OSR
COMMERCE AND ACCOUNTANCY (Paper-2)
Organisation Theory and Behaviour
1. Organisation Theory
Nature and Concept of Organisation
External Environment of Organisation: Technological, Social, Political, Economical, and Legal
Organisational Goals:
Primary and Secondary Goals
Single and Multiple Goals
Management by Objectives
Evolution of Organisation Theory:
Classical
Neo-classical
System Approach
Modern Concepts of Organisation Theory:
Organisational Design
Organisational Structure
Organisational Culture
Organisational Design:
Basic Challenges
Differentiation and Integration Process
Centralization and Decentralization Process
Standardization/Formalization and Mutual Adjustment
Coordinating Formal and Informal Organizations
Mechanistic and Organic Structures
Designing Organizational Structures:
Authority and Control
Line and Staff Functions
Specialization and Coordination
Types of Organization Structure:
Functional
Matrix Structure
Project Structure
Nature and Basis of Power
Sources of Power
Power Structure and Politics
Impact of Information Technology on Organizational Design and Structure
Managing Organizational Culture
2. Organisation Behaviour
Meaning and Concept
Individual in Organization:
Personality: Theories and Determinants
Perception: Meaning and Process
Motivation: Concepts, Theories, and Applications
Leadership: Theories and Styles
Quality of Work Life (QWL):
Meaning and Impact on Performance
Ways of Enhancement
Quality Circles (QC): Meaning and Importance
Management of Conflicts in Organizations
Transactional Analysis
Organizational Effectiveness
Management of Change
Human Resources Management and Industrial Relations
1. Human Resources Management (HRM)
Meaning, Nature, and Scope of HRM
Human Resource Planning
Job Analysis
Job Description
Job Specification
Recruitment Process
Selection Process
Orientation and Placement
Training and Development Process
Performance Appraisal and 360° Feedback
Salary and Wage Administration
Job Evaluation
Employee Welfare
Promotions, Transfers, and Separations
2. Industrial Relations (IR)
Meaning, Nature, Importance, and Scope of IR
Formation of Trade Unions
Trade Union Legislation
Trade Union Movement in India
Recognition of Trade Unions
Problems of Trade Unions in India
Impact of Liberalization on Trade Union Movement
Nature of Industrial Disputes:
Strikes and Lockouts
Causes of Disputes
Prevention and Settlement of Disputes
Worker’s Participation in Management:
Philosophy and Rationale
Present Day Status and Future Prospects
Adjudication and Collective Bargaining
Industrial Relations in Public Enterprises
Absenteeism and Labour Turnover in Indian Industries:
Causes and Remedies
ILO and its Functions
Government’s Efforts: Striving for a workforce reflecting gender balance and encouraging women
candidates to apply
PAPER-II: INDIAN ECONOMY
I. Pre-Independence Era
1. Land System & Changes:
Evolution of land tenure systems
Impact of colonial policies
2. Commercialization of Agriculture:
Shift from subsistence to cash crops
Consequences for rural economy
3. Economic Theories & Critiques:
Drain theory (wealth transfer to Britain)
Laissez-faire theory and its critique
4. Manufacture & Transport:
Jute industry development
Cotton textile industry
Railways: Expansion and economic impact
5. Money and Credit:
Banking systems
Colonial monetary policies
II. Post-Independence Era
A. Pre-Liberalization Era (1947–1991)
1. Contributions of Economists:
Vakil, Gadgil, and V.K.R.V. Rao
2. Agriculture:
Land reforms and tenure systems
Green Revolution: Impact and outcomes
Capital formation in agriculture
3. Industry:
Trends in composition and growth
Role of public/private sectors
Small-scale and cottage industries
4. National & Per Capita Income:
Patterns, trends, and sectoral composition
Changes in aggregate income structure
5. Poverty & Inequality:
Determinants of national income distribution
Measures of poverty
Trends in poverty and inequality
B. Post-Liberalization Era (1991–Present)
1. Agriculture under Reforms:
Agriculture and WTO agreements
Food processing industry
Subsidies, price policies, and PDS
Impact of public expenditure on growth
2. Industry under New Economic Policy:
Industrialization strategy
Privatization and disinvestments
Role of FDI and multinationals
3. Trade Reforms:
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS implications)
TRIMS, GATS, and EXIM policy
4. Exchange Rate Regime:
Partial vs. full convertibility
Capital account convertibility
5. Public Finance:
Fiscal Responsibility Act
12th Finance Commission
Fiscal federalism and consolidation
6. Monetary System:
Evolving role of RBI
7. Planning Transition:
Shift from central to indicative planning
Planning-market relationship for growth
Decentralized planning (73rd/74th Amendments)
8. Employment & Poverty:
Rural wages and employment generation
Poverty alleviation schemes
MGNREGA (Rural Employment Guarantee)
LAW PAPER-I
PART I: CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
1. Constitution & Constitutionalism
Distinctive features of the Indian Constitution.
