*ECNEICS*

General Instructions :
Read the following instructions very carefully and strictly follow them :
(i) This question paper comprises 39 questions. All questions are compulsory.
(ii) This question paper is divided into five sections – A, B, C, D and E.
(iii) Section A – Questions No. 1 to 20 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each
question carries 1 mark.
(iv) Section B – Questions No. 21 to 26 are Very Short Answer type questions.
Each question carries 2 marks. Answer to these questions should be in the
range of 30 to 50 words.
(v) Section C – Questions No. 27 to 33 are Short Answer type questions. Each
question carries 3 marks. Answer to these questions should in the range of
50 to 80 words.
(vi) Section D – Questions No. 34 to 36 are Long Answer type questions. Each
question carries 5 marks. Answer to these questions should be in the range of
80 to 120 words.
(vii) Section E – Questions No. 37 to 39 are of 3 source-based/case-based units of
assessment carrying 4 marks each with sub-parts.
(viii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in
some sections. Only one of the alternatives has to be attempted in such
questions.

SECTION A
Questions No. 1 to 20 are Multiple Choice Questions. Only one of the choices is
correct. Select and write the most appropriate option out of the four options given
for each. 201=20
1. The warning sign shown in the given figure must invariably be
displayed/pasted on the containers which contain hydroxide of :

(A) Aluminium (B) Calcium

(C) Sodium (D) Magnesium
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 *ECNEICS*
2. Aluminium powder is used in thermit welding because :
(A) Its reaction with iron is highly exothermic.
(B) When it is heated with iron (III) oxide, molten iron is obtained.
(C) When it is heated with iron (III) oxide, molten aluminium oxide is
obtained to join railway tracks.
(D) Its melting point is low as compared to iron and a molten alloy of
iron and aluminium is formed on heating which is used to join
railway tracks.
3. A few pieces of granulated zinc are taken in a test tube and 2 mL of
sodium hydroxide solution is added to it. When the contents are warmed,
the product formed is :
(A) Na2ZnO (B) NaZnO2
(C) Na2ZnO2 (D) NaZn(OH)2

4. Two metals zinc and tin are dissolved separately in definite proportions
in molten copper (the primary metal) to obtain two different alloys
respectively known as :
(A) Bronze and Brass (B) Brass and Solder
(C) Brass and Bronze (D) Solder and Bronze
5. The correct balanced chemical equation showing exothermic reaction in
which natural gas burns in air is :
(A) CH4 + O2 ⎯⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O
(B) CH4 + 2O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CO2 + 2H2O + Energy
(C) CH4 + 2O2 ⎯⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O
(D) CH4 + 2O2 ⎯⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O + Energy

6. The essential element used in the synthesis of proteins is :

(A) Nitrogen (B) Phosphorus
(C) Iron (D) Magnesium
7. The number of chromosomes in a cell division is halved. This kind of cell
division is observed in :
(A) Only testis (B) Only ovary
(C) Ovary and testis both (D) All cells of the body
8. One-cell thick blood vessels are known as :
(A) Alveoli (B) Capillaries
(C) Arteries (D) Veins

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 *ECNEICS*
9. Which one of the following statements is not correct for the plants raised
by vegetative propagation ?
(A) Can bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from
seeds.
(B) Those plants that have lost the capacity to produce seeds can be
grown.
(C) As compared to the parent plant, vegetatively propagated plants
show more variations.
(D) All the plants produced in this way are genetically similar to the
parent plant.
10. Observe the given figures A and B. When chhui-mui (sensitive) plant is
touched, its leaves fold. This is due to :

Figure A Figure B
(A) Hormonal effect
(B) Thermal effect
(C) Change in amount of water in cells
(D) Electromagnetic effect
11. Four identical resistors of 12  each are connected in series to form a
square ABCD as shown in the figure. The resistance of the network
between the two points 1 and 2 is :

