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siwes 300l on paint

Students industrial work expirience (Federal University of Technology Owerri)

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FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI

P.M.B 1526,OWERRI,IMO STATE.
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES)
A TECHNICAL REPORT
DONE AT

BIBO ENTERPRISE
UMUECHEM EZIOBODO-ELU, OWERRI WEST IN IMO STATE

WRITTEN BY
IHEJIRIKA WISDOM UZOMA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEERING
20191153683/300L

SUBMITTED TO
SIWES COODINATOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR’S DEGREE([Link]) IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SEPTEMBER 2023

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
With a deep sense of appreciation, respect and gratitude goes to God Almighty for his
grace towards a successful completion of my Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) program carried out with BIBO Enterprise in collaboration with
Chemical Engineering department and a big thank you to my parents for their caring
attitude and support from the beginning of my pursuit for [Link] degree in Chemical
Engineering to this point.
I am immensely grateful to the industrial based supervisor of Bibo Enterprise for his
efforts throughout the time stipulated for the IT. I am also grateful to all my co-IT
mates for their relentless cooperation during the period of the industrial attachment.
My hearty gratitude also goes to my Lecturers in Federal University of Technology
Owerri (FUTO) for their intellectual support who has never relented in teaching in
good knowledge and moral.
My sincere appreciation also goes to everyone that has been by me all this while. A
Big thanks!!!

II

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Table of contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
THE HISTORY OF SIWES
OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL TRANINIG TO STUDENTS
CHAPTER TWO
OVERVIEW OF BIBO ENTERPRISE
HISTORY OF BIBO ENTERPRISE
MISSION STATEMENT
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT ROLES
INTRODUCTION TO WORKPLACE
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 INTRODUCTION TO BAR SOAP PRODUCTION
3.1 RAW MATERIALS FOR SOAP PRODUCTION
3.2 CHEMISTRY OF SOAP
3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SOAP
3.4 LIMITATIONS OF BAR SOAP
3.5 PROPERTIES OF SOAP
3.6 EQUIPMENTS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF BAR SOAP
3.7 MEASUREMENT OF THE QUANTITIES USED IN THE
PRODUCTION OF OF BAR SOAP
3.8 PRE-PRODUCTION INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF BAR
SOAP
3.9 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TRENDS IN BAR SOAP
PRODUCTION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO SHAMPOO PRODUCTION
4.2 QUALITES OF A GOOD SHAMPOO

4.3 SPECIALIZED SHAMPOOS

III

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4.4 FORMS OF SHAMPOO PRODUCTS IN NIGERIA

4.5 STAGES OF PRODUCTION USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF 5

LITRES OF SHAMPOO

4.6 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OF

SHAMPOO
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO BODY MOISTURIZERS
5.2 IMPORTANCE OF BODY MOISTURIZERS
5.3 WHAT AFFECTS SKIN MOISTURE LEVELS?
5.4 MOISTURIZER
5.4.1 MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF A BODY MOISTURIZER
5.4.2 REAGENTS NEEDED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
MOISTURIZER
5.4.3 PROCEDURES TAKEN
5.5 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN BODY MOISTURIZERS

CHAPTER SIX
6.1 INTRODUCTION OF ANTISEPTIC (DETTOL)
6.1.2 BACKGROUND HISTORY OF ANTISEPTIC
6.1.3 TYPES OF ANTISEPTICS
6.2 PROPERTIES OF A GOOD ANTISEPTIC
6.3 TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE GERMICIDES
6.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ANTISEPTIC/DISINFECTANT
6.5 WHAT USE IS ANTISEPTIC USEFUL ?

6.6 TYPES OF ANTISEPTIC

6.7 ARE ANTISEPTICS SAFE?

6.7.1 FDA REGULATIONS ON THE REGULATION ON

ANTISEPTIC

6.8 PRECAUTION IN THE PRODUCTION OF DETTOL

6.9 REAGENTS USED AND THEIR USES

IV

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6.9.1 APPARATUS USED

6.9.2 STEPWISE APPROACH FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETTOL
CHAPTER FIVE
7.1 BENEFITS
7.2 CHALLENGES
7.3 RECOMMENDATION
7.4 LESSONS/SKILLS REQUIRED
7.5 CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill training
programme designed to prepare and expose students of the university to the industrial
work situation they are likely to face after graduation. Hence, it is an accepted skill
training programme which forms part of the approved minimum academic standards
in various degree programs for all the Nigerian Universities. This scheme serves as an
opportunity for students to gasp very useful practical knowledge which not only
makes them employable but also in the perfect understanding of theories and
operations in their different majors. The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) is an appreciable skill training programme which forms part of the minimum
academic’s standards in Nigerian institutions. The scheme is particularly a programme
involving Universities, Polytechnics and technical college students of various
institutions in Nigeria. SIWES programme was designed to complement classroom
teaching in the course of studies and to acquaint students with the skills needed in the
industries after graduation. Hence, the programme carries a number of credit units in
the university’s course curriculum.

1.1 THE HISTORY OF SIWES

SIWES was set up by the Federal Government of Nigeria to close the gap between
theoretical laws taught in the classroom and actual practice for students in tertiary
institutions. It was first kicked off and funded by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)
between 1973 and 1974. Since its introduction by the ITF in 1973, the scheme has
gone through series of reforms. Its management has changed hands from the ITF in
1978 to various regulatory agencies such as National Universities Commission (NUC)
and National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) in 1979, National Commission
for College of Education (NCCE) and now back to the ITF again in 1985. These are
the major stakeholders in SIWES. However, the SIWES Unit of this university FUTO
was established in August 1997 with the responsibility of handling all SIWES matters
for the Institution. In line with NUC and ITF requirements, the unit upgraded to a
Directorate in the Vice-Chancellor’s Office in August 2001. This was to enable the
unit cope with greater challenges of SIWES operations.
Consequently, SIWES program introduced into the curriculum of tertiary institutions
in the country has over the years contributed immensely to the personal development
and motivation of students to be able to understand the important connection between
the taught and learnt content of their academic programs and what knowledge and
skill will be expected of them on professional practice after graduation.
Funding – the federal government of Nigeria is responsible for the funding of the
industrial Training. Beneficiaries – undergraduate students of; agricultural,
engineering, science, medical science, and pure and applied sciences for universities
and other tertiary institutions.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The objective of the SIWES Directorate is to ensure the proper training of the
University students in preparing them for the world of industrial work. The Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a firsthand opportunity for every
student to utilize their theoretical knowledge by virtue of the facility, equipment at the
place of work and also equip student with recent finding and development in the area
if interest.
In summary, the objective of SIWES includes the following;
 Providing an avenue for students in institution of higher learning to acquire
industrial skills and experience during the course of study. 
 Making the transition from school to the world of work career and enhances
students contacts for later job placement. 
 To equip students with the “technical know-how” of modern technologies that
are related to engineering/ science discipline. 
 To expose students to the operational procedures of which will help to produce
graduates capable of tackling problems relating to their field of study. 
 It intends to make students independent as it helps in preparing them for
business career. 
 It also creates an avenue for clarifying doubts and complications that may arise
from students understanding of lecturer.  Provides students with an
opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real life situation. 
 To enlist and strengthen employer’s involvement in the entire educational
process of preparing university undergraduates for employment in industries.
 SIWES will increase a student's sense of responsibility.
 SIWES students will be prepared to enter into full-time employment in their
area of specialization upon graduation.
 SIWES students will acquire good work habits.
 SIWES students will develop employment records/references that will enhance
employment opportunities.
 SIWES will provide students the opportunity to understand informal
organizational interrelationships.
 SIWES will reduce student dropouts.
 SIWES Students will be able to outline at least five specific goals with several
staff members by comparing performance with job duties and develop a draft
plan with staff to accomplish performance needs, supervision plan and rewards.
 SIWES Students will be able to develop a draft agency or project budget and
will be able to identify methods of obtaining revenue to support the budget.
 SIWES Students will be able to provide tools to use in prioritizing tasks of an
assigned project and create with staff a tentative schedule for completion based
on these tasks.