2. Fundamental Rights
Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
Legal Aid
Legal Services Authority
3. Interrelation
Relationship between:
Fundamental Rights
Directive Principles
Fundamental Duties
4. President of India
Constitutional position
Relation with the Council of Ministers
5. Governor
Powers and role
6. Judiciary
Supreme Court & High Courts:
Appointments and transfers
Powers, functions, and jurisdiction
7. Center-State-Local Relations
Distribution of legislative powers (Union vs. States)
Local Bodies
Administrative relations (Union, State, Local Bodies)
Eminent domain: State property, common property, community property
8. Legislature
Legislative powers, privileges, and immunities
9. Public Services
Union & State Services:
Recruitment and service conditions
Constitutional safeguards
Administrative tribunals
UPSC & State PSCs: Powers and functions
Election Commission: Powers and functions
10. Emergency Provisions
11. Constitutional Amendments
12. Natural Justice Principles
Emerging trends and judicial approach
13. Delegated Legislation
Constitutionality
14. Separation of Powers
Constitutional governance
15. Judicial Review
Of administrative action
16. Ombudsman Mechanisms
Lokayukta, Lokpal, etc.
PART II: INTERNATIONAL LAW
1. Foundations
Nature and definition of International Law
2. Interaction with Domestic Law
Relationship between International Law and Municipal Law
3. Statehood
State recognition and succession
4. Law of the Sea
Inland Waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Continental Shelf, EEZ, High Seas
5. Individual Rights
Nationality and statelessness
Human Rights enforcement mechanisms
6. State Jurisdiction
Territorial jurisdiction, Extradition, Asylum
7. Treaties
Formation, application, termination, reservation
8. United Nations
Principal organs, powers, functions, and reform
9. Dispute Resolution
Peaceful settlement modes
10. Use of Force
Aggression, self-defence, intervention
11. Humanitarian Law
Fundamental principles
International conventions and contemporary developments
12. Nuclear Weapons
Legality of use
Test bans (CTBT)
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
13. Transnational Crimes
International Terrorism, State-sponsored terrorism, Hijacking
International Criminal Court (ICC)
14. Economic Law
New International Economic Order (NIEO)
WTO, TRIPS, GATT, IMF, World Bank
15. Environmental Law
Protection and improvement of the human environment
International efforts
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PAPER-I: Administrative Theory
1. Introduction
Meaning, scope, and significance of Public Administration
Wilson’s vision of Public Administration
Evolution of the discipline and its present status
New Public Administration
Public Choice Approach
Challenges of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization
Good Governance: Concept and application
New Public Management
2. Administrative Thought
Scientific Management and Scientific Management Movement
Classical Theory
Weber’s Bureaucratic Model: Critique and Post-Weberian developments
Mary Parker Follett: Dynamic Administration
Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others)
Chester Barnard: Functions of the Executive
Herbert Simon: Decision-Making Theory
Participative Management (R. Likert, C. Argyris, D. McGregor)
3. Administrative Behaviour
Decision-making: Process and techniques
Communication
Morale
Motivation Theories: Content, process, and contemporary approaches
Leadership Theories: Traditional and modern
4. Organisations
Organisation Theories: Systems and contingency
Structure and forms:
Ministries and Departments
Corporations and Companies
Boards and Commissions
Ad hoc and advisory bodies
Headquarters and Field relationships
Regulatory Authorities
Public-Private Partnerships
5. Accountability and Control
Concepts of accountability and control
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial control over administration
Citizen and Administration
Role of Media, Interest Groups, Voluntary Organizations, Civil Society
Citizen’s Charters
Right to Information
Social Audit
6. Administrative Law
Meaning, scope, and significance
Dicey on Administrative Law
Delegated Legislation
Administrative Tribunals
7. Comparative Public Administration
Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems
Politics and administration in different countries
Current status of Comparative Public Administration
Ecology and administration
Riggsian Models and their critique
8. Development Dynamics
Concept of Development
Changing profile of Development Administration
Anti-development Thesis
Bureaucracy and Development
Strong State vs. Market debate
Impact of Liberalization on administration in developing countries
Women and Development; Self-help Group movement
9. Personnel Administration
