrosion.
2. Adjust water flow rates to match cooling demand.

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3. Install variable speed drives on cooling tower fans to regulate fan speed based on the actual
cooling demand.
4. Ensure the heat exchange surfaces are clean and well-maintained for optimal performance.
5. Maximize the use of recirculated water to minimize the need for fresh water.
➢ Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
Energy Conservation Opportunities:
1. Ensure the HVAC system is appropriately sized for the space.
2. Clean and maintain HVAC components like filters, ducts, and coils.
3. Use programmable thermostats to control temperature settings based on occupancy.
4. Upgrade to energy-efficient HVAC units.
5. Install VSDs for fans and pumps in the HVAC system to adjust their speed according to
the actual demand.
6. Improve insulation and sealing of the building.
7. Use natural ventilation or external air when outdoor temperatures are suitable.
Q.10. Explain energy conservation opportunities in Electrical systems.

❖ Energy conservation opportunities in electrical systems:

➢ Lightning System

Energy Conservation Opportunities:

1. Use LED lights, which consume significantly less energy .

2. Install motion sensors or daylight sensors to automatically turn off lights when not needed.
3. Ensure the lighting system is properly sized for the space.
4. Clean fixtures and replace dimmed bulbs.
5. Optimize the layout and design of lighting.
6. Use timers to automatically switch off lights at predetermined times
➢ Diesel/Gas Energy Power Generation System
Energy Conservation Opportunities:
1. Regularly monitor the performance of the diesel or gas generators.
2. Perform regular maintenance on engines, air filters, fuel systems, and exhaust systems.
3. Operate generators only when necessary, and avoid running them at low load levels.
4. Use high-quality fuel.

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5. Implement systems to recover waste heat from exhaust gases and use it for other processes.
6. Combine renewable energy sources.
➢ Electrical Motors
Energy Conservation Opportunities:
1. Use high-efficiency motors.
2. Ensure motors are correctly sized for the application.
3. Use VSDs to adjust motor speed to match load requirements.
4. Perform routine checks for motor alignment, lubrication, and cleaning.
5. Install capacitor banks or power factor correction equipment
➢ Industrial Drives
Energy Conservation Opportunities:
1. Select energy-efficient drives, such as variable frequency drives (VFDs.
2. Ensure that drives operate at optimal load levels.
3. Regularly maintain industrial drives by checking for system wear, improving cooling
systems.
4. Implement automatically adjusting speeds based on process demand systems to ensure
drives are only used when needed.
Q. 11. Explain Variable Speed Drive (VSD) and its advantages.

A Variable Speed Drive is an electronic device used to control the speed of a motor according to
load requirement.

Advantages of VSD:

1. Saves electrical energy

2. Reduces power consumption
3. Improves motor life
4. Reduces mechanical stress
5. Better process control
6. Optimized Operation
7. Load Matching
8. Reduced Wear and Tear
9. Improved Process Control.

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