1.3 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING TO STUDENTS

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The major benefit accruing to students who participate fully in industrial training are
the skills and competencies they acquire. This is because the knowledge and skill
acquired during training by students are internalized and it becomes relevant during
job performances or functions. Several other benefits include;
 Prepare students to understand the underlying principle of responsibility,
cooperation, communication, time management and self-motivation so as to
contribute to the productivity of their employers and nation’s economy. 
 Exposes students to working environment i.e. enabling them to see how their
professions are organized in practice. 
 Allows trainee to interact with other colleagues of the same discipline thereby
arming the trainee with contacts that would be beneficial to the trainee in the
nearest future. 
 It strengthens the link between employers, universities and the industrial
training funds (ITF). 
 Enables Student Bridge the gap between the acquired skills in the institution
and the relevant production skill required in the work organization.
The 1-month Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) which is
a requirement for the completion of my course of study, Chemical
Engineering, was undertaken at BIBO Enterprises. This Enterprise is located at
Owerri West and has its branches within Eziobodo in Imo State.
I was an Industrial Attaché (IT) at the Production Unit.
The Industrial Training was based on critical method of production of Paint,
Germicide, Petroleum Jelly and Starch are part of Job description.

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CHAPTER TWO
OVERVIEW OF BIBO INTERPRISE

2.0 HISTORY OF BIBO ENTERPRISE

Bibo enterprise is an indigenous and fast growing company which has been in
existence for the past 10 years. In her guest to serve humanity, she decided to get a
branch in Eziobodo in order to meet up with the periodic industrial training of students
within Owerri West, in Imo State. She has been able to penetrate the markets with her
products mostly in mulit-purpose liquid wash, hair cream, paints, germicide,
insecticides and air freshener, just to mention a few. Aside from production, she is
also renowned in the areas of consultancy and indoors/outdoors service.
They have the mission of engaging students actively in production while in school, to
enhance proper transition. This is in line with her mentoring scheme. Bibo is well
staffed and has registered with the appropriate bodies to enable her have no hitches in
the market.
Bibo enterprise is an indigenous and fast-growing company which has been in
existence for the past six years. She has been able to penetrate the markets with her
products mostly in multipurpose liquid wash, hair cream, insecticides and air
freshener, just to mention a few. Aside production, she is also renowned in the areas
of consultancy and indoors/outdoors service.
Bibo is well staffed and has registered with the appropriate bodies to enable her have
no hitches in the market.

2.1 THE MISSION STATEMENT:

The mission of Bibo Enterprise is to ensure that students are properly engaged in
production while in school, to ensure proper transitioning from school to the world of
work career. This is in line with her mentoring scheme. Below is the organogram of
bibo enterprise and their respective roles.

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Organization Structure of Bibo Enterprices

(ORGANOGRAM)

Managing Director

Executive
Secretary

Production Marketing Chief Personnel

manager manager Accountant manager

Production Sales Accountant Training and

purchase executive clerk development
control

Sales Rep Employee

Factory Canvasser service
casual staff

2.1.1 Functions
Managing director
The managing director is responsible for implementing the company’s policy and
changes if need be. As the aim of every company is to make profit, growth and
increase shareholder’s returns, it is also the role of the managing director to do the
same in Bibo enterprice. Aside that, he convenes a board meeting and manages
communication gap among the shareholder’s. He is equally responsible for
representing the image of the company, coaching and mentoring other staff.

Skills needed in managing director’s role.

 Visionary leadership
 Ability to motivate
 Communication and negotiation
 Strong financial acumen

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Executive secretary
Responsible for supporting high level executive and management or entire department
to provide administration support and performs numerous duties including scheduling,
writing correspondent emailing, handling visitors, answering questions and request.

Production manager
The production manager is involved in the planning, coordination and control of
manufacturing process.
Responsibilities
Oversee the production processes decides what resource are required monitor product
standard implemented and quality-control programmes.

Marketing manager
The market manager directs the day to day marketing activities of the organization
and long term marketing strategy of the company.
Duties
 Managing all marketing activities for the company within the marketing
department.
 Co-ordinating marketing campaign with sales activities.
 Creation and publication of all marketing materials in line with marketing
plans.
 Monitor and report on effectiveness of marketing communication.

Chief Accountant
The chief accountant has the following duties.
 Implementation of financial decision of the company.
 Overseeing the preparation of financial documents of the company.
 Making investment decision for the firm.
 An integral member in the financial planning of the company.

Sales executives
Sales executives sells a company’s products and service to individuals organizations
and government. Sales may be domestic in international.
The sales executive strives to maintain good relationship with existing clients and
equally endeavors to approaching and wining new costumers.

Training and development

This unit focus on improving the knowledge and skills of the employee in order to
promote the company’s value and enhance the growth of the company.

Casual staff
These are workers that works on contract or demands.

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2.2 INTRODUCTION TO WORKPLACE

I resumed my industrial training on the 26th of July, 2021 with Bibo Enterprise which
is located in Eziobodo, Owerri West, in Imo State. It was an in-house training which
was held in Petroleum engineering department, FUTO.
I was received by the personnel manager who explained to us what the company was
all about.
Basically, I worked in production units which involved mostly crude method of
production as are sort of the worn-out equipment.
I was also regularly trained by the human resource and development units on how to
enhance the skills acquired during the course of my training into domestic and
commercial purpose, hence promoting both family and societal values.