(A) 48  (B) 36 
(C) 9 (D) 6
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 *ECNEICS*
6 4
12. If the absolute refractive indices of two media X and Y are and
5 3
respectively, then the refractive index of Y with respect to X will be :
10 9
(A) (B)
9 10
9 8
(C) (D)
8 9
13. In the human eye, most of the refraction for the light rays entering the
eye occurs at the surface of :
(A) Cornea (B) Crystalline lens
(C) Pupil (D) Aqueous humor
14. The resistivity of a wire made of an alloy is generally :
(A) Lower than that of its constituent metals.
(B) Higher than that of its constituent metals.
(C) Decreases with increase in its area of cross-section.
(D) Increases with increase in its length.
15. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from the pole of a concave
mirror. If its real and inverted image is formed at 60 cm in front of the
mirror, the focal length of the mirror is :
(A) – 15 cm (B) – 20 cm
(C) + 20 cm (D) + 15 cm
16. Identify from the following a group containing all non-biodegradable
substances.
(A) Leather, Glass, Plastic (B) Cotton, Wood, Nylon
(C) DDT, Polyester, Glass (D) Leather, Silk, Wool
For Questions number 17 to 20, two statements are given — one labelled as
Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct
answer to these questions from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given
below.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not
the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
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 *ECNEICS*
17. Assertion (A) : Propanal and propanone are structural isomers.
Reason (R) : Propanal and propanone both have the same molecular
formula.
18. Assertion (A) : Nichrome is an alloy which is commonly used in electrical
heating devices such as electric irons, toasters, etc.
Reason (R) : The resistivity of nichrome is high and its resistance
decreases with increase in temperature.
19. Assertion (A) : A mango seed will germinate to form a mango tree.
Reason (R) : Heredity determines the process by which traits and
characteristics are reliably inherited from parents to
offspring.
20. Assertion (A) : Animals will not get energy if they eat (consume) coal as
food.
Reason (R) : Specific enzymes are needed for the breakdown of a
particular food.

SECTION B
Questions no. 21 to 26 are Very Short Answer Type questions.

21. Balance the following chemical equations : 2

Sunlight
(a) CO2 + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
Chlorophyll

(b) Heat→ PbO + NO + O

Pb(NO3)2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 2

22. (a) Select from the following the members of same homologous series :

H H H H H
    
(1) H– C – C – C =O (2) H– C – C – C – H
    
H H H O H

H H O H H H H
      
(3) H – C – C – C – OH (4) H– C – C – C – C =O
    
H H H H H
(b) What happens to (i) the melting point, and (ii) the solubility of
compounds as the molecular mass of the compounds in a
homologous series increases ? 2
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 *ECNEICS*
23. Study the given diagram and write the type of movement exhibited by : 2

(a) Root, and

(b) Shoot,

mentioning the stimulus in each case.

24. (a) Write one function each of the following, in a seed : 2

(i) Seed coat (ii) Cotyledon
(iii) Radicle (iv) Plumule

OR

(b) Write the main steps to culture yeast in the laboratory. 2

25. (a) Out of the two lenses, one concave and the other convex, state
which one will diverge a parallel beam of light falling on it. Draw a
ray diagram to show the principal focus of the lens. 2

OR

(b) A ray of light after refraction from a convex lens emerges parallel
to its principal axis. 2
(i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show it.
(ii) In this case, the incident ray before refraction from the lens
passes through a point on its principal axis. Name the point.

26. An electric fuse is rated 8 A. Can it be used with an electrical appliance of

rating 5 kW, 200 V ? Justify your answer. 2

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 *ECNEICS*
SECTION C
Questions no. 27 to 33 are Short Answer Type questions.

27. (a) (i) Define the term decomposition reaction. Write one chemical
equation each for decomposition reaction where energy is
supplied in the form of heat, light or electricity.
(ii) Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is
considered an exothermic reaction. Why ? 3
OR
(b) Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of
combination reactions ? Write one chemical equation each for these
two types of reactions mentioning the name of the reactant(s) and
the product(s) involved in the reactions. 3
28. Study the experimental set-up given in the figure and answer the
following questions :

(a) Identify these metals from the following which can be used as
‘‘metal sample’’ in the given set-up :
Aluminium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Silver

(b) Write balanced chemical equations for the reaction in each case. 3

29. (a) What is meant by reflex arc ? Where are they formed in the human
body ?
(b) Why have reflex arcs evolved in animals ? 3

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 *ECNEICS*
30. The lowest part of the ear called earlobe, is closely attached to the side of
the head in some of us (Figure ‘X’), and not in others, called free earlobe
(Figure ‘Y’). Attached and free earlobes are two variants found in human
populations. The gene for free earlobe is dominant over attached
earlobes. 3

Figure ‘X’ Figure ‘Y’

(a) A man with attached earlobes marries a woman having free
earlobes. 50% of their children have free earlobes and 50% have
attached earlobes. Explain the inheritance of this trait and write
the trait combinations of the progeny.