Importance of Human Resource Development
Recruitment, Training, and Career Advancement
Position Classification
Discipline, Performance Appraisal, Promotion
Pay and Service Conditions
Employer-Employee Relations
Grievance Redressal Mechanism
Code of Conduct
Administrative Ethics
10. Public Policy
Models of Policy-making and their critique
Processes: Conceptualisation, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Review
Limitations of each stage
State Theories and Public Policy Formulation
11. Techniques of Administrative Improvement
Organisation and Methods (O&M)
Work Study and Work Management
E-governance and Information Technology
Management tools: Network Analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM
12. Financial Administration
Monetary and Fiscal Policies
Public Borrowings and Public Debt
Types and forms of Budgets
Budgetary Process
Financial Accountability
Accounts and Audit
PAPER-II: Indian Administration
1. Evolution of Indian Administration
Kautilya’s Arthashastra
Mughal Administration
British Legacy in Politics and Administration
Indianization of Public Services
Revenue Administration
District Administration
Local Self Government
2. Philosophical and Constitutional Framework of Government
Salient Features and Value Premises
Constitutionalism
Political Culture
Bureaucracy and Democracy
Bureaucracy and Development
3. Public Sector Undertakings
Public Sector in modern India
Forms of PSUs
Issues: Autonomy, Accountability, and Control
Impact of Liberalization and Privatization
4. Union Government and Administration
Structure, functions, and work processes of Executive, Parliament, and Judiciary
Recent trends and intra-governmental relations
Institutions: Cabinet Secretariat, PMO, Central Secretariat, Ministries, Boards, Commissions, Field
Organizations
5. Plans and Priorities
Planning Machinery
Role and functions of Planning Commission and National Development Council
Indicative Planning
Plan formulation at Union and State levels
1992 Constitutional Amendments and Decentralized Planning
6. State Government and Administration
Administrative, Legislative, and Financial Union-State relations
Role of Finance Commission
Role of Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, Chief Secretary
State Secretariat and Directorates
7. District Administration since Independence
Changing Role of the Collector
Union-State-Local Relations
Development Management Imperatives
Law and Order Administration
District Administration and Democratic Decentralization
8. Civil Services
Constitutional Position
Structure, Recruitment, Training, Capacity Building
Good Governance Initiatives
Code of Conduct and Discipline
Staff Associations and Political Rights
Grievance Redressal Mechanism
Civil Service Neutrality and Activism
9. Financial Management
Budget as a Political Instrument
Parliamentary Control of Public Expenditure
Role of Finance Ministry in Monetary and Fiscal Policy
Accounting Techniques
Audit Mechanism
Role of Controller General of Accounts and CAG
10. Administrative Reforms since Independence
Major Concerns
Important Committees and Commissions
Reforms in Financial Management and HRD
Implementation Challenges
11. Rural Development
Institutions and Agencies post-Independence
Rural Development Programmes: Focus and Strategies
Decentralization and Panchayati Raj
73rd Constitutional Amendment
12. Urban Local Government
Features, Structure, Finance, and Problems of Municipal Governance
74th Constitutional Amendment
Global-Local Debate
New Localism
City Management: Development Dynamics, Politics, and Administration
13. Law and Order Administration
British Legacy
National Police Commission
Investigative Agencies
Role of Central and State Agencies and Paramilitary Forces
Countering Insurgency and Terrorism
Criminalisation of Politics and Administration
Police-Public Relations
Police Reforms
14. Significant Issues in Indian Administration
Values in Public Service
Regulatory Commissions
National Human Rights Commission
Challenges in Coalition Regimes
Citizen-Administration Interface
Corruption and Administration
Disaster Management
PAPER–I: FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Sociology – The Discipline
Modernity and social changes in Europe
Emergence of Sociology
Scope of Sociology and comparison with other social sciences
Sociology and common sense
2. Sociology as Science
Science, scientific method, and critique
Major theoretical strands of research methodology
Positivism and its critique
Fact, value, and objectivity
Non-positivist methodologies
3. Research Methods and Analysis
Qualitative and quantitative methods
Techniques of data collection
Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability, and validity
4. Sociological Thinkers
Karl Marx: Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle
Emile Durkheim: Division of labour, social facts, suicide, religion and society
Max Weber: Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, Protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism
Talcott Parsons: Social system, pattern variables
Robert K. Merton: Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups
George H. Mead: Self and identity
5. Stratification and Mobility
Concepts: equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty, deprivation
Theories: Structural functionalist, Marxist, Weberian
Dimensions: class, status groups, gender, ethnicity, race
Social mobility: open and closed systems, types, sources, and causes
6. Works and Economic Life
Social organization of work: slave, feudal, industrial capitalist societies
Formal and informal organization of work
Labour and society
7. Politics and Society
Sociological theories of power
Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, political parties
Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology
Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution
8. Religion and Society
Sociological theories of religion
Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults
Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, revivalism, fundamentalism
9. Systems of Kinship
Family, household, marriage
Types and forms of family
Lineage and descent
Patriarchy and sexual division of labour
Contemporary trends
10. Social Change in Modern Society
Theories of social change
Development and dependency
Agents of social change
Education and social change
Science, technology, and social change
PAPER–II: INDIAN SOCIETY – STRUCTURE AND CHANGE
A. Introducing Indian Society
i. Perspectives on the Study of Indian Society
Indology (G.S. Ghurye)
Structural functionalism (M.N. Srinivas)
Marxist sociology (A.R. Desai)
ii. Impact of Colonial Rule
Social background of Indian nationalism
Modernization of Indian tradition
Protests and movements
Social reforms
B. Social Structure
i. Rural and Agrarian Social Structure
Idea of Indian village and village studies
Agrarian structure: evolution of land tenure system, land reforms
ii. Caste System
Perspectives: G.S. Ghurye, M.N. Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille
Features of caste system
Untouchability: forms and perspectives
iii. Tribal Communities in India
Definitional issues
Geographical spread
Colonial policies and impact
Issues of integration and autonomy
iv. Social Classes in India
Agrarian, industrial, and middle class structures
v. Systems of Kinship in India
Lineage and descent
Types of kinship systems
Family and marriage
Household dimensions
Patriarchy, entitlements, and sexual division of labour
vi. Religion and Society
Religious communities in India
Problems faced by religious minorities
C. Social Changes in India
i. Visions of Social Change
Development planning, mixed economy
Constitution, law, and social change
Education and change
ii. Rural and Agrarian Transformation
Rural development programmes (CDP, cooperatives, poverty alleviation)
Green revolution
Changing modes of production
Rural labour issues: bondage, migration
iii. Industrialization and Urbanisation
Evolution of modern industry
Growth of urban settlements
Working class structure and mobilization
Informal sector, child labour
Slums and urban deprivation
iv. Politics and Society
Nation, democracy, citizenship
Political parties, pressure groups, elites
Regionalism and decentralization
Secularization
v. Social Movements
Peasant and farmer movements
Women’s movement
Dalit and backward class movements
Environmental movements
Ethnic and identity movements
vi. Population Dynamics
Population size, growth, composition, distribution
Birth, death, migration
Population policy, family planning
Issues: ageing, sex ratio, infant mortality, reproductive health
vii. Challenges of Social Transformation
Development crises: displacement, environment, sustainability
Poverty, inequality, deprivation
Violence against women
Caste and ethnic conflicts
Communalism and revivalism
Illiteracy and educational disparity
PSYCHOLOGY – PAPER I: Foundations of Psychology
1. Introduction
Definition of Psychology.
Historical background and modern trends.
Psychology as a science.
Relation to other social and natural sciences.
Application to societal problems.
2. Methods of Psychology
Research types: Descriptive, Evaluative, Diagnostic, Prognostic.
Research methods: Survey, Observation, Case Study, Experiment.
Experimental vs. non-experimental design.
Quasi-experimental designs.
Focus group discussions, Brainstorming, Grounded theory.
3. Research Methods
Steps in research: Problem, Hypothesis, Design, Sampling, Tools, Analysis, Report.
Fundamental vs. applied research.
Data collection methods: Interview, Observation, Questionnaire, Case Study.
Research designs: Ex-post facto, Experimental.