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CHAPTER THREE
INTRODUCTION TO BAR SOAP PRODUCTION

3.0 INTRODUCTION
The production of bar soap has a long and fascinating history that dates back
thousands of years. Soap, in its various forms, has been used for personal hygiene,
cleaning, and medicinal purposes in civilizations across the world. Here's a historical
introduction to the production of bar soap. The origins of soap production can be
traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Babylonians, Egyptians, and
Sumerians, who made early soap-like substances by mixing fats and oils with alkaline
substances like ashes. These early soaps were crude compared to modern bar soaps
but were effective for basic cleaning.
The Romans and Greeks made advancements in soap production by using natural
ingredients like tallow (animal fat) and plant-based oils along with alkaline substances
from wood ashes. Soap became more widely used for bathing, laundry, and medicinal
purposes in these ancient cultures. During the Middle Ages in Europe, soap-making
knowledge was preserved primarily in monasteries. Soap was considered a luxury
item, and it was often scented with herbs and flowers to mask unpleasant odors. In the
Renaissance period, soap production techniques continued to improve, and soap
became more accessible to the general population. With the advent of the Industrial
Revolution in the 18th century, soap production underwent a significant
transformation. Factories began producing soap on a larger scale, and new ingredients
such as palm and coconut oils were introduced.
In the 19th century, the understanding of soap chemistry advanced further. French
chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul discovered the chemical nature of soap, explaining
how the combination of fats and alkalis produced soap molecules. This knowledge led
to the development of better soap formulations.
The 20th century saw the rise of mass production and the development of well-
known soap brands. Companies like Procter & Gamble introduced innovative
marketing strategies and soap products like Ivory Soap. Liquid soap also became
popular during this time.
Today, bar soap production is a highly industrialized process. Soap manufacturers
use a variety of fats and oils, including palm oil, coconut oil, and olive oil, combined
with sodium hydroxide (lye) to produce soap through a chemical reaction called
saponification. Fragrances, colors, and additional ingredients are often added to
enhance the soap's properties and appeal.
In recent decades, there has been a resurgence of interest in natural and artisanal
soap production. Many small-scale soap makers create handmade soaps using
traditional methods, often incorporating organic and natural ingredients.

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Bar soap production has come a long way from its ancient origins, evolving from a
luxury item to an everyday household essential. The diverse range of soaps available
today reflects centuries of innovation and experimentation in soap-making techniques
and ingredients.
The term soap is a class name for the sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. These
fatty acid were found in animal fats and in plant oils such as coconut, oil, olive oil,
castor oil, cotton seal oil
3.1 RAW MATERIALS FOR SOAP PRODUCTION
Soap are manufactured from a renewable source. The triglyceride (to trimesters of
fatty acids) are the raw materials for the protection of soap tallow and coconut oil are
the principal fatty materials in soap making in the united States. The palm oils, palm
kernel oil and their derivative are used in soap manufacture in many other parts of the
world.
3.1.1 Fatty acid
- caprylic (C8H16O2)
- lausic (C12 H24O2)
- muriatic (C14H28O2)
- palmitic (C16H32O2)
- steanic (C16H3202)
The soap maker represents one of the largest consumers of chemicals especially
caustic soda, soda ash, caustic potash, sodium silicate, sodium bicarbonate altrisodium
phosphate. Builders are mainly chemical added to soap e.g sodium tripotasium
posphate (STPP)
3.2 CHEMISTRY OF SOAP
Soaps are Waters sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids containing 8-22
combinations. The fatty acids are generally a mixture of saturated and unsaturated
Compounds
Saturated soap: CH3 CH2)n (001)
Mono unsaturated soap : CH3 (CH2)n CH2 CH = CH CH2(CH2)m - (001)
Poly - unsaturated soap: CH3 (CH2 CH=CH)x CH2 CH2)y - (001)
( n = Na, k, R4N+)
The basic chemical reaction in the making of soap is saponification
3NaOH + C17H35(003C3H5 ===> 3C17H35C00Na + C3H5(0H)3
Sodium Glyceryl stearate sodium sterate glycerin

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The other method for making soap comprises fat splitting followed by the neutralized
process with sodium hydroxide

(C17H35(00)3C3H5 + 3H20 fat/splitting - 3C17H35C00H + C3H5(0H)3

Steanic acid glycerm
3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SOAP
 Toilet soap
 laundry soap (bar)
 Industrial soap
3.3.1 LAUNDRY SOAP: Soap is considered a surfactant ( surface-active agents)
because it comprises of two distinct ends: the hydrocarbon end, which is lipophilic
and non-polar and a hydrophilic end, which is polar. The non-polar end is capable of
dissolving non-polar molecules, whereas the polar end of the soap is capable of
dissolving polar molecules..
The efficiency of soap is affected by various factors such as pH, the composition of
the solvent ( e.g the elements/ ions present in the solvent), and Temperature.
Temperature is a physical property of matter that is vital not only in the soap
efficiency, but also in the formation of soap. High temperature in soap making
increases the collision of the reactant molecules, thus, increasing the reaction rate,
hence high product yield. Moreover, low temperature increases the rate of separation
of soap from the solvent.
 Economic important of bar soap: Soap qualified as a surfactant due to its
molecular structure. The non-polar tail is capable of dissolving non-polar
molecules (such as oils and grease) and the polar head is capable of dissolving
polar molecules ( such as water). Multiple soap molecules Associate into droplets
called micelle when the non-polar tail dissolve the non-polar molecules in the
centre and the hydrophilic heads projects outward the surface where they can
interact with water molecules. Biological membranes form using the same
principles.
3.4 LIMITATIONS OF BAR SOAP
Bar soap, while effective for cleaning and personal hygiene, has some limitations
when used in water. These limitations can affect its performance and user experience
in certain situations. Here are some common limitations of bar soap in water:
 Soap Scum in Drains:Soap residue can accumulate in drains over time, potentially
leading to clogs in plumbing systems. This issue is more common in areas with
hard water. It forms a scum when used in hard water because the cations in hard
water (Ca2+, mg2+, fe3+) forms insoluble salts with the carboxylate ions of soap.
M2+aq + 2RC00aq. (RC00)2. M(s) The fraction of a scum prevents a soap from

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forming a lather readily in hard water. These ions in water renders the use of soap
for washing highly unfavourable.
 It is not stable in acid solution because it yields a slightly alkaline solution due to
the hydrolysis of its caboxylate ions. This reduces the cleansing action of the soap
since the RCOO- group is are mainly responsible for the solubility of soap in
water.
However, a soap has the advantage of being biodegradable, that is it can be
decomposed by microorganisms into simple inorganic substance. Hence, its use does
not cause environmental pollution (water pollution)
3.5 PROPERTIES OF SOAP
 Micellization: if a soap is dissolved in water, its molecules aggregate to from
micelle. A normal micclle may contain between 10 and 100 molecules. These
molecules are arranged such that the non-polar hydrocarbon tails are in the interior
part (being hydrophobic) while the ionic head form the exterior part (being
hydrophilic) that is in contact with water. Electrostatic repulsion between the
negatively charged ionic head keeps the micelles apart in the soap solution. The
Concentration of the soap solution at the point of micellization is known as the
critical micelle concentration (c.m.c)
 CLEANSING ACTION: a soap has the ability to remove dirts from materials
e.g (fabric). The cleansing action of a soap is related to the structure of its
molecules. A molecule of soap has dual nature a polar head - COO-M+(M = Na or
k), which is hydrophilic (water loving) hence, water - soluble and a non- polar
hydrocarbon tail R (a long carbon chain)which is hydrophobic (water hating hence
water insoluble but soluble in oil and organic solvent. This structure enables soap
molecules to emulsify an organic dirt (e.g oil) present on a fabric in water. By
mechanical action(e.g scrubbing) on the fabric followed by rinsing, the organic
dirt is removed. A soap is therefore, an emulsifying agent during cleansing. That
is, a soap causes the suspension of tiny oil droplets in the aqueous medium.

