HEM SHEELA MODEL

SCHOOL,DURGAPUR

NAME:-SAGNIK CHATTERJEE
CLASS/SEC:-VIII/F
ROLL NO:-24
SUBJECT:-COMPUTER SCIENCE
MDP
SESSION:-2024-2025

TOPIC:- classification OF
OPERATING SYSTEM.
[Link] user operating
system:- Single user operating system is also known as
a single-tasking operating system, and a single-user operating
system is designed especially for home computers. A single user
can access the computer at a particular time. The single-user
operating system allows permission to access your personal
computer at a time by a single user, but sometimes it can
support multiple profiles. It can also be used in official work and
other environments as well.

So this operating system does not require the support of memory

protection, file protection, and security system. The computers
based on this operating system have a single processor to
execute only a single program at all times. This system provides
all the resources such as CPU, and I/O devices, to a single user at
a time.

Single-user operating system

The operating system for those computers which support only

one computer. In this operating system, another user can not
interact with another working user. The core part of the single-
user operating system is one kernel image that will run at a time
i.e there is no other facility to run more than one kernel image.
Features of the Single-User Operating System:

 Interpreting user’s commands.

 File management.
 Memory management.
 Input/output management.
 Resource allocation.
 Managing process.

Advantages:

 This OS occupies less space in memory.

 Easy to maintain.
 Less chance of damage.
 This is a single-user interface it allows only one user’s
tasks to execute in a given time.
 In this operating system only one user work at a time, so
there will be no interruption of others.

Disadvantages:

 It can perform only a single task.

 The main drawback is, the OS remains idle for most of
the time and is not utilized to its maximum.
 Tasks take longer to complete.
 It has a high response time.

Types of Single-user Operating Systems:

This operating system is of two types:-

1. Single User Single-Tasking
2. Single User Multi-Tasking
Single-User Single-Tasking: Operating system allows a single
user to execute one program at a particular time. This operating
system is designed especially for wireless phones and two-way
messaging. Some functions such as printing a document, and
downloading images and videos are performed in one given
frame.
Example: MS-DOS, Palm OS (Used in Palm-held computers).
Advantages:
 Uses less area in memory
 Cost efficient
Disadvantage:
 Less Optimized
Single-User Multi-Tasking: Operating system allows a single
user to execute multiple programs at the same time, the single
user can perform multiple tasks at a time. This type of operating
system is found on personal desktops and laptops. The most
popular single-user multi-tasking is Microsoft windows. This
single-user multi-tasking can be pre-emptive or cooperative.
 Pre-emptive: The operating system shares the central
processing time by dedicating a single slot to each of the
programs.
 Co-operative: This is attained by relying on each
process to give time to other methods in a defined
manner. Some example taking photos while capturing
video, a user can perform different tasks such as making
calculations in excel sheets.
Example: Windows, Mac
Advantages:
 Time-saving
 High productivity in less time frame
 Less memory is used
Disadvantage:
 Require more space
 More complexity
[Link] operating
system:-
An operating system is software that acts as an interface
between the user and the computer hardware which does
multiple functions such as memory management; file
management and processor management. The operating system
should have to meet the requirements of all its users in a
balanced way so that if any problem would arise with a user, it
does not affect any other user in the chain.
In a multiuser operating system, multiple numbers of users can
access different resources of a computer at the same time. The
access is provided using a network that consists of various
personal computers attached to a mainframe computer system.
A multi-user operating system allows the permission of multiple
users for accessing a single machine at a time. The various
personal computers can send and receive information to the
mainframe computer system. Thus, the mainframe computer
acts as the server and other personal computers act as clients
for that server.

