Class 7 Science – In-Depth EXTENDED Notes

Nutrition in Plants
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food using sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water. This process takes place in the chloroplasts of leaves. Chlorophyll absorbs light
energy. The food produced is glucose, which is stored as starch. Plants also show other modes of
nutrition such as saprophytic, parasitic, insectivorous, and symbiotic nutrition. Examples include
fungi, cuscuta, pitcher plant, and lichen. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make
their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. This process takes place in the
chloroplasts of leaves. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy. The food produced is glucose, which is
stored as starch. Plants also show other modes of nutrition such as saprophytic, parasitic,
insectivorous, and symbiotic nutrition. Examples include fungi, cuscuta, pitcher plant, and lichen.
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food using sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water. This process takes place in the chloroplasts of leaves. Chlorophyll absorbs light
energy. The food produced is glucose, which is stored as starch. Plants also show other modes of
nutrition such as saprophytic, parasitic, insectivorous, and symbiotic nutrition. Examples include
fungi, cuscuta, pitcher plant, and lichen. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make
their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. This process takes place in the
chloroplasts of leaves. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy. The food produced is glucose, which is
stored as starch. Plants also show other modes of nutrition such as saprophytic, parasitic,
insectivorous, and symbiotic nutrition. Examples include fungi, cuscuta, pitcher plant, and lichen.
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food using sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water. This process takes place in the chloroplasts of leaves. Chlorophyll absorbs light
energy. The food produced is glucose, which is stored as starch. Plants also show other modes of
nutrition such as saprophytic, parasitic, insectivorous, and symbiotic nutrition. Examples include
fungi, cuscuta, pitcher plant, and lichen. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make
their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. This process takes place in the
chloroplasts of leaves. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy. The food produced is glucose, which is
stored as starch. Plants also show other modes of nutrition such as saprophytic, parasitic,
insectivorous, and symbiotic nutrition. Examples include fungi, cuscuta, pitcher plant, and lichen.
Nutrition in Animals
Animals cannot make their own food and depend on plants and other animals. The steps of nutrition
include ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Different animals have different
types of teeth and feeding habits. Ruminants chew cud, while humans have a complete digestive
system. Animals cannot make their own food and depend on plants and other animals. The steps of
nutrition include ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Different animals have
different types of teeth and feeding habits. Ruminants chew cud, while humans have a complete
digestive system. Animals cannot make their own food and depend on plants and other animals.
The steps of nutrition include ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Different
animals have different types of teeth and feeding habits. Ruminants chew cud, while humans have
a complete digestive system. Animals cannot make their own food and depend on plants and other
animals. The steps of nutrition include ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
Different animals have different types of teeth and feeding habits. Ruminants chew cud, while
humans have a complete digestive system. Animals cannot make their own food and depend on
plants and other animals. The steps of nutrition include ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation, and egestion. Different animals have different types of teeth and feeding habits.
Ruminants chew cud, while humans have a complete digestive system. Animals cannot make their
own food and depend on plants and other animals. The steps of nutrition include ingestion,
digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Different animals have different types of teeth and
feeding habits. Ruminants chew cud, while humans have a complete digestive system.
Heat
Heat is a form of energy that causes a rise in temperature. Temperature is measured using
thermometers such as clinical and laboratory thermometers. Heat transfer takes place by
conduction, convection, and radiation. Dark-colored objects absorb more heat than light-colored
ones. Heat is a form of energy that causes a rise in temperature. Temperature is measured using
thermometers such as clinical and laboratory thermometers. Heat transfer takes place by
conduction, convection, and radiation. Dark-colored objects absorb more heat than light-colored
ones. Heat is a form of energy that causes a rise in temperature. Temperature is measured using
thermometers such as clinical and laboratory thermometers. Heat transfer takes place by
conduction, convection, and radiation. Dark-colored objects absorb more heat than light-colored
ones. Heat is a form of energy that causes a rise in temperature. Temperature is measured using
thermometers such as clinical and laboratory thermometers. Heat transfer takes place by
conduction, convection, and radiation. Dark-colored objects absorb more heat than light-colored
ones. Heat is a form of energy that causes a rise in temperature. Temperature is measured using
thermometers such as clinical and laboratory thermometers. Heat transfer takes place by
conduction, convection, and radiation. Dark-colored objects absorb more heat than light-colored
ones. Heat is a form of energy that causes a rise in temperature. Temperature is measured using
thermometers such as clinical and laboratory thermometers. Heat transfer takes place by
conduction, convection, and radiation. Dark-colored objects absorb more heat than light-colored
ones.