(b) Write the gene combinations of the father and the mother in the
above case.

31. An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from the optical centre of a

concave lens and its image is formed on the same side of the lens as the
object. If the distance of the image from optical centre of the lens is
10 cm, use lens formula to determine (i) focal length, and (ii) power of the
lens in new Cartesian sign conventions. 3

32. Resistance of a wire of length 1 m is 35  at 20°C. If the diameter of the

wire is 02 mm, determine the resistivity of the material of the wire at
that temperature. How will the resistivity of the wire change if the length
and diameter of the wire both are doubled ? Justify your answer.
22
(Given that  = ) 3
7

33. Write the essential function performed by ozone at the higher levels of
the atmosphere. How is it formed in the upper atmosphere ? Write the
name of the group of chemicals mainly responsible for the depletion of
ozone layer. 3

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 *ECNEICS*
SECTION D

Questions no. 34 to 36 are Long Answer Type questions.

34. (a) (i) A compound ‘X’ having two carbon atoms in its molecule
turns blue litmus red and 5 – 8% solution of ‘X’ in water is
widely used as a preservative. Identify the compound ‘X’ and
1
write its structure. 1
2
1
(ii) Compare its pH nature with a mineral acid.
2
(iii) ‘X’ on reacting with alcohols produces sweet smelling
compounds, used in making perfumes. Name the reaction
1
and write its chemical equation. 1
2
(iv) When sodium carbonate is added to ‘X’, a colourless gas
is produced which turns lime water milky. Write the
chemical equation for the reaction giving the name of the
1
salt produced. 1
2
OR

(b) (i) Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated

hydrocarbons by giving one example each, with a structural
formula.

(ii) Write the method of converting an unsaturated hydrocarbon

into a saturated hydrocarbon. Name the industry where this
reaction is commonly used.

(iii) Write the name and structure of a hydrocarbon having

double bond and four carbon atoms in its one molecule. 5

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 *ECNEICS*
35. (a) The given figure shows the current passing through the straight
conductor XY.

(i) Copy the diagram and draw the magnetic field lines when
current flows from conductor X to Y.
(ii) Name and state the rule used in determining the direction of
the magnetic field lines in the situation given above.
(iii) State Fleming’s left hand rule. Using this rule, determine
the direction of force applied on an electron entering a
uniform magnetic field as shown in the figure. 5

OR
(b) (i) Define the term solenoid. Draw the pattern of the magnetic
field lines in and around a current carrying straight
solenoid. Mark on the pattern the (i) direction of current,
(ii) direction of field lines near the ends of the solenoid, and
(iii) region where the magnetic field is uniform.
(ii) How would you make an electromagnet using a current
carrying solenoid ? 5

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 *ECNEICS*
36. (a) (i) “The length of the small intestine in various animals
depends on the food they eat.” Justify the statement.

(ii) Discuss the role of the pancreas and bile juice in the
digestion of food in human beings.

(iii) How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food ? 5

OR

(b) (i) State the role of rings of cartilage present in the throat.

(ii) Discuss the role of the ribs and diaphragm when air is taken
in during the breathing cycle.

(iii) Why do we get muscle cramps during heavy exercise ?

Explain. 5

SECTION E

The following questions are source-based/case-based questions. Read the case

carefully and answer the questions that follow.