3.6 EQUIPMENTS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF BAR SOAP

 conical flask
 Beaker
 stirrer ( mixer)
 mould
 nose mask
 hand glove
 Bowl
 Thermometer

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 pot
 heating source

3.6.1 REAGENTS INVOLVED

 Caustic soda: in pure form, it is white solid, readily absorbs acids on natural fats
or oils, such as tallow or vegetable oil, to produce sodium fatty acid salt (soap and
glycerin). This saponification reaction is the basic for all soap making. It forms a
solid, opaque bar soap.
Other uses of caustic soap
 Used in the extract alumina from bauxite
 Used in manufacturing of pulp and paper
 Used in purification of water
 Soda ash (sodium carbonate)This is a mild cleansing agents. Soda ash is also very
effective in removing alcohol and grease stain from clothing
 Oils: oils are an extremely important of the soap making process, and without oil
(fatty acids of oils) the saponifications’ reaction cannot take place. Oils could be
saturated or unsaturated, It can also come from plant or animal source. The type
used in the soap have an important role in deterring the final properties. Butter
like , coco suiter and mango butter tends to help make hand bars of soap with
stable lallow. Examples of oil
 Palm oil: is used to create a hand bar with a stable lallow, and is often used to
make something more in lasting and resistant to melting easily.
 Avacodo oil: using avacodo oil for soap making with many the conditioning
properties of your finished product and added creaminess to the soaps formation.
It has a wonderful skin advantages such as a high content of vitamin A, D and E
 Olive oil: it has anti- inflammating effects and is non - irritating to the skin. It
helps to gently clean even the most sensitive skin including skin abrasions, rashes,
sunburns. Olive oil soap is know to provide relief to skin cuilitus like eczema
psoriasis
 Tranpeseed oil; this cosmetic oil high conditioning property phs, this oil has sine
added benefit of a creaming laller all adding to the ventless of your soap bar.
Additionally ,this oil course used to create a soap that is anti acne
 Sodium silicate (Na2SIO2): it is commonly known as water glass .it is an
antioxidant [Link] increases the diameter of the soap and the rapid drying of the
soap is prevented. The sodium silicate in soap manufacturing is also used to
increase the hardness of the soap bar inorder to prevent resistance to acid, high
temperature and water. It also does this are future in cement.

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 Sodium LSL sodium lauryl sulfate: this is a cleaning agents mostly found in
household cleaners detergent soap .the purpose of these sulphate is to create a
lallening effort to remove oil and dirt from objects which could be plates,fasure
etc
 Kaolin is mainly used as a filler in soap perimeter. It also use the structure and
acts as a riser ,but most importantly ,it reduces the cost of production, it also
improves the opacity at whiteness of a soup
 Preservatives : is this added to prevent microbial growth and to enhance
Longevity
 Colour: for attractiveness in Sight
 Fragrance: To enhance good smell

3.7 MEASUREMENT OF THE QUANTITIES USED IN THE

PRODUCTION OF OF BAR SOAP
 A table spoon of Kaloin
 500g of Caustic soda
 600g of Soda ash
 60ml spoon of sodium silicate
 Add 1 litre of palm kernel oil
 Add 20g of preservative ( Meryl parabin)
 Add 20ml of fragrance
 Add 10g of colour ( oil soluble or water soluble)

3.8 PRE-PRODUCTION
 Soak 500gbof caustic sola in 1000ml of what for 24hours before production
 Soak 600g of soda ash in 1200ml of water 24hours before Production

3.8.1 ACTUAL PRODUCTION

 Use hydrometer to check if the specific gravity reached 1275 if not work-up
 Measure out 500ml of the solution of caustic soda
 Measure out 450ml of the solution of soda ash
 Pour in 1000ml of palm kernel oil and stir constantly
 afterwards a teaspoon of Kaloin + stir

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 a teaspoon of sodium silicate + stir

 20g of preservative + stir
 20ml of fragrance + stir very thoroughly
 Pro into mold and allow for 3 days soap is ready for use.

3.9 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TRENDS IN BAR SOAP

PRODUCTION
Emerging technologies and trends in soap production reflect the industry's response to
changing consumer preferences, sustainability concerns, and technological
advancements. Here are some of the notable trends and technologies in soap
production:
 Sustainable Sourcing and Ingredients: Soap manufacturers are increasingly
focused on sourcing sustainable ingredients like palm oil from certified
sustainable sources, and using eco-friendly packaging materials. Incorporating
natural and organic ingredients, such as shea butter, coconut oil, and essential oils,
into soap formulations to meet the demand for eco-friendly and natural products.
 Green Chemistry and Biotechnology: Research into green chemistry
approaches that reduce the environmental impact of soap production, including
the development of greener surfactants and [Link] in biotechnology,
such as the use of enzymes and microbial fermentation, to create more sustainable
and efficient soap production processes.
 Water-Efficient Manufacturing: Implementation of water-efficient technologies
and processes in soap production, including closed-loop systems and wastewater
treatment to minimize water usage and pollution.
 Energy Efficiency: Integration of energy-efficient equipment and technologies in
soap manufacturing plants to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions.
 Personalization and Customization:Use of digital technologies to offer
personalized soap products, where customers can choose fragrances, colors, and
even ingredients to create custom soaps.
 Smart Manufacturing and IoT:Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) for
monitoring and controlling soap production processes in real-time, improving
quality control and reducing waste.
 Digital Traceability: Implementation of blockchain and other digital traceability
systems to track the entire supply chain, ensuring transparency and authenticity of
ingredients.
 Alternative Packaging Solutions: Development of innovative and sustainable
packaging materials, including compostable and reusable packaging options to
reduce plastic waste.
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 Microbial-Based Ingredients: Exploration of microbial fermentation techniques

to produce certain soap ingredients, such as glycerin and fragrances, in a more
sustainable and cost-effective manner.
 Consumer Education and Transparency: Increased efforts to educate
consumers about soap ingredients, production processes, and their impact on the
environment, leading to more informed choices.
These emerging technologies and trends reflect the soap industry's commitment to
environmental sustainability, product innovation, and meeting the evolving needs and
preferences of consumers. Soap manufacturers are continually adapting to these trends
to stay competitive and reduce their ecological footprint.
.

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CHAPTER FOUR
SHAMPOO PRODUCTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
Shampoo is a widely used personal care product that is designed to clean the hair and
scalp while providing various cosmetic benefits. It's an essential part of many people's
daily grooming routines, and the production of shampoo involves a combination of
chemistry, formulation, and manufacturing processe
Shampoo is a hair care product, typically in the form of a viscous liquid, that is used
for cleaning hair. Less commonly, shampoo is available in solid bar format. Shampoo
is used by applying it to wet hair, massaging the product into the scalp, and then
rinsing it out. Some users may follow shampooing with the use of hair conditioner.
Shampoo is typically used to remove the unwanted build-up of sebum in the hair
without stripping out so much as to make hair unmanageable. Shampoo is generally
made by combining a surfactant, most often sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth
sulfate, with a co-surfactant, most often cocamido propyl betaine in water. The sulfate
ingredient acts as a surfactant, trapping oils and other contaminants, similarly to soap.