Components of the multi-user operating

system:
1. Memory: Consists of main memory (RAM). Main
memory is determined as an important part of the
operating system because it specifies how many
programs may be executed simultaneously. The system
can correct data that is present in the main memory,
 therefore every program that is executed must be copied
from physical storage.
The types of physical storage:
 Hard disk: Hard disk can hold a huge amount of
data and also determines how many programs
can be run at a single time.
 Floppy disk: It is more inexpensive, but it is
potable
 Optical disks: They use a laser to read and
write data. They can hold large data and
portable
 Tapes: They are expensive but they can hold a
huge amount of data.
2. Kernel: This component is embedded in the computer
system’s main memory and may interact directly with
the system’s hardware. The multi-user operating system
uses the kernel component at a low level, it is written in
a low-level language.
3. Processor: The core of the computer is called the
central processing unit (CPU).
4. Device handler: The device handler’s primary goal is to
provide all requests from the whole device request
queue. The device handler operates in continuous cycle
mode, first discarding the I/O request block from the
queue side. The concept that is behind the handler is a
queue where we follow the first in first out (FIFO)
principle.
5. Spooler: Simultaneously peripheral output on line. The
spooler runs all computer processes and outputs the
results at the same time.
6. User interface: Create a simple environment for all
users for using the computer system. It is the point of
communication between users and hardware (or)
software. The main frame is one of the systems which
works on the concepts of multi-user programming
concept. It is widely used in banks, to store bank account
and transaction details. This mainframe helps in various
ways: security and scalability.
Types of Multi-user Operating Systems:
The multi-user operating systems is of the following types:
1. Distributed System
2. Time sliced system
3. Multiprocessor system
[Link] operating
system:-
The operating system functions like a manager of all the
available resources. Therefore operating system is defined as an
interface between the system and the user. There are various
types of operating systems such as Batch Operating Systems,
Multi-programming Operating Systems, distributed operating
systems time-sharing operating systems, real-time operating
systems, and distributed operating systems. Each operating
system offers different types of features and advantages. The
below article covers in detail the Multiprocessing operating
system.
What is meant by a Multi-Processing
Operating System?
A multiprocessing operating system is defined as a type of
operating system that makes use of more than one CPU to
improve performance. Multiple processors work parallelly in
multi-processing operating systems to perform the given task. All
the available processors are connected to peripheral devices,
computer buses, physical memory, and clocks. The main aim of
the multi-processing operating system is to increase the speed of
execution of the system. The use of a multiprocessing operating
system improves the overall performance of the system. For
example, UNIX, LINUX, and Solaris are the most widely used
multi-processing operating system.
Working of Multi-Processing Operating
System
 Multi-processing operating system consists of multiple
CPUs. Each CPU is connected to the main memory.
 The task to be performed id divided among all the
processors.
 For faster execution and improved performance, each
processor is assigned a specific task.
 Once all the tasks of each processor are completed they
are compiled together in order to produce a single
output.
 The allocation of resources for each processor is handled
by the operating system. This process results in better
 utilization of the available resources and improved
performance.
The below diagram describes the working of multi-processing
operating systems.

Types of Multi-Processing Operating

Systems
Multi-processing operating systems are classified into two types.
They are:
1. Symmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System
In a Symmetrical multiprocessing operating system, each
processor executes the same copy of operating system every
time. Each process makes its own decisions and works according
to all other process to make sure that system works efficiently.
With the help of CPU scheduling algorithms, the task is assigned
to the CPU that has least burden. Symmetrical multiprocessing
operating system is also known as “Shared Everything System”
because all the processors share memory and input-output bus.
Below image describes about symmetrical multiprocessing
operating system.
 Symmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System

Advantages
 Failure of one processor does not affect the functioning of
other processors.
 It divides all the workload equally to the available
processors.
 Makes use of available resources efficiently.
Disadvantages
 Symmetrical multiprocessing OS are more complex.
 They are more costlier.
 Synchronization between multiple processors is difficult.
2. Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System
In Asymmetrical multiprocessing operating system one processor
acts as a master whereas remaining all processors act a slaves.
Slave processors are assigned with ready to execute processes
by the master processor. A ready queue is being maintained by
master processor to provides with processes for slaves. In
multiprocessing operating system a schedular is created by
master process that assigns processes to be executed to slave
processors. Below diagram describes about the asymmetrical
multiprocessing operating system.
 Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System

Advantages
 Asymmetrical multiprocessing operating system are cost-
effective.
 They are easy to design and manage.
 They are more scalable.
Disadvantages
 There can be uneven distribution of workload among the
processors.
 The processors do not share same memory.
 Entire system goes down if one process fails.
Conclusion
Multiprocessing operating systems are designed in such a way
that multiple processors can work simultaneously. They provides
with advantages such better performance, efficient utilization of
resources and high availability. The two different types of
multiprocessing operating systems they are symmetrical and
asymmetrical differ according to their process, use, cost and
other features. According to the requirement they types of
Operating are used.

Multiprogramming in Operating
SystemFeatures of Multiprogramming
1. Need Single CPU for implementation.
2. Context switch between process.
3. Switching happens when current process undergoes
waiting state.
4. CPU idle time is reduced.
5. High resource utilization.
 6. High Performance.
Disadvantages of Multiprogramming
1. Prior knowledge of scheduling algorithms (An algorithm
that decides which next process will get hold of the CPU)
is required.
2. If it has a large number of jobs, then long-term jobs will
have to require a long wait.
3. Memory management is needed in the operating system
because all types of tasks are stored in the main
memory.
4. Using multiprogramming up to a larger extent can cause
a heat-up issue.
Scheduling Algorithms are of two types.
1. Preemptive Scheduling algorithm: In the preemptive
scheduling algorithm if more than one process wants to
enter into the critical section then it will be allowed and it
can enter into the critical section without any
interruption only if no other progress is in the critical
section.
2. Non-Preemptive scheduling algorithm: If a process
gets a critical section then it will not leave the critical
section until or unless it works gets done.
How do Multiprogramming Operating
Systems Work?
In multiprogramming system, multiple programs are to be stored
in memory and each program has to be given a specific portion
of memory which is known as process. The operating system
handles all these process and their states. Before the process
undergoes execution, the operating system selects a ready
process by checking which one process should udergo execution.
When the chosen process undergoes CPU execution, it might be
possible that in between process need any input/output
operation at that time process goes out of main memory for I/O
operation and temporarily stored in secondary storage and CPU
switches to next ready process. And when the process which
undergoes for I/O operation comes again after completing the
work, then CPU switches to this process. This switching is
happening so fast and repeatedly that creates an illusion of
simultaneous execution.
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