37. Acid-base indicators can be used to distinguish between an acid and a

base. Universal indicator, a mixture of several indicators, shows different
colours at different concentrations of acids and bases, thereby indicating
their pH on the pH scale of 0 – 14. The pH of a solution is measured by
pH paper, which is a paper impregnated with a universal indicator.

pH Scale

Answer the following questions :

(a) Solution P is a strong acid while solution Q is a strong base. On the

pH scale, where would you place the solutions P and Q ? 1

(b) A solution has a pH of 7. Name a compound you would use to

(i) increase its pH, and (ii) decrease its pH. 1
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 *ECNEICS*
(c) (i) When the pH of a solution is decreased from 4 to 2, what
effect does it produce on its hydronium ion concentration ?
State the colour change shown by the pH paper. 2

OR

(c) (ii) A person is feeling pain and irritation in the stomach due
to indigestion. What could be the pH of the fluid in the
stomach ? Write the common name of the medicines people
use for remedy. Give the chemical name of ‘‘milk of
magnesia’’ often used for this purpose. 2

38. When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain thousands of immature
eggs. On reaching puberty, some of these start maturing. One matured
egg is released every month by one of the ovaries. The two oviducts unite
into an elastic bag-like structure known as uterus.

(a) Write the site of fertilization in human female. 1

(b) How does the uterus prepare itself to receive and nurture the
growing embryo ? Explain. 1

(c) (i) What happens when the egg is not fertilized ? 2

OR

(c) (ii) How does the developing embryo get nutrition from the
mother’s blood ? Explain. 2

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 *ECNEICS*
39. A person allowed a narrow beam of white light from the sun to enter a
dark room through a small aperture and placed a glass prism in its path
in such a manner that the beam falls on the face AB of the prism as
shown in the figure.

A screen S is placed on the other side of the prism, facing AC. On turning
the prism slowly, a beautiful band of colours is obtained on the screen. It
is the spectrum of sunlight.

(a) Name the phenomenon due to which a prism splits the incident
white light into a band of colours. 1

(b) State the reason of getting a band of seven colours in the above
case. 1

(c) (i) Explain with the help of a labelled ray diagram, an

experimental arrangement to show the recombination of the
spectrum of white light. 2

OR

(c) (ii) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of a

rainbow. 2

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 SECONDARY SCHOOL EXAMINATION, 2025
MARKING SCHEME
CLASS: X []SCIENCE (Subject Code–086)
[ Paper Code: SET 31/2/2 ]
Maximum Marks: 80
Q. EXPECTED ANSWERS / VALUE POINTS Marks Total
No. Marks
SECTION A
1. (C) / Sodium 1 1
2. (B) / When it is heated with iron (III) oxide, molten iron is obtained. 1 1
3. (C)/ Na2ZnO2 1 1
4. (C) / Brass and Bronze 1 1
5. 1 1
(D) / CH4 + 2O2 ⎯⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O + Energy
6. (A) / Nitrogen 1 1
7. (C)/ Ovary and testis both 1 1
8. (B) /Capillaries 1 1
9. (C) /As compared to the parent plant, vegetatively propagated plants show more 1 1
variations.
10. (C) / Change in amount of water in cells 1 1
11. (C) / 9 Ω 1 1
12. 10 1 1
(A) /
9
13. (A) / Cornea 1 1
14. (B) / Higher than that of its constituent metals. 1 1
15. (B) / –20 cm 1 1
16. (C) / DDT, Polyester, Glass 1 1
17. (A) / Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 1 1
18. (C) /A is true, but R is false. 1 1
19. (A) / Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1 1
20. (A) /Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1 1
SECTION B
21. Sunlight
(a) 6 CO2 + 12H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → C6 H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Chlorophyll 1

(b) 2Pb(NO3)2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Heat → 2PbO + 4NO + O

2 2 1
2
22. (a) (1) and (4) 1
(b) (i) melting point increases with increasing molecular mass. ½
(ii) Solubility shows regular gradation/ decreases with increase in molecular ½
mass. 2
23. (a) Root – Movement: positive geotropism; Stimulus: gravity
½+ ½
/
Root – Movement: negative phototropism; Stimulus: light
(b) Shoot – Movement: Negative geotropism; Stimulus: gravity
/ ½+ ½
Shoot – Movement: positive phototropism; Stimulus: light
2
24.
(a) (i) Protects the seed ½

Page 3 of 12 X_086_31/2/2
 ½
(ii) Food storage area of the seed/ reserve food material
½
(iii) Develops into root on germination of seed/future root

(iv) Develops into shoot on germination of seed/future shoot ½

OR
(b) In a test tube take10g sugar, add 100 ml of water and a pinch of yeast granules. 2
Keep it in warm place for 1-2 hours.
2
25. (a) Concave lens 1

OR
(b)
(i)

(ii) Principal focus /Focus

1 2
26.
P = 5 kW, V = 200V
𝑃
Current drawn by electrical appliance = I =
𝑉
5000
= = 25A ½
200

No, The given electric fuse cannot be used ½

The fuse will melt and appliance stops working. 1
2
SECTION C
27. (a) (i) A single reactant (substance) breaks down to give two or more ½
products.