Specialty shampoos are marketed to people with dandruff, color-treated hair, gluten or
wheat allergies, an interest in using an organic product, infants and young children
("baby shampoo" is less irritating).
There are also shampoos intended for animals thatmay contain insecticides or other
medications to treat skin conditions or parasite infestations

4.2 QUALITES OF A GOOD SHAMPOO

▪ Pleasing foam
▪ Ease of rinsing
▪ Minimal skin and eye irritation
▪ Thick or creamy feeling
▪ Pleasant fragrance
▪ Low toxicity
▪ Good biodegradability
▪ Slight acidity (ph less than 7)
▪ No damage to hair
▪ Repair of damage already done to hair

4.3 SPECIALIZED SHAMPOOS

 DANDRUFF : Cosmetic companies have developed shampoos specifically for

those who have dandruff. These contain fungicides such as ketoconazole, zinc
pyrithione and selenium disulfide, which reduce loose dander by killing fungi like
Malassezia furfur. Coal tar and salicylate derivatives are often used as well.
Alternatives to medicated shampoos are available for people who wish to avoid
synthetic fungicides. Such shampoos often use tea tree oil, essential oils or herbal
extracts.

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 COLOURED: Many companies have also developed color-protection shampoos

suitable for colored hair; some of these shampoos contain gentle cleansers
according to their manufacturers.

 BABY: Shampoo for infants and young children is formulated so that it is less
irritating and usually less prone to produce a stinging or burning sensation if it
were to get into the eyes. For example, Johnson's Baby Shampoo advertises under
the premise of "No More Tears". This is accomplished by one or more of the
following formulation strategies.

 Dilution, in case the product comes in contact with eyes after running off the top
of the head with minimal further dilution
 Adjusting pH to that of non-stress tears, approximately 7, which may be a higher
pH than that of
 Shampoos which are pH adjusted for skin or hair effects, and lower than that of
shampoo made of soap
 Use of surfactants which, alone or in combination, are less irritating than those
used in other shampoos (e.g. Sodium lauroamphoacetate)
 Use of nonionic surfactants of the form of polyethoxylated synthetic glycolipids
and
polyethoxylated synthetic monoglycerides, which counteract the eye sting of other
surfactants

4.4 FORMS OF SHAMPOO PRODUCTS IN NIGERIA

There are various forms of shampoo products in Nigeria. This is because of value
being added to shampoo to make different shampoo products.
The various forms of shampoo products are:
 Clear shampoos
 Liquid cream shampoos
 Cream paste shampoos
 Beer shampoos
 Dry shampoos
 Liquid dry shampoos
 Baby shampoos

4.4 REAGENTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SHAMPOO

 Natrosol:It is chemically called hydroxyethyl cellulose. Natrosol is the Trade

[Link] is a jelling and thickening agent derived from cellulose. It is widely used
in cosmetics,cleaning solutions and other Household products.
Hydroxyethylcellulose and methylcellulose are Frequently used with
hydrophobic drugs in capsule formulations, to

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Improve the drugs ’dissolution in the gastrointestinal [Link] Process is

[Link] has a melting point of 140oC.

 Soda Ash:It is chemically called sodium carbonate Na2CO3 or washing [Link]
commonly occurs as a crystalline decahydrate,which readily effloresces to form a
white powder,the [Link] sodium carbonate is a white ,odorless
powder that is [Link] has a molar mass of 105.9888g/mole.

 Sulphonic Acid:It is any of a large group of strong organic acids that

Contains the group-SO2OH and are used in the manufacture of dyes,Drugs and
cosmetic products. A major use of sulphonic acid is for Sulphonation of many
substance such as paraffin in the preparation Of detergent. In pharmaceutical sector, it
is used for the sulphonation Of some chemicals to produce drugs. It is a foam booster
which
Comes in form of a dark-brown viscous liquid.

 Texapon: This is a thickener and a mild foaming agent. It comes in Form of a

semi-solid jelly that is very soluble in water. Due to its structure, texapon is
widely used in liquid soap production, shampoo formation , detergent production,
bubble bath production, dish wash and hand wash production.

 Glycerin: it is a colorless and odorless viscous liquid that is sweet tasting and
non-toxic. It is widely used in the food industry as well as sweetener and
humectants- which is a hygroscopic substance used to keep things moist.
Humectants attracts and retains the moisture in the air nearby via absorption,
drawing the water vapor into or beneath the organism.

 Industrial campor: it enhances the diffusional range of fragrance. It equally

create a cool feeling during the washing of the hair.

 Colourants: it is a substance that is added or applied to or into an already formed

products to enhance the appearance of the surface. It works by absorbing varying
amount of light at different wavelength 9 frequencies) of its spectrum,
transmitting if translucent or reflecting the remaining light in straight lines or
scattered. Water soluble colour was used.

 Water: clean water that is devoid of impurities was used, it serve as a solvent that
enables other solutes to be dissolved.

 Menthostall Cry: it is a solid constituent of oil of mint, to which the

characteristics odor is due. In shampoo making, it prevents the domination of lice
on the hair. Its infusion helps in reducing swelling which prevents the cause of
headache.

 Preservatives: this is a chemical substance that is added to products such as food,

beverages, pharmaceutical drugs, paints, cosmetics, woods and many other

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products to prevent decomposition, microbial growth and undesirable chemical

reactions. In general , preservative is implemented in two modes:

Chemical mode and physical mode.

Chemical preservatives entails adding chemical compounds to formed products in
order to elongate its durability while physical modes involves process like
Refrigeration, salting and drying. Examples of chemical preservatives commonly used
are Paraben which includes Germaben and methylparaben Isothiazolinoes example
Kathon Organic acids example benzoic acid Formaldehyde is not friendly to be
incorporated into a substance that would be used on human body, as a result of that,
NAFDAC has ban its usage on cosmetic products

 Sodium Lauryl Sulphate: it si an anionic detergent and surfactant found in many

personal care products such as soaps, shampoo and toothpaste. It is a very good
foaming agents due to its cleaning and emulsifying property. They behave
similarly like soap.

 Fragrance: it is a pleasant sweet smelling substance that could be in liquid, solid

or gaseous form.

4.5 STAGES OF PRODUCTION USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF 5

LITRES OF SHAMPOO

There are typically three stages that are very crucial in production: these are:
 Pre-production
 Actual production
 Post production

4.5.1 PRE PRODUCTION

These are activities that happen before production begins. It ranges from proper
measurement of reactants, dissolution of solid particles and the determination of of the
quality and quantity to be produced.
In the production of 5 litres of shampoo, the following pre-production are required:

 Dissolve 1/16 kg of soda ash in water

 Dissolve 3og of industrial camphor and 5g of menthol crystal together in water
 Dissolve 125g of SLS in water
 Dissolve colour in water
 Dissolve preservative in water.

4.5.2 ACTUAL PRODUCTION OF SHAMPOO

 In a 10 litres bucket that contains 3 litres of water, dissolve 1/16kg of natrosol

until it becomes a solution

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 Add 30g of texapon and stir

 Add a solution of soda ash and stir thoroughly
 Add 125ml of sulphonic acids and stir
 Add the solution of SLS and stir thoroughly
 Add 30ml of glycerin and stir thoroughly
 Add 50ml of the solution of industrial camphor and menthol cystal and sir
 Add 20ml of preservative and stir thoroughly
 Add 20ml of fragrance and stir
 Add 10ml of pink colour and stir.

