Unit 1: Electromagnetism & Dielectrics
2 Marks Questions
1. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics.
2. Define electric flux.
3. What is polarization in dielectrics?
4. Write Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
5. Define electric displacement vector.
4 Marks Questions
1. Explain divergence and curl of a vector field with examples.
2. Describe Laplace and Poisson equations.
3. Explain polarization in non■polar dielectrics.
4. Explain Maxwell’s displacement current.
8 Marks Questions
1. Derive Maxwell’s equations in free space.
2. Explain types of polarization: electronic, ionic and orientation.
3. Derive expression for energy stored in an electric field.
12 Marks Questions
1. Discuss electric field and potential due to a uniformly charged sphere.
2. Explain dielectric properties and frequency–temperature dependence.
3. Derive Gauss divergence theorem with applications.
Bits
1. Unit of permittivity?
2. Direction of electric field?
3. SI unit of polarization?
4. Define curl.
Problems with Solutions
1. Problem: A capacitor has C = 10 µF and V = 50 V. Find energy stored. Solution: U = 1/2 CV² =
12.5 J.
2. Problem: A charge of 4 µC is placed in a field 2000 N/C. Find force. Solution: F = qE = 0.008 N.
Unit 2: Magnetic Materials
2 Marks Questions
1. Define magnetic susceptibility.
2. What is permeability?
3. Give two examples of ferromagnetic materials.
4. What is retentivity?
4 Marks Questions
1. Explain domain theory of ferromagnetism.
2. Differentiate hard and soft magnetic materials.
3. Explain ferrimagnetism with example.
8 Marks Questions
1. Explain classification of magnetic materials.
2. Discuss hysteresis loop and its significance.
3. Explain spintronics and its applications.
12 Marks Questions
1. Explain magnetic bubbles and their applications.
2. Discuss ferrites and their properties in detail.
Bits
1. Unit of magnetic field?
2. Example of diamagnetic material.
Problems with Solutions
1. Problem: A toroid has N = 600 turns, I = 2 A, r = 10 cm. Find magnetic field. Solution: B = µ0 NI /
(2πr).
Unit 3: Quantum Mechanics
2 Marks Questions
1. Define de Broglie wavelength.
2. What is wave function?
3. State uncertainty principle.
4. Define normalization.
4 Marks Questions
1. Explain physical significance of wave function.
2. Explain time dependent Schrödinger equation.
3. Explain Compton effect.
8 Marks Questions
1. Derive time independent Schrödinger equation.
2. Explain particle in a 1D box.
3. Explain black body radiation.
12 Marks Questions
1. Explain photoelectric effect with Einstein’s equation.
2. Discuss harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics.
Bits
1. Photon energy formula?
2. Define coherence.
Problems with Solutions
1. Problem: Find energy of a photon of wavelength 600 nm. Solution: E = hc/λ.
2. Problem: Calculate ground state energy of electron in 1D infinite well of width 1 nm.
Unit 4: Wave Optics
2 Marks Questions
1. Define interference.
2. What is diffraction?
3. What is Brewster's angle?
4. Define resolving power.
4 Marks Questions
1. Explain Young’s double slit experiment.
2. Explain Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit.
3. Explain polarization by reflection.
8 Marks Questions
1. Explain diffraction grating and its applications.
2. Discuss Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction.
3. Explain quarter and half wave plates.
12 Marks Questions
1. Derive single slit Fraunhofer diffraction pattern.
2. Discuss polarization by reflection, refraction and double refraction.
Bits
1. Unit of wavelength?
2. Define wavefront.
Problems with Solutions
1. Problem: Calculate fringe width for λ=600 nm, D=1 m, d=0.2 mm. Solution: β = λD/d.
Unit 5: Lasers & Fiber Optics
2 Marks Questions
1. Define stimulated emission.
2. What is population inversion?
3. Define numerical aperture.
4. What is total internal reflection?
4 Marks Questions
1. Explain essential components of a laser.
2. Explain absorption and emission processes.
3. Explain acceptance angle in fiber.
8 Marks Questions
1. Explain working of semiconductor laser.
2. Explain characteristics of laser beam.
3. Describe losses in optical fibers.
12 Marks Questions
1. Explain optical fiber communication system in detail.
2. Discuss classification of optical fibers.
Bits
1. Expand LASER.
2. Define coherence length.
Problems with Solutions
1. Problem: A fiber has n1=1.5, n2=1.45. Find NA. Solution: NA = sqrt(n1²-n2²).
2. Problem: Compute critical angle for n1=1.5 and n2=1.33.