Statistical techniques: t-test, ANOVA, Correlation, Regression, Factor Analysis, Item Response
Theory.
4. Development of Human Behaviour
Principles of development.
Genetic and environmental influences.
Cultural influence and socialization.
Life-span development and psychological well-being.
5. Sensation, Attention and Perception
Concepts: Thresholds, Signal detection, Vigilance.
Factors affecting attention.
Perception: Biological basis, Past experience, Defence, Readiness.
Space/depth/size estimation.
Subliminal and Extrasensory perception.
Cultural influences.
6. Learning
Learning theories: Behaviourist, Gestalt, Information Processing.
Processes: Extinction, Discrimination, Generalization.
Techniques: Programmed learning, Self-instruction.
Reinforcement types, Modelling, Social learning.
7. Memory
Types: STM, LTM, Sensory, Iconic, Echoic.
Models: Multistore, Levels of processing.
Mnemonics.
Forgetting theories: Decay, Interference, Retrieval failure.
Metamemory, Amnesia (Anterograde & Retrograde).
8. Thinking and Problem Solving
Piaget’s theory.
Concept formation.
Reasoning, Problem solving methods.
Creativity and decision making.
Recent trends.
9. Motivation and Emotion
Biological and psychological basis.
Measurement techniques.
Effects on behaviour.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation.
Emotional competence.
10. Intelligence and Aptitude
Theories: Spearman, Thurstone, Guilford, Vernon, Sternberg, J.P. Das.
Types: Emotional, Social, Fluid, Crystallized.
IQ concepts: Deviation IQ, Constancy.
Measurement and multiple intelligences.
11. Personality
Definitions and theories: Psychoanalytic, Socio-cultural, Humanistic, Trait, Type, etc.
Personality assessment: Projective, Paper-pencil tests.
Indian approach and Big Five theory.
Training and self-concept.
12. Attitudes, Values and Interests
Definitions and components.
Formation, Maintenance, Measurement.
Stereotypes, Prejudices.
Attribution theories and attitude change.
13. Language and Communication
Human language properties and structure.
Language acquisition and development (Skinner vs. Chomsky).
Communication types and training.
14. Issues and Perspectives in Modern Psychology
Computer applications and AI.
Psychocybernetics.
Consciousness studies (Sleep, Dreams, Meditation, etc.).
ESP and Simulation studies.
PSYCHOLOGY – PAPER II: Psychology: Issues and Applications
1. Psychological Measurement of Individual Differences
Nature, types, uses and limitations of psychological tests.
Ethical concerns in testing.
2. Psychological Well-being and Mental Disorders
Health concepts and mental well-being.
Mental disorders: Anxiety, Mood, Schizophrenia, Personality, Substance abuse.
Positive health and lifestyle factors.
3. Therapeutic Approaches
Psychodynamic, Behavioural, Cognitive, Client-centered.
Indigenous (Yoga, Meditation).
Biofeedback, Prevention, Rehabilitation.
4. Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour
Selection, training, HRD.
Theories of motivation (Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom, etc.).
Leadership, stress, ergonomics.
Advertising, marketing, managerial effectiveness.
5. Educational Psychology
Teaching-learning principles.
Special children (gifted, learning-disabled).
Guidance, counselling, value education.
Use of psychological tests in education.
6. Community Psychology
Concept and strategies.
Community consciousness, leadership for change.
Use of small groups for social issues.
7. Rehabilitation Psychology
Prevention levels.
Rehabilitation of physically, mentally, socially challenged.
Victims of violence, addiction, HIV/AIDS.
8. Psychology and Disadvantaged Groups
Concepts of disadvantage and deprivation.
Effects and motivation for development.
Education for upliftment.
9. Psychological Problems of Social Integration
Conflicts: Caste, Class, Religion, Language.
Prejudice: Causes and manifestations.
Strategies for resolution and integration.
10. Psychology in IT and Mass Media
Role in IT and media.
Training, distance learning, e-commerce.
Impact of TV and values.
Psychological effects of IT.
11. Psychology and Economic Development
Motivation and entrepreneurship.
Youth empowerment, women entrepreneurs.
Consumer awareness and government policies.
12. Environmental Psychology
Effects of noise, crowding, pollution.
Population psychology: Density effects, family norms.
Environment and tech degradation.
13. Other Applications
Military: Testing, counselling, engineering.