4.5.3 POST PRODUCTION

At this stage, undissolved particles are removed as well as impurities. The fragrance,
thickness and color are equally checked for suitability. If all standards were met, then
it is packed for either household or commercial purpose.

4.6 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OF SHAMPOO

 Green Chemistry: Shampoo manufacturers are increasingly adopting green
chemistry principles. This involves the use of more sustainable and
environmentally friendly ingredients and processes. For example, the development
of biodegradable surfactants and plant-based ingredients helps reduce the
environmental impact of shampoo production.
 Sustainable Packaging: Many companies are exploring sustainable packaging
options, such as recyclable and biodegradable bottles and caps. Some are even
experimenting with packaging-free or solid shampoo bars to reduce plastic waste.
 Microencapsulation: his technology involves encapsulating active ingredients,
like vitamins or herbal extracts, in tiny capsules. When the shampoo is used, these
capsules release their contents, providing targeted benefits to the hair and scalp.
 Microbiome-Friendly Formulations: Research on the scalp microbiome has led
to the development of shampoos that support a healthy scalp ecosystem. These
formulations aim to maintain a balanced microbial environment on the scalp.
 Natural and Organic Formulations: Co nsumer demand for natural and organic
products has led to the development of shampoos that use more natural and plant-
derived ingredients. These formulations often avoid synthetic chemicals and harsh
sulfates.
As consumer preferences shift toward sustainability, personalization, and natural
ingredients, shampoo manufacturers are likely to continue exploring and adopting
emerging technologies to meet these demands and improve the overall quality of their
products.

CHAPTER FIVE
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BODY MOISTURIZERS PRODUCTION

5.1 INTRODUCTION
Body moisturizers are versatile skincare products that promote skin health and
comfort. By keeping the skin hydrated, protected, and nourished, they contribute to a
glowing and resilient complexion from head to toe. Incorporating a body moisturizer
into your daily skincare routine can lead to healthier and more beautiful skin.

5.2 IMPORTANCE OF BODY MOISTURIZERS

 Hydra琀椀on and Moisture Reten琀椀on: Body moisturizers are formulated with ingredients
like humectants (e.g., glycerin and hyaluronic acid) and emollients (e.g., oils and
bu琀琀ers) that work together to a琀琀ract and lock in moisture. They help replenish the
skin's natural moisture barrier, preven琀椀ng dryness and dehydra琀椀on.
 Skin Barrier Protec琀椀on: Moisturizers form a protec琀椀ve barrier on the skin's surface,
shielding it from environmental stressors like pollu琀椀on and UV radia琀椀on. This barrier
func琀椀on helps maintain skin health and reduce the risk of irrita琀椀on or damage.
 Skin So昀琀ening and Smoothing: Regular use of body moisturizers can so昀琀en rough, dry,
or 昀氀aky skin. They smooth the skin's texture, making it feel supple and look radiant.
 Healing and Soothing: Some body moisturizers contain ingredients like aloe vera,
chamomile, or colloidal oatmeal, which can soothe irritated or sensi琀椀ve skin. They are
bene昀椀cial for addressing skin condi琀椀ons such as eczema or sunburn.
 Fragrance and Aromatherapy: Body moisturizers o昀琀en come in a range of deligh琀昀ul
scents that can enhance your sensory experience. Aromatherapeu琀椀c formula琀椀ons can
promote relaxa琀椀on and stress relief.
 An琀椀-Aging Bene昀椀ts: Some body moisturizers are enriched with an琀椀oxidants, pep琀椀des,
and vitamins that help combat signs of aging, such as 昀椀ne lines and wrinkles. They
promote a more youthful appearance.
 Sun Protec琀椀on: Certain body moisturizers incorporate sunscreens to provide sun
protec琀椀on alongside hydra琀椀on. While these can be convenient, it's important to use a
dedicated sunscreen for extended sun exposure.

5.3 WHAT AFFECTS SKIN MOISTURE LEVELS?

If you’ve ever dealt with dry skin, you are definitely not alone! There are several major
contributors that affect the moisture levels in your skin.
 Genetics : Everyone is genetically predisposed to certain things. Your genetics are
responsible for a lot of your characteristics. Just like genes influence your looks, hair
texture or eye colour, in some cases, it can affect overall skin health. Some people have
genetically low moisture levels in their skin. When the body functions as it should, your
genes regulate things such as skin cell production and turnover. However, every now and
then, genes don’t work properly in regulating the body. That can manifest as dry skin,
eczema, or other skin conditions.

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 Age : According to WebMD, about 85% of older adults develop “winter itch,” because
of the dry climate (inside or outside of the home). Couple that with the loss of oil glands
as one age, the skin is bound to b dry often. Also the moisture level among old people is
significantly lower than the younger people. Therefore, it is clear that with age your
moisture level decreases.
 Environment : Where you spend most of your time definitely plays a role in your skin’s
moisture levels. The more time you spend under ac or heater, or if you live in an
extremely cold region, it dries out your skin.
 Lifestyle: Your lifestyle choices are so important when it comes to your overall health.
No matter how great a moisturizer you are using, your unhealthy eating habit can subside
all the goodness of the product. To optimize skin radiance, drink plenty of water, eat a
balanced diet high in fruits and veggies, avoid smoking and alcohol if you can, and
exercise for glowing skin.
 Bathing Habits : We totally get that a long steamy shower may feel great (especially
after a long day at work), but it’s not necessarily the best thing for your skin. Hot
showers and baths can inflame skin, cause redness, itching, and strip skin of vital oils,
fats, and proteins.
5.4 MOISTURIZER
Moisturizer is a skincare product that helps to retain moistness in the skin and make the skin
less dry. Moisturizers can be creams, oils or lotions. They can moisturize, hydrate and
lubricate the skin. In healthy skin, these functions are carried out by sebum, an oily secretion
produced by sebaceous glands. When your skin lacks sebum, moisturizer provides an external
help to retain moisture in the skin.
Moisturizers can prevent dryness in the skin, protect sensitive skin, improve skin tone and
texture, reduce wrinkles and other skin problems, and help the skin to stay young. They also
contain ingredients like antioxidants, mild sun protection, and anti-ageing agents.
Moisturizers are necessary for all types of skin types, including dry and oily skins.
There are different types of cosmetic creams in the market. For example, moisturizing
creams, anti-ageing creams, whitening creams, etc. They have different functions as their
names suggest. There are two types of creams as day cream and night cream. A day cream is
a lighter cream containing SPF (sun protection factor) and lightening agents like vitamin C
while a night cream is a richer and heavier cream that contains active ingredients.

5.4.1 MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF A MOISTURIZER

 Water: Helps the keep the skin moisturized and hydrated also it helps to adjust the
viscosity of the cream.
 Emulsifier: Emulsifier is the name given to a group of molecules that allow things that
don’t normally mix, to mix to form an emulsion.
 Emollient: Emollients are refatting agents added to a cosmetic formulation to provide
the skin with the fat it needs. They increase the moisture content of the skin by reducing
evaporation, providing a soft, smooth and non-greasy feel to the skin and thus, are often
referred as moisturizers. Some emollients used in cosmetics and personal care are
glycerin, coconut oil, cocoa butter, mineral oil etc.