Acids, Bases and Salts
Acids are substances that taste sour and turn blue litmus red. Bases taste bitter and turn red litmus
blue. Neutralisation occurs when acids and bases react to form salt and water. Indicators like
litmus, turmeric, and china rose help identify acids and bases. Acids are substances that taste sour
and turn blue litmus red. Bases taste bitter and turn red litmus blue. Neutralisation occurs when
acids and bases react to form salt and water. Indicators like litmus, turmeric, and china rose help
identify acids and bases. Acids are substances that taste sour and turn blue litmus red. Bases taste
bitter and turn red litmus blue. Neutralisation occurs when acids and bases react to form salt and
water. Indicators like litmus, turmeric, and china rose help identify acids and bases. Acids are
substances that taste sour and turn blue litmus red. Bases taste bitter and turn red litmus blue.
Neutralisation occurs when acids and bases react to form salt and water. Indicators like litmus,
turmeric, and china rose help identify acids and bases. Acids are substances that taste sour and
turn blue litmus red. Bases taste bitter and turn red litmus blue. Neutralisation occurs when acids
and bases react to form salt and water. Indicators like litmus, turmeric, and china rose help identify
acids and bases. Acids are substances that taste sour and turn blue litmus red. Bases taste bitter
and turn red litmus blue. Neutralisation occurs when acids and bases react to form salt and water.
Indicators like litmus, turmeric, and china rose help identify acids and bases.
Physical and Chemical Changes
A physical change is usually reversible and does not form a new substance. A chemical change
results in the formation of one or more new substances and is irreversible. Rusting of iron is an
example of a chemical change and requires oxygen and moisture. A physical change is usually
reversible and does not form a new substance. A chemical change results in the formation of one or
more new substances and is irreversible. Rusting of iron is an example of a chemical change and
requires oxygen and moisture. A physical change is usually reversible and does not form a new
substance. A chemical change results in the formation of one or more new substances and is
irreversible. Rusting of iron is an example of a chemical change and requires oxygen and moisture.
A physical change is usually reversible and does not form a new substance. A chemical change
results in the formation of one or more new substances and is irreversible. Rusting of iron is an
example of a chemical change and requires oxygen and moisture. A physical change is usually
reversible and does not form a new substance. A chemical change results in the formation of one or
more new substances and is irreversible. Rusting of iron is an example of a chemical change and
requires oxygen and moisture. A physical change is usually reversible and does not form a new
substance. A chemical change results in the formation of one or more new substances and is
irreversible. Rusting of iron is an example of a chemical change and requires oxygen and moisture.
Respiration in Organisms
Respiration is the process by which organisms release energy from food. Aerobic respiration uses
oxygen and releases more energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less
energy. Different organisms have different respiratory organs. Respiration is the process by which
organisms release energy from food. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases more energy.
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy. Different organisms have
different respiratory organs. Respiration is the process by which organisms release energy from
food. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases more energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs
without oxygen and releases less energy. Different organisms have different respiratory organs.
Respiration is the process by which organisms release energy from food. Aerobic respiration uses
oxygen and releases more energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less
energy. Different organisms have different respiratory organs. Respiration is the process by which
organisms release energy from food. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases more energy.
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy. Different organisms have
different respiratory organs. Respiration is the process by which organisms release energy from
food. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases more energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs
without oxygen and releases less energy. Different organisms have different respiratory organs.
Transportation in Animals and Plants
The circulatory system in humans consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Blood transports
oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials. In plants, xylem transports water and minerals
while phloem transports food. The circulatory system in humans consists of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials. In plants, xylem
transports water and minerals while phloem transports food. The circulatory system in humans
consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
waste materials. In plants, xylem transports water and minerals while phloem transports food. The
circulatory system in humans consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Blood transports
oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials. In plants, xylem transports water and minerals
while phloem transports food. The circulatory system in humans consists of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials. In plants, xylem
transports water and minerals while phloem transports food. The circulatory system in humans
consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
waste materials. In plants, xylem transports water and minerals while phloem transports food.
Reproduction in Plants
Plants reproduce by asexual and sexual methods. Asexual reproduction includes vegetative
propagation, budding, and fragmentation. Sexual reproduction involves pollination, fertilisation,
seed formation, and dispersal. Plants reproduce by asexual and sexual methods. Asexual
reproduction includes vegetative propagation, budding, and fragmentation. Sexual reproduction
involves pollination, fertilisation, seed formation, and dispersal. Plants reproduce by asexual and
sexual methods. Asexual reproduction includes vegetative propagation, budding, and
fragmentation. Sexual reproduction involves pollination, fertilisation, seed formation, and dispersal.