Sports: Performance improvement.
Media influence on behaviour.
Psychology of terrorism.
14. Psychology of Gender
Discrimination, Diversity management.
Glass ceiling, Self-fulfilling prophecy.
Women in Indian society
POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (PSIR)
PAPER I: Political Theory and Indian Politics
Part A: Political Theory
1. Political Theory
Meaning and approaches
2. Theories of the State
Liberal
Neo-liberal
Marxist
Pluralist
Post-colonial
Feminist
3. Justice
Conceptions of justice
Rawls’ theory of justice
Communitarian critiques
4. Equality
Types: Social, Political, Economic
Relationship between equality and freedom
Affirmative action
5. Rights
Meaning and theories
Types of rights
Human Rights concept
6. Democracy
Classical and contemporary theories
Models: Representative, Participatory, Deliberative
7. Concept of Power
Hegemony
Ideology
Legitimacy
8. Political Ideologies
Liberalism
Socialism
Marxism
Fascism
Gandhism
Feminism
9. Indian Political Thought
Ancient texts: Dharamshastra, Arthashastra, Buddhist traditions
Modern thinkers: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Sri Aurobindo, Gandhi, Ambedkar, M.N. Roy
10. Western Political Thought
Thinkers: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, J.S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt
Part B: Indian Government and Politics
1. Indian Nationalism
Freedom struggle strategies: Constitutionalism, Mass Satyagraha, Non-Cooperation, Civil
Disobedience
Movements: Militant, Revolutionary, Peasant, Workers
Perspectives: Liberal, Socialist, Marxist, Radical Humanist, Dalit
2. Making of the Indian Constitution
British legacy
Social and political perspectives
3. Salient Features of the Constitution
Preamble
Fundamental Rights and Duties
Directive Principles of State Policy
Parliamentary System
Amendment process
Judicial Review and Basic Structure Doctrine
4. Union Government
Executive, Legislature, Judiciary—roles and functioning
5. State Government
Executive, Legislature, High Courts—roles and functioning
6. Grassroots Democracy
Panchayati Raj and Municipalities
73rd and 74th Amendments
Grassroots movements
7. Statutory Institutions/Commissions
Election Commission
CAG
Finance Commission
UPSC
National Commissions (SC, ST, Women, Minorities, Backward Classes)
NHRC
8. Federalism
Constitutional provisions
Centre-state relations
Integrationist trends and regional aspirations
Inter-state disputes
9. Planning and Economic Development
Nehruvian and Gandhian models
Role of public sector
Green Revolution
Land reforms and agrarian relations
Liberalization and reforms
10. Caste, Religion, and Ethnicity
Role in Indian politics
11. Party System
National and regional parties
Social bases and ideologies
Coalition politics
Pressure groups
Electoral behavior
Changing profile of legislators
12. Social Movements
Civil liberties and human rights
Women’s movements
Environmental movements
PAPER II: Comparative Politics and International Relations
Part A: Comparative Politics and International Relations
1. Comparative Politics
Nature and approaches
Political economy and sociology perspectives
Limits of the comparative method
2. State in Comparative Perspective
Capitalist and socialist economies
Advanced industrial vs. developing societies
3. Politics of Representation and Participation
Political parties
Pressure groups
Social movements (both developed and developing countries)
4. Globalization
Responses from developed and developing countries
5. Approaches to International Relations
Idealist
Realist
Marxist
Functionalist
Systems theory
6. Key Concepts in IR
National interest
Security and power
Balance of power
Deterrence
Transnational actors
Collective security
Global capitalism and globalization
7. Changing International Order
Superpowers, Bipolarity, Cold War
Arms race and nuclear threat
Non-alignment Movement: Aims and achievements
Collapse of USSR
Unipolarity and U.S. hegemony
Relevance of NAM today
8. International Economic System
Bretton Woods to WTO
CMEA and socialist economies
NIEO demand by Third World
Globalized economy
9. United Nations
Envisaged role vs. actual performance
UN specialized agencies
UN reform needs
10. Regionalism in World Politics
EU, ASEAN, APEC, AARC, NAFTA
11. Contemporary Global Issues
Democracy
Human rights
Environment
Gender justice
Terrorism
Nuclear proliferation
Part B: India and the World
1. Indian Foreign Policy
Determinants
Policy-making institutions
Continuity and change
2. India and NAM
Phases of NAM
India’s current role
3. India and South Asia
SAARC: Performance and prospects
Free trade in South Asia
Look East Policy
Barriers to cooperation: water disputes, migration, insurgency, borders
4. India and the Global South
Relations with Africa and Latin America
Role in NIEO and WTO negotiations
5. India and Global Powers
USA, EU, Japan, China, Russia
6. India and UN System
UN peacekeeping role
Demand for permanent UNSC seat
7. India and the Nuclear Issue
Evolving perceptions and policies
8. Recent Developments
India's stance on Afghanistan, Iraq, West Asia crises
Growing ties with USA and Israel
Vision for a new global order
PHILOSOPHY PAPER–I: History and Problems of Philosophy
1. Plato and Aristotle:
Plato: Theory of Ideas.
