CHAPTER-1 • St.

Peter's Basilica was built under the guidance of

HUMANISM Michelangelo
[Link] of the Renaissance 9. Renaissance Literature
• Humanism • Rationalism • Gave importance to individual liberty and secular values.
• Progress of trade • Rise of nation states • Rejected medieval scholasticism.
• Individual liberty • Growth of urban life • Inspired by Greco-Roman culture
• Spread of secular values • Monetary economy • Wrote in regional languages.
[Link] led to the beginning of the Renaissance in • Prose literature became prominent.
Italy? Renaissance Writers –
• Italian cities became rich and independent Shakespeare – Julius Caesar shows humanist ideals
• Traders know banking and bookkeeping. Dante – Wrote The Divine Comedy in regional language;
• They become wealthy through trade. shows human emotions and patriotism
• A new wealthy class emerged Boccaccio – Wrote The Decameron
• The Crusades increased East–West contact. Niccolò Machiavelli – Wrote The Prince; advised rulers to
• The Plague killed thousands stay impartial
• It caused labour shortage Cassandra Fedele – Renaissance woman writer and
• It led to the decline of feudalism humanist. Advocated women’s education
• Old Roman books, languages, art were studied. [Link] Renaissance writers and their works.
• Turks conquered Constantinople Author Work
• Scholars migrated to Italy Erasmus In Praise of Folly
• Italian cities became cultural centres.
3. Scholasticism and Humanism Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales
Scholasticism Humanism Thomas More Utopia
• Medieval school of *Focused on human life, Cervantes Don Quixote
thought experience, and reason [Link] of Printing Press
• Based on Christian *Emphasised human • Spread of knowledge • Progress in literacy
theology abilities and emotions • Popularising literature • Reading more literary works
• Focused on God and *Shift from God-centred to [Link] established the first printing press in Europe.
afterlife human-centred thinking • Johannes Gutenberg
[Link] Medieval Art and Renaissance Art 13..Three periods of history
Medieval: Focus on religion, angels,heaven • Ancient – up to 5th century
Renaissance: Focus on humans, nature, real life • Medieval – 5th to 15th century
5. Features of Renaissance painting. • Modern – from 15th century
• Landscapes • Use of colour to show light. Introduced by Flavio Biondo & Leonardo BruniAncient
• The use of oil paint • Realistic human figures [Link] in historiography during Renaissance
• Portraits • Divine figures in ideal human form • Secular thinking
[Link] Renaissance painters. • Importance to human life
Masaccio • Use of evidence like coins, manuscripts
• His wall paintings were round in shape • Critical thinking
• It projected from the surface. • Scientific study
• Showed human figures in daily life [Link] science
Leonardo da Vinci • Galileo – Challenged geocentric view, invented telescope
• Painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper • Copernicus – Sun-centred solar system
• Expert use of light and shadow • Kepler – Planetary speed varies with distance from Sun
• Expressed human emotions clearly • Newton – Law of gravitation
Michelangelo • Medicine & Anatomy – Paracelsus studied diseases;
• Painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and The Last Vesalius dissected cadavers
Judgment [Link] Reformation in Europe?
• Famous for powerful, beautiful human forms • Protest against Catholic Church practices
[Link] sculptors. • Sale of indulgences was a key issue
Masaccio: Important Renaissance sculptor • Martin Luther – 95 Theses in Wittenberg
• Broke away from Gothic style • Started in Germany, spread across Europe
• Famous works: David and Gattamelata 17. Counter-Reformation.
Michelangelo:- • Catholic Church reformed itself
• Sculpted gods in human forms • Also called Catholic Reformation