Plants reproduce by asexual and sexual methods. Asexual reproduction includes vegetative
propagation, budding, and fragmentation. Sexual reproduction involves pollination, fertilisation,
seed formation, and dispersal. Plants reproduce by asexual and sexual methods. Asexual
reproduction includes vegetative propagation, budding, and fragmentation. Sexual reproduction
involves pollination, fertilisation, seed formation, and dispersal. Plants reproduce by asexual and
sexual methods. Asexual reproduction includes vegetative propagation, budding, and
fragmentation. Sexual reproduction involves pollination, fertilisation, seed formation, and dispersal.
Motion and Time
Motion is defined as the change in position of an object with time. Speed is the distance travelled
per unit time. Objects may move with uniform or non-uniform motion. Time is measured using
clocks and stopwatches. Motion is defined as the change in position of an object with time. Speed is
the distance travelled per unit time. Objects may move with uniform or non-uniform motion. Time is
measured using clocks and stopwatches. Motion is defined as the change in position of an object
with time. Speed is the distance travelled per unit time. Objects may move with uniform or
non-uniform motion. Time is measured using clocks and stopwatches. Motion is defined as the
change in position of an object with time. Speed is the distance travelled per unit time. Objects may
move with uniform or non-uniform motion. Time is measured using clocks and stopwatches. Motion
is defined as the change in position of an object with time. Speed is the distance travelled per unit
time. Objects may move with uniform or non-uniform motion. Time is measured using clocks and
stopwatches. Motion is defined as the change in position of an object with time. Speed is the
distance travelled per unit time. Objects may move with uniform or non-uniform motion. Time is
measured using clocks and stopwatches.
Electric Current and its Effects
Electric current flows through a closed circuit. The heating effect of electric current is used in
electric appliances like heaters and bulbs. Electric current also produces a magnetic effect. Electric
current flows through a closed circuit. The heating effect of electric current is used in electric
appliances like heaters and bulbs. Electric current also produces a magnetic effect. Electric current
flows through a closed circuit. The heating effect of electric current is used in electric appliances like
heaters and bulbs. Electric current also produces a magnetic effect. Electric current flows through a
closed circuit. The heating effect of electric current is used in electric appliances like heaters and
bulbs. Electric current also produces a magnetic effect. Electric current flows through a closed
circuit. The heating effect of electric current is used in electric appliances like heaters and bulbs.
Electric current also produces a magnetic effect. Electric current flows through a closed circuit. The
heating effect of electric current is used in electric appliances like heaters and bulbs. Electric
current also produces a magnetic effect.
Light
Light travels in a straight line. Reflection of light occurs when it strikes a smooth surface like a
mirror. Images formed may be real or virtual depending on the mirror used. Light travels in a
straight line. Reflection of light occurs when it strikes a smooth surface like a mirror. Images formed
may be real or virtual depending on the mirror used. Light travels in a straight line. Reflection of light
occurs when it strikes a smooth surface like a mirror. Images formed may be real or virtual
depending on the mirror used. Light travels in a straight line. Reflection of light occurs when it
strikes a smooth surface like a mirror. Images formed may be real or virtual depending on the mirror
used. Light travels in a straight line. Reflection of light occurs when it strikes a smooth surface like a
mirror. Images formed may be real or virtual depending on the mirror used. Light travels in a
straight line. Reflection of light occurs when it strikes a smooth surface like a mirror. Images formed
may be real or virtual depending on the mirror used.
Water
Water is a precious natural resource essential for all living organisms. The water cycle consists of
evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Rainwater harvesting and conservation of water are
very important. Water is a precious natural resource essential for all living organisms. The water
cycle consists of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Rainwater harvesting and
conservation of water are very important. Water is a precious natural resource essential for all living
organisms. The water cycle consists of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Rainwater
harvesting and conservation of water are very important. Water is a precious natural resource
essential for all living organisms. The water cycle consists of evaporation, condensation, and
precipitation. Rainwater harvesting and conservation of water are very important. Water is a
precious natural resource essential for all living organisms. The water cycle consists of evaporation,
condensation, and precipitation. Rainwater harvesting and conservation of water are very
important. Water is a precious natural resource essential for all living organisms. The water cycle
consists of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Rainwater harvesting and conservation of
water are very important.