Aristotle:
Substance, Form & Matter.
Causation.
Actuality and Potentiality.
2. Rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz):
Cartesian Method and Certain Knowledge.
Notion of Substance and God.
Mind-Body Dualism.
Determinism vs Freedom.
3. Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume):
Theory of Knowledge.
Substance and Qualities.
Conceptions of Self and God.
Hume’s Scepticism.
4. Immanuel Kant:
Synthetic a priori Judgments.
Space and Time.
Categories & Ideas of Reason.
Antinomies.
Critique of traditional proofs for the existence of God.
5. G.W.F. Hegel:
Dialectical Method.
Absolute Idealism.
6. Moore, Russell & Early Wittgenstein:
Commonsense Philosophy.
Refutation of Idealism.
Logical Atomism.
Logical Constructions & Incomplete Symbols.
Picture Theory of Meaning (Wittgenstein).
Saying vs Showing.
7. Logical Positivism (A.J. Ayer, Carnap, etc.):
Verification Theory of Meaning.
Rejection of Metaphysics.
Necessary Propositions & Linguistic Theory.
8. Later Wittgenstein:
Meaning as Use.
Language Games.
Critique of Private Language Argument.
9. Phenomenology (Husserl):
Method of Reduction.
Theory of Essences.
Avoidance of Psychologism.
10. Existentialism (Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger):
Existence vs Essence.
Choice, Responsibility, Authentic Existence.
Being-in-the-world and Temporality.
11. Quine and Strawson:
Critique of Empiricism.
Theory of Basic Particulars and Persons.
12. Cārvāka:
Epistemology (Perception Only).
Rejection of Transcendence.
13. Jainism:
Theory of Reality.
Anekāntavāda and Saptabhaṅgīnaya.
Bondage and Liberation.
14. Buddhism (All Major Schools):
Pratītyasamutpāda (Dependent Origination).
Kṣaṇikavāda (Momentariness).
Naivātmyavāda (No-Self Doctrine).
15. Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika:
Categories (Padārtha).
Appearance vs Reality.
Pramāṇa Theory.
Self, Liberation, and God.
Proofs for Existence of God.
Causation and Atomism.
16. Sāṅkhya:
Prakṛti and Puruṣa.
Theory of Causation.
Liberation (Kaivalya).
17. Yoga (Patañjali):
Citta, Cittavṛtti.
Kleśas (Afflictions).
Samādhi and Kaivalya.
18. Mīmāṃsā:
Theory of Knowledge (Focus on Validity of Vedic Testimony).
19. Vedānta (Various Schools):
Key Concepts: Brahman, Īśvara, Ātman, Jīva, Jagat, Māyā.
Avidyā, Adhyāsa.
Mokṣa, Aprthaksiddhi, Pañcavidhābheda.
20. Aurobindo:
Evolution and Involution.
Integral Yoga.
PHILOSOPHY PAPER–II: Socio-Political Philosophy & Philosophy of Religion
SOCIO-POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
1. Social and Political Ideals:
Equality.
Justice.
Liberty.
2. Sovereignty:
Thinkers: Austin, Bodin, Laski, Kautilya.
3. Individual and State:
Rights and Duties.
Accountability.
4. Forms of Government:
Monarchy.
Theocracy.
Democracy.
5. Political Ideologies:
Anarchism.
Marxism.
Socialism.
6. Concepts:
Humanism.
Secularism.
Multiculturalism.
7. Crime and Punishment:
Corruption.
Mass Violence & Genocide.
Capital Punishment.
8. Development and Social Progress.
9. Gender Discrimination:
Female Foeticide.
