Lateral Force Resisting Systems

Building Drift and Torsion

Retrofit Moment Frame on Existing Structure
Retrofit X-Bracing on Existing Structure
Retrofit Moment Frame & Inverted V-Bracing on Existing Structure
Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
Laboratory Testing of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall
Full-Scale Testing Finite Element Simulation
Full-Scale Testing Finite Element Simulation
Full-Scale Testing Finite Element Simulation
Full-Scale Testing Finite Element Simulation
Full-Scale Testing Finite Element Simulation
Finite Element Simulation
Finite Element Simulation
Finite Element Simulation
Finite Element Simulation
Reinforced Masonry Shear Wall
Reinforced Masonry Shear Wall
Reinforced Masonry Shear Wall
Reinforced Masonry Shear Wall
Reinforced Masonry Shear Wall
Full-Scale Reinforced Masonry Shear Wall Testing
 Example: Horizontal Force at the 5th Floor
𝑛

𝑉𝑥 = 𝐹𝑖
𝑖=𝑥

𝑥=5
𝑛 = 10

F10 5.6 kips

10 10
F9 4.5 kips
9 9
F8 3.7 kips
8 8
F7 3.2 kips
7 7
F6 2.8 kips
6 6
F5 2.5 kips
5 5
V5 V5 = 22.3 kips
8-Story Building Moment Frame
8-Story Building “Poor” Bracing
8-Story Building “Fair” Bracing
8-Story Building “Good” Bracing
 8-Story Building Moment Frame
Top center displacements x-direction force
Dx = 1.0 eccentricity = 17.5%
f = 1.0
 8-Story Building “Poor” Bracing
Top center displacements x-direction force
Dx = 0.57 eccentricity = 17.5%
f = 1.65
 8-Story Building “Fair” Bracing
Top center displacements x-direction force
Dx = 0.35 eccentricity = 17.5%
f = 0.50
 8-Story Building “Good” Bracing
Top center displacements x-direction force
Dx = 0.30 eccentricity = 17.5%
f = 0.25
8-Story Building Moment Frame
z-direction force
eccentricity = 25%
 8-Story Building Moment Frame
Top center displacements z-direction force
Dz = 1.0 eccentricity = 25%
f = 1.0
 8-Story Building “Poor” Bracing
Top center displacements z-direction force
Dz = 0.88 eccentricity = 25%
f = 0.87
 8-Story Building “Fair” Bracing
Top center displacements z-direction force
Dz = 0.76 eccentricity = 25%
f = 0.57
 8-Story Building “Good” Bracing
Top center displacements z-direction force
Dz = 0.46 eccentricity = 25%
f = 0.25
Note there is a
correction to the last
summation term.
 Asymmetric Shear Wall Placement with Rigid Diaphragm

Center of Rigidity Center of Mass

y ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
= = = =
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

To simplify the problem,

assume the shear wall masses
do not significantly affect the
center of mass location at the
center of the building.

9′ e2 Wall 1
Center Center of
Wall 2 of Mass Rigidity

30′
Typ.
x
36′
Typ.
 Asymmetric Shear Wall Placement with Rigid Diaphragm
: =
Center of Rigidity
ℎ% & % =1
y ∑ ∑
= = 1 × 144 + 1 × 63
∑ ∑
=
1+1

= = 0.3 = 103.5′
= 103.5 − 72 = 31.5′

U = 0.3
9′ e2 Wall 1 0.3 × 60 + 0.3 × 30
=
0.3 + 0.3
C.M. C.R.
Wall 2 = 45′
30′ = 45 − 45 = 0′
Typ.
x
36′
Typ.
 Asymmetric Shear Wall Placement with Rigid Diaphragm
+ + + + + + + ≥ 2.5 0.05 + . + = 31.5′
.

y = =1 = = 0.3 . = 4(36) = 144’

+ =+ = 15’ + + + + + + + = 3,289.5

+ = 72 − 31.5 = 40.5’ 2.5 0.05 + . + = 27,864

.
+ = 31.5 + 9 = 40.5’ 3,289.5 < 27,864 N.G.

0.15 144 = 21.6′ < 31.5′ N.G.

d22
In order to use the Simplified
d21 Alternative Design Method, one
9′ Wall 1 alternative would be to move
31.5′ Wall 2 to the left to decrease the
C.M. C.R. distance.
Wall 2
Often though the building owner
30′ or architect will require that the
Typ. elevator shaft remain where it is.
Just to use a simplified design
x method is no reason to change
36′
Typ. the shear wall locations.
 Asymmetric Shear Wall Placement with Rigid Diaphragm

4 = 5 = 0.7 + = 0.6
Center of Rigidity
y ∑ ∑ 0.7 × 144 + 0.6 × 63 + 0.7 × 0
= = =
∑ ∑ 0.7 + 0.6 + 0.7

= 69.3′
= = 0.3
= 72 − 69.3 = 2.7′

This shear wall condition is

almost symmetric and has the
same overall stiffness in both
9′ Wall 1 directions. Both of its outer
5 walls working together are
C.R. C.M. effective at resisting torsion.
Wall 3 Wall 2
30′
Typ.
x
36′
Typ.
 Asymmetric Shear Wall Placement with Rigid Diaphragm
+ + + + + + + + 5+ 5 ≥ 2.5 0.05 + . + + 5 = 2.7′
.

y = 5 = 0.7 = 0.6 = = 0.3 . = 4(36) = 144’

+ =+ = 15’ + + + + + + + + 5+ 5 = 7,300.6
+ = 72 + 2.7 = 74.7’
2.5 0.05 + . + + 5 = 7,128
+ = 9 − 2.7 = 6.3’ .

+ = 72 − 2.7 = 69.3’ 7,300.6 > 7128 O.K.

5
0.15 144 = 21.67 > 2.7′ O.K.
d23
d22 d21
The Simplified Alternative Design
Method can be used with this shear
9′ 2.7′ Wall 1 wall condition.
5
C.R. C.M.
Wall 3 Wall 2
30′
Typ.
x
36′
Typ.