• Heat → CaO(s) + CO (g)

CaCO3 (s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 ½
Sunlight ½
• 2AgCl (s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)

• Elect ric → 2H (g) + O (g)

2H2O (l) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ½
2 2
Current

Page 4 of 12 X_086_31/2/2
 (any other suitable example)
(ii) because energy (heat) is released. 1
OR
(b)
• In combination reaction single product (substance) is formed from
two or more reactants (substances) whereas in decomposition 1
reaction a single reactant (substance) breaks down to give two or
more products (substances). So, the two are opposite.
• Example of combination reaction
C(s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ CO2(g) + Heat 1
Carbon Oxygen Carbon dioxide
• Example of decomposition reaction
CaCO3 (s) Heat → CaO(s)
⎯⎯⎯⎯ + CO2 1
Calcium carbonate Calcium Oxide Carbon dioxide

(any other suitable example)

(do not deduct marks if physical state not given) 3
28. (a) Aluminium (Al) and Iron (Fe) ½+½
(b)
• 2Al + 3H2O(g) ⎯⎯
→ Al2O3 + 3H2 1

• 3Fe + 4H2O(g) ⎯⎯ → Fe3O4 + 4H2 1 3

29. (a) The process of detecting the signal or the input and responding to it by an
1
output action, completed quickly. Such a connection is called as reflex arc A/
pathway followed during reflex action is called reflex arc./

(award mark if reflex arc is shown with a labelled diagram or a flowchart)

• Reflex arc is formed in the spinal cord. 1

(b) Reflex arcs have evolved in animals because the thinking process of the brain
/
is not fast enough. Brain may take longer time to respond. 1
3
Page 5 of 12 X_086_31/2/2
 30. (a) Dominant trait – free earlobe: F f
Recessive trait – Attached earlobe: ff.

50% 50%

Progeny Ff : ff ½

(Award marks if answer is written in explanation form)

(b) Gene combinations of:

Father – ‘ff’ ½

Mother – ‘Ff’ ½
(award marks if any other letter denoting the trait is used)
3
31. (i) u = –20 cm,  = –10 cm
1 1 1 ½
- =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓
1 1 1 ½
- =
−10 −20 𝑓
−1 1 1
+ =
10 20 𝑓
−2+1 1
=
20 𝑓
−1 1
=
20 𝑓
f = -20 cm 1

1
(ii) P = ½
𝑓(𝑚)
1
= = -5D ½ 3
−0.2

32. R = 35 

Diameter (2r) = 02 mm = 2  10– m  r = 10 – 4 m

4

Page 6 of 12 X_086_31/2/2
 Length of the wire = 1 m
½

2
Area of cross section, A =  r
22
RA 35 × ×(10−4 )2 ½
Resistivity, 7
= =
l 1

= 110 × 10−8 Ωm 1

½
Resistivity of the wire will not change
3
as it is a characteristic property of the material which does not depend on the ½
dimensions of the wire.
33. • Ozone (O3) shields the surface of earth from Ultra violet (UV) radiation
which are highly damaging to organisms (may cause skin cancer). 1

• Ultra violet (UV) radiations split apart some molecular oxygen (O2) into
free oxygen (O) atoms. These atoms then combine with molecular oxygen
to form ozone. / 1

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)/ freons 1

3
SECTION D
34. (a) (i) X - Ethanoic acid/ Acetic acid ½

/ CH3COOH
(ii) pH of ‘X’ will be higher than that of a mineral acid. ½

(iii) Esterification reaction ½

Acid⎯
⎯⎯⎯ → CH –COOCH CH + H2O 1
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 3 2 3
(X)
(or reaction with any other alcohol)
(iv) 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ⎯⎯→ 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O 1
(X) Sodium acetate/sodium ethanoate ½