Land and Property Rights.
Women's Empowerment.
10. Caste Discrimination:
Views of Gandhi and Ambedkar.
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
1. Notions of God (Indian and Western):
Attributes of God.
God’s relation to Man and World.
2. Proofs for God's Existence (Indian and Western) and Critique.
3. Problem of Evil.
4. Soul:
Immortality.
Rebirth.
Liberation.
5. Relationship between Reason, Revelation, and Faith.
6. Religious Experience (Indian and Western):
Nature and Object.
7. Concept of Religion Without God.
8. Relationship Between Religion and Morality.
9. Religious Pluralism and Problem of Absolute Truth.
10. Religious Language:
Analogical and Symbolic.
Cognitivist vs Non-Cognitivist approaches.
HISTORY(PAPER-2)
PAPER-II: Modern India (1757–1947) & Post-Independence India
1. European Penetration into India
Early European Settlements: Portuguese, Dutch
English and French East India Companies: struggle for supremacy
Carnatic Wars
Bengal conflict: English vs. Nawabs
Battle of Plassey: causes and significance
2. British Expansion in India
Bengal: Mir Jafar, Mir Kasim, Battle of Buxar
Mysore
Marathas: three Anglo-Maratha Wars
The Punjab
3. Early Structure of the British Raj
Administrative evolution: Diarchy to direct control
Regulating Act (1773)
Pitt’s India Act (1784)
Charter Act (1833)
Free trade vs. colonial rule
English utilitarian influence in India
4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule
(a) Land Revenue Systems:
Permanent Settlement
Ryotwari and Mahalwari Systems
Commercialization of agriculture, rise of landless labour, rural poverty
(b) Trade and Industry:
Dislocation of traditional trade
De-industrialization and decline of crafts
Drain of wealth
Railways, communication: telegraph, postal services
European business and its limits
5. Social and Cultural Developments
Indigenous education and its decline
Orientalist-Anglicist controversy
Introduction of western education
Rise of press, literature, public opinion
Vernacular literature and science progress
Christian missionary activities
6. Social and Religious Reform Movements
Bengal Renaissance: Ram Mohan Roy, Brahmo Samaj, Devendranath Tagore, Iswarchandra Vidyasagar,
Young Bengal
Arya Samaj and Dayananda Saraswati
Reform of social practices: Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage
Islamic revivalism: Feraizi and Wahabi movements
7. Indian Response to British Rule
Tribal and peasant uprisings: Rangpur Dhing (1783), Kol Rebellion (1832), Mopla Rebellion, Santal Hul
(1855), Indigo Rebellion, Deccan Uprising, Munda Ulgulan
Revolt of 1857: origin, character, failure, consequences
Post-1857 peasant uprisings and 1920s–30s movements
8. Rise of Indian Nationalism
Factors for rise: Associations, Foundation of Congress
Safety-valve thesis
Early Congress: composition, goals
Moderates and Extremists
Bengal Partition (1905) and Swadeshi Movement
Rise of revolutionary extremism
9. Gandhian Era
Gandhi’s rise and appeal
Rowlatt Satyagraha, Khilafat Movement, Non-Cooperation
Civil Disobedience Movement (two phases)
Simon Commission, Nehru Report, Round Table Conferences
Peasant, working class, women, youth involvement (1885–1947)
Elections of 1937, ministries
Cripps Mission, Quit India Movement, Wavell Plan, Cabinet Mission
10. Constitutional Developments (1858–1935)
Key constitutional changes from the Government of India Act (1858) to the Government of India Act
(1935)
11. Other Strands of National Movement
Revolutionary movements across regions
The Left: within Congress (Nehru, Bose), Congress Socialist Party, CPI and others
12. Politics of Separatism and Partition
Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha
Communalism, partition politics
Transfer of power and Independence
POST-INDEPENDENCE CONSOLIDATION AND REORGANIZATION
13. Nation Building after Independence
Nehru’s foreign policy and relations with neighbours (1947–64)
Linguistic reorganization of states (1935–47)
Regionalism and inequality
Integration of princely states, princes in politics
National language debate
14. Caste and Ethnicity Post-1947
Role of Backward Castes and Tribes in politics
Rise of Dalit movements
15. Economic and Political Changes Post-1947
Land reforms
Planning and rural reconstruction
Environmental and ecological policy
Scientific progress in independent India