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 Oil: This mixes with the water to form an emulsion (the cream), having so many
properties which are beneficial to the skin. E.g Olive oil, neem seed oil etc.
 Antioxidant: Antioxidants help protect skin cells from damage and aging and may
improve skin texture and appearance. and pollution. Antioxidants are often found in skin
care product formulas because of their powerful anti-aging benefits. E.g vitamin E, C,
Avocado Oil etc.
 Preservatives: Prevents growth of micro organisms in the cream and increase shelf life.
E.g methyl parabeen.
5.4.2 REAGENTS NEEDED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
MOISTURIZERS
 E-wax: This is the emulsifier which causes the oil and water components together form
an emulsion.
 Cetyl Alcohol: In personal care products like skin lotions and creams, cetyl alcohol
serves as a thickening agent and emulsifier, to help keep product ingredients from
separating. Also helps to soften the skin and hair.
 Glycerine: This serves to trap water on the skin, and help keep the skin soft and
moisturized.
 Water
 Static acid: stearic acid can help cleanse the skin without stripping it of its natural oils.
In skincare formulations, the ingredient acts as an emulsifier, ensuring that oil and water
components blend together seamlessly for a smooth, even application.
 Essential oil: This is the fragrance used in production
 Oils: Olive oil, neem seed oil, Alvarado oil, sun flower oil etc. You can use as many
good oils of your choice in production.
 Shear Butter: For a smooth and soft skin and also helps to thicken the cream.
 Borax: The borax powder can be used as an ingredient in skin care products. It helps
maintain the skin's pH balance and absorb excess oil. Also it has the ability to prevent
microbial growth.
 Propylene: Enhances the action of glycerine.
 Vitamin C
 Presaver: Methyl parabeen etc

5.4.3 PROCEDURES TAKEN

 Melt all the oil components and waxy ingredients together except E-Wax
Here we melt stearic acid, essential oils, shear butter, cetyl alcohol,
 Melt E-wax separately and keep it warm
 Mix all the water ingredients (Borax, glycerine, propyline glycole) together and bring
to same temperature as the oil ingredients.
 Mix some quantity of the E-wax with the oils and stir

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 Mix the oil and water components together and stir at high speed with an electric
mixer till even mixing of the two
 Allow the emulsion to cool down, add the vitamins and fragrance then stir
 If there are some oil droplets on the surface then add a little more E-wax and mix at
high speed. Do this until all the oil and water evenly mixes.
The viscosity can be controlled with warm water.

5.5 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN BODY MOISTURIZERS

Emerging technologies in the field of body moisturizers are focused on enhancing
product efficacy, sustainability, and personalization.

 Green Chemistry and Sustainable Ingredients: The use of sustainable and

environmentally friendly ingredients is on the rise. This includes the incorporation of
plant-based ingredients, organic materials, and ingredients that are responsibly sourced
and eco-friendly. Manufacturers are also adopting green chemistry principles to reduce
the environmental impact of production processes.

 Advanced Formulation Technologies: Researchers are continually developing

innovative formulations that deliver better hydration and skin benefits. This includes the
use of advanced delivery systems, microencapsulation, and nanotechnology to improve
the penetration and effectiveness of active ingredients.

 Customization and Personalization: Technology is enabling the customization of body

moisturizers based on individual skin types and needs. Apps and online platforms are
being developed to provide personalized skincare recommendations, allowing consumers
to create customized moisturizer formulations.

As consumer preferences shift toward Sustainability, personalization, and cutting-edge

skincare solutions, manufacturers are likely to continue investing in emerging
technologies to create more effective, environmentally friendly, and customized body
moisturizers.

CHAPTER SIX
PRODUCTION OF ANTISEPTIC (DETTOL)
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Anti-infective agents or germicides or biocides are the names given to any chemical
or substance that kills germs (microorganism). These compounds kill/ inhibit germs at
different rate while some completely kills germs some kills little depending on the

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composition. Antiseptics are substances or compounds that are used to inhibit the
growth and reproduction of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi) on
living tissues, including the skin and mucous membranes. They are essential in
maintaining hygiene, preventing infections, and promoting overall health.
Antiseptics are valuable tools in preventing infections and maintaining hygiene. They
are widely used in medical settings, wound care, and everyday personal hygiene
routines. Proper use, adherence to safety guidelines, and awareness of their limitations
are essential when using antiseptics.
Antiseptic and disinfectants are the major forms in which germicide can be produced.
Antiseptic is used only on living tissues like skin while germicide is use on inanimate
things like surfaces.
Antiseptics are used on living tissues to reduce or eliminate harmful microorganisms
that could cause infections or diseases. They are applied externally to disinfect
wounds, clean skin before surgery, or sanitize hands to prevent the spread of
pathogens.
6.1.2 BACKGROUND HISTORY OF ANTISEPTIC
It was discovered by Joseph Lister in 1864 then surgical operation was a death
sentence due to the infection that will follow after the operation. Lister applied the
principle of an antiseptic barrier to a set of procedures for the operating room. The
procedures, along with the instruments that he invented, were designed to prevent
germs from coming into contact with the open wound. He introduced weak
carbolic hand washes for surgical staff and carbolic acid baths for the instruments. He
used solutions of carbolic acid spray to reduce the level of germs in the air around the
patient. This led to the use of antiseptic.
6.1.3 TYPES OF ANTISEPTICS
 Common antiseptics include alcohol (ethanol or isopropyl), hydrogen peroxide,
iodine solutions (e.g., povidone-iodine), chlorhexidine, and benzalkonium
chloride.
 Natural antiseptics like honey and aloe vera have also been used traditionally for
their antimicrobial properties.
Antiseptics are valuable tools in preventing infections and maintaining hygiene. They
are widely used in medical settings, wound care, and everyday personal hygiene
routines. Proper use, adherence to safety guidelines, and awareness of their limitations
are essential when using antiseptics.
Antiseptic and disinfectants are the major forms in which germicide can be produced.
Antiseptic is used only on living tissues like skin while germicide is use on inanimate
things like surfaces.
6.2 PROPERTIES OF A GOOD ANTISEPTIC
 Chemical stability

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 Economical
 Non-staining with acceptable color and odor.
 Bactericidal, not only static and capable of destroying spores as well.
 Wider spectrum of action
An antiseptic in addition should be :
 Rapid in action and exert sustained lethal action.
 Non-irritating to tissues when applied.
 Non-allergic to the subject.
 No systemic toxicity (Non-absorbable).
 Active even in the presence of body fluids e.g.- blood, pus.
Antiseptic/Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering
with their metabolism. Antiseptic/Disinfectants are frequently used in hospitals, dental
surgeries, kitchens, and bathrooms to kill infectious organisms. Its efficacy depends
on organic and inorganic load present; type and level of microbial contamination;
concentration of and exposure time to the germicide; physical nature of the object
(e.g., crevices, hinges, and lumens); presence of biofilms; temperature and pH of the
disinfection process; a germicide can be antiseptic or disinfectant.

