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Lecture 2
Evolution of Data Models
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[Link] Evolution of Data Models
• Hierarchical
• Network
• Relational
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10(i).A Hierarchical Structure
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10. Hierarchical Database Example
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10. Hierarchical Database Example
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10(i).Hierarchical Structure—
Characteristics
• Fields and records and structured in nodes.
• Each parent node can have many children
nodes.
• Each child node has only one parent node
• Tree is defined by path that traces parent
segments to child segments, beginning from
the left
• Tree traversal: Preorder traversal, …etc
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10(i).The Hierarchical Model
• Advantages
– Conceptual simplicity.
– Database security.
– Data independence.
– Easy to implement 1:1 and 1:M relationships.
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10(i).The Hierarchical Model (continued)
• Disadvantages
– Complex implementation
– Difficult to manage
– Difficult to implement M:N relationships,
– Complex applications programming and use.
– If parent node is accidentally deleted, all children
nodes will be deleted.
– Lack of structural independence
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10(ii).Network Model—Basic Structure
• Resembles hierarchical model.
• Collection of records in 1:M relationships.
• Each child may have many parents.
• Each parent can have many children.
• Owner
• Equivalent to the hierarchical model’s parent
• Member
• Equivalent to the hierarchical model’s child
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10(ii). A Network Data Model
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10(ii). The Network Data Model
• Advantages
– Conceptual simplicity.
– Handles more relationship types.
– Data access flexibility.
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10(ii). The Network Data Model (continued)
• Disadvantages
– System complexity
– Lack of structural independence
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10(iii).The Relational Model—Basic
Structure
• Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)
• Performs same basic functions provided by
hierarchical and network DBMS systems, plus
other functions
• Most important advantage of the RDBMS is
its ability to let the user/designer operate in a
human logical environment
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10(iii). The Relational Model—
Basic Structure (continued)
• Table (relations)
– Matrix consisting of a series of row/column
intersections
– Related to each other by sharing a common
entity characteristic
• Relational schema
– Visual representation of relational database’s
entities, attributes within those entities, and
relationships between those entities
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10(iii). A Relational Schema
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Linking Relational Tables 2
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10(iii). Relational Table
• Stores a collection of related entities
– Resembles a file
• Relational table is purely logical structure
– How data are physically stored in the
database is of no concern to the user or the
designer (Conceptual Representation)
– This property became the source of a real
database revolution
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10(iii). The Relational Model
• Advantages
– Structural independence
– Improved conceptual simplicity
– Easier database design, implementation,
management, and use
– Ad hoc query capability
– Powerful database management system
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10(iii). The Relational Model (continued)
• Disadvantages
– Substantial hardware and system software
overhead
– Can facilitate poor design and implementation
– May promote “islands of information” problems
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[Link] Entity Relationship Model
• Widely accepted and adapted graphical tool
for data modeling
• Introduced by Chen in 1976
• Graphical representation of entities and their
relationships in a database structure
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[Link] Entity Relationship Model—
Basic Structure
• Entity relationship diagram (ERD)
– Uses graphic representations to model
database components
– Entity is mapped to a relational table
• Entity instance (or occurrence) is row in table.
• Entity set is collection of like entities.
• Connectivity labels types of relationships
– Diamond connected to related entities through
a relationship line.
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Relationships: The Basic Chen ERD
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Relationships:
The Basic Crow’s Foot ERD
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[Link] Entity Relationship Model
• Advantages
– Exceptional conceptual simplicity
– Visual representation
– Effective communication tool
– Integrated with the relational data model
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[Link] Entity Relationship Model
(continued)
• Disadvantages
– Limited constraint representation.
– No data manipulation language.
– Loss of information content.
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The Development of Data Models
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[Link] Abstraction
• Program-data independence: Program is
independent from how data is actually stored.
• Program-operation independence: Program
invokes operations regardless of how the
operations is actually implemented.
• The characteristic that allows Program-data
independence and Program-operation
independence is called Data Abstraction.
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[Link] of Data Abstraction (continued)
• American National Standards Institute/Standards
Planning and Requirements Committee
(ANSI/SPARC)
• Classified data models according to their degree of
abstraction (1970s):
• Conceptual
• External
• Internal
• Physical
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Data Abstraction Levels 2
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12(i).The Conceptual Model
• Represents global view of the database
• Representation of data as viewed by high-
level managers
• Basis for identification and description of
main data objects, avoiding details
• Most widely used conceptual model is the
entity relationship (ER) model
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A Conceptual Model for Tiny College 2
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12(i).Advantages of Conceptual Model
• Provides a relatively easily understood macro
level view of data environment
• Independent of both software and hardware
– Does not depend on the DBMS software used
to implement the model
– Does not depend on the hardware used in the
implementation of the model
– Changes in either the hardware or the DBMS
software have no effect on the database
design at the conceptual level
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12(ii).The Internal Model
• Representation of the database as “seen” by
the DBMS
• Adapts the conceptual model to the DBMS
• Software dependent
• Hardware independent
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12(iii).The External Model
• End users’ view of the data environment
• Requires that the modeler subdivides the set of
requirements and constraints into functional
modules that can be examined within the
framework of their external models
• Good design should:
– Consider such relationships between views
– Provide programmers with a set of restrictions
that govern common entities
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A Division of an Internal Model into 2
External Models
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12(iii). Advantages of External Models
• Use of database subsets makes application
program development much simpler
– Facilitates designer’s task by making it easier
to identify specific data required to support
each business unit’s operations
– Provides feedback about the conceptual
model’s adequacy
• Creation of external models helps to ensure
security constraints in the database design
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12(iii). The External Model
• DBMS dependent
• Hardware independent
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The External Models for Tiny College 2
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12(iv).The Physical Model
• Operates at lowest level of abstraction.
• Describing the way data are saved on
storage media such as disks or tapes
• Software and hardware dependent
• Requires that database designers have a
detailed knowledge of the hardware and
software used to implement database design
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Levels of Data Abstraction
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