(balancing of equation is not mandatory)

Page 7 of 12 X_086_31/2/2
 OR
(b) (i)

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Compounds which have single Compounds which have at least one

covalent bond between all carbon double or triple bond between carbon
1
atoms. / Compounds with general and carbon atom. / Compounds with
formula CnH2n+2 general formula CnH2n and CnH2n-2

Example – Propane Example – Propene- CH2=CH-CH3/

H H H H
  
 1
H–C–C–C–H H–C=C–C–H
  
  
H H H H H H /
H
/ CH3CH2CH3 
Propyne H – C  C– C – H

(any other) H
(any other)

(ii)
• Addition of hydrogen in the presence of Ni orPd / Hydrogenation /

(any other)

• It is used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oil. 1

(iii) Butene ½

Page 8 of 12 X_086_31/2/2
 35.
(a) (i)

1½

(ii)Right hand thumb rule ½

Statement of the rule - Imagine holding a current carrying straight conductor in

the right hand such that the thumb points towards the direction of current, then the 1
fingers will wrap around the conductor in the direction of the field lines of the
magnetic field.

(iii)
• According to Fleming’s left-hand rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger and
middle finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. 1
If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic field and the second
finger in the direction of current, then the thumb will point in the direction
of motion or the force acting on the conductor.

• Out of the plane/ upwards 1

OR

(b) (i) Solenoid is a coil of many turns of insulated copper wire

wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder. 1

Page 9 of 12 X_086_31/2/2
 Diagram 1½

Marking (i), (ii) and (iii) ½ ×3

(ii) By inserting a piece of magnetic material like soft iron inside the current 1 5
carrying solenoid.
36. (a)
(i) Animals (Herbivores) eating grass need a longer small intestine to digest
cellulose. Meat is easier to digest, hence ṃeat eating animals (Carnivores) have 2
shorter small intestine.

(ii) Role of Pancreas – Secrete pancreatic juice which contains trypsin for 1
digesting proteins, lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.
Role of Bile- Bile emulsifies fats and makes the medium alkaline in the small 1
intestine so that pancreatic enzymes can act.
(iii) The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections
called villi which increase the surface area for absorption of food. The villi are
1
richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every
cell of the body.

OR
(b) (i) ‘Rings of cartilage’ ensures that the air passage does not collapse in 1
absence of air.
(ii)
2
Ribs are lifted → Diaphragm flattens → Chest cavity become larger → Air is
sucked into the lungs (Alveoli) and we breathe in

(iii) Due to lack of oxygen in our muscle cells (anaerobic respiration), pyruvate is 2
converted into lactic acid, build-up of lactic acid in our muscles causes cramps. 5

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 SECTION E
37. (a) P – pH 0 to 4 ½
Q – pH 12 to 14 ½
(b) (i) By adding sodium hydroxide (or any other base) ½
(ii) By adding hydrochloric acid (or any other mineral or strong acid) ½

(c) (i) • Hydronium ion (H3O+/H+) ion concentration increases. 1

• Colour will change from yellow/orange to red/pink 1

OR
(c)(ii) •low pH/ between 1 to 3 1
• by the use of antacids/milk of magnesia/sodium hydrogen carbonate ½
• Magnesium hydroxide/Mg(OH)2 ½
4
38. (a) Oviduct/ fallopian tube 1
(b) The lining of uterus thickens (it becomes spongy) and is richly 1
supplied with blood to nourish the growing embryo.
(c) (i) The uterine lining slowly breaks down and comes out as blood and
mucous along with unfertilized egg. Hence, menstruation will occur. 2

OR
(c) (ii) With the help of special tissue called Placenta which is embedded
in uterine wall. It provides oxygen, nutrients from mother to embryo. 2

4
39. (a) Dispersion of light 1
(b) Different colours of light bend through different angles with respect to the 1
incident ray as they pass through a prism.
(c) (i) Two identical prisms are placed in inverted position with respect to
each other as shown. When spectrum produced by prism A is passed
through the prism B, a beam of white light emerges from the other side of
the prism B.

(award full marks even if only labelled ray diagram is given)

OR
(c)(ii)

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 2

(deduct ½ mark if arrows are not marked) 4

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