6.3 TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE GERMICIDES

 CLEANING AGENT: Cleaning is the removal of visible soil (e.g., organic and
inorganic material) from objects and surfaces and normally is accomplished
manually or mechanically using water with detergents or enzymatic products.
 SANITIZERS are substances that simultaneously clean and
disinfect. Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers.
 STERILIZER eliminates all forms of microbial life even spores
 DISINFECTANTS: eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except
bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.
6.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ANTISEPTIC/DISINFECTANT
 High-level antiseptic/disinfectants: these are antiseptic/disinfectants will kills all
microorganisms except large numbers of bacterial spores.
 Low level antiseptic/disinfectants can kill most vegetative bacteria, some fungi,
and some viruses in a practical period of time (less than 10mins)
6.5 WHAT USE IS ANTISEPTIC USEFUL ? Antiseptics have a variety of uses
both in and out of medical settings. In both settings, they’re applied to either the skin
or mucous membranes. Specific antiseptic uses include:

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 Hand washing. Medical professionals use antiseptics for hand scrubs and rubs
in hospitals.
 Disinfecting mucous membranes. Antiseptics can be applied to the
urethra, bladder, or vagina to clean the area before inserting a catheter. They
can also help to treat an infection in these areas.
 Cleaning skin before an operation. Antiseptics are applied to the skin before
any kind of surgery to protect against any harmful microorganisms that might
be on the skin.
 Treating skin infections. You can buy OTC antiseptics to reduce the risk of
infection in minor cuts, burns, and wounds. Examples include hydrogen
peroxide and rubbing alcohol.
 Treating throat and mouth infections. Some throat lozenges contain
antiseptics to help with sore throats due to a bacterial infection. You can
purchase these on Amazon.

6.6 TYPES OF ANTISEPTIC

Antiseptics are usually categorized by their chemical structure. All types disinfect
skin, but some have additional uses. Common types with varied uses include:

 Chlorhexidine and other biguanides. These are used on open wounds and for
bladder irrigation.
 Antibacterial dye. These help to treat wounds and burns.
 Peroxide and permanganate. These are often used in antiseptic mouthwashes and
on open wounds.
 Halogenated phenol derivative. This is used in medical-grade soaps and cleaning
solutions.

6.7 ARE ANTISEPTICS SAFE?

Some strong antiseptics can cause chemical burns or severe irritation if applied to skin
without being diluted with water. Even diluted antiseptics can cause irritation if
they’re left on skin for long periods of time. This kind of irritation is called irritant
contact dermatitis. If you’re using an antiseptic at home, don’t use it for more than a
week at a time.

Avoid using OTC antiseptics for more serious wounds, such as:

 eye injuries
 human or animal bites
 deep or large wounds
 severe burns

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 wounds that contain foreign objects

These are all best handled by a doctor or urgent care clinic. You should also see a
doctor if you’ve been treating a wound with antiseptic and it doesn’t seem to be
healing.

6.7.1 FDA REGULATIONS ON THE REGULATION ON ANTISEPTIC

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently banned 24 ingredients in OTC
antiseptics, effective December 20, 2018. This is due to concerns about how long
these ingredients can remain in the body and a lack of evidence regarding their safety
and effectiveness.

Aside from triclosan, most of these ingredients aren’t present in common antiseptics,
so the ban doesn’t have much of an impact on currently available antiseptics.
Manufacturers have already started updating their products to remove triclosan and
any other banned ingredients.

6.8 PRECAUTION IN THE PRODUCTION OF DETTOL

 Label all substance

 Have a working surface that is free from obstructions
 Always have a laboratory coat on and other personal protective equipments.

6.9 REAGENTS USED AND THEIR USES

 Texapon (sodium lauryl ether sulphate). It is a cleanser which forms micelles.

These micelles help to dissolve non-polar substances such as oils in water.
 Phenol: It is an aromatic compound classified as an alcohol. It is colorless and has
a sweet smell. Phenol is used as a disinfectant in household in low concentration.
It can also be found in mouthwash.
 Chloroxylenol: It is one of the main chemicals in Dettol production.
Chloroxylenol is the antibacterial which kills germs and scales down
inflammation.
 Isopropyl Alcohol: It is also a very important chemical in the production of
Dettol. I.P.A. is also a colorless and flammable chemical whose compound has a
strong smell. It also has antiseptic effects.
 Pine oil: It is a disinfectant and antiseptic substance that smells nice. It is what
causes that cloudy liquid when diluted in water.
 Dettol colorant: It is up to you to choose to add it or not.
 Water: It is used as a solvent.

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6.9.1 APPARATUS USED

 Stirrer
 Reactor Tank
 Measuring Cylinder
 Nose Mask

6.9.2 STEPWISE APPROACH FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETTOL

 Take an empty bowl and pour 50ml of Texapon in it.
 Add 150ml of Pine oil and stir the mixture.
 Now add 50ml of Phenol and stir again.
 Add 200ml of Chloroxylenol. Stir together.
 Now add 2.5l Isopropanol and stir again.
 dissolve the colour in 50ml of water

CHAPTER SEVEN
7.1 BENEFITS
The benefits of the SIWES programmer is that it helped me to be acquainted
with most major activities carried out and to appreciate the practical view of
my study, especially as regard to paint and germicide and petroleum jelly
production and also help me improve in area of socialization. It has helped me
also to realize how practical and problem solving Engineering could be with
the aim of meeting needs of the society and that Engineering work together as a
team bearing in mind that in the place of attachement no one works as a single

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head, rather everyone contributes their lasbour and ideas to achieve a desired
goal.
7.2 CHALLENGES
The problems I encountered are listed below:
Though I was privileged to be among the students that were given a
place of work, there were some challenges I encountered during the
process;
 There were not enough adequate measuring tools to measure the right
quantity of reagents used for the practical. 
 We were over crowded in the practical production unit.
 More machines came at the time of our departure that I could have
benefited from.
 Poor interrelationship between the IT students.
7.3 RECOMMENDATION
For subsequent trainees being taken up by the company, I strongly recommend
a more stringent supervision of their training program, especially by the
industry based SIWES supervisor. This will go a long way in ensuring that
trainees do not lose focus and will constantly remind them that their services to
the company remain valuable.
Also, I would suggest that the ITF should liaise with some companies where
they will take up students for industrial training. This will help students who
find it difficult to find it difficult to find attachments or who end up in
companies where they do nothing.
`

7.4 LESSONS/SKILLS ACQUIRED

After my Industrial Training:
 I can effectively produce Antiseptic(Dettol),Body
Moisturizer,Shampooo,Bar Soap.
 I can accurately give recommendation based on the company’s
improvement.
 It has influenced my oral and written communication skills through
exposure to numerous in Technical report and presentation skills.
5.4 CONCLUSION
The SIWES program is a very good initiative by the Federal Government
aimed at bridging the gap between academic learning and industrial experience.
This was fully achieved in my 1 month industrial training at BIBO Enterprise .

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I would say that the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is a

commendable program because the program afforded me the basic opportunity
to have a practical and theoretical experience of all classroom knowledge I
have gathered during the course of my academic training. After my I.T with
BIBO Enterprise, I have been able to use this training to explore various
avenues available at my disposal career wise. It has given me the opportunity to
have a look into the future and access my readiness for employment or
entrepreneurship.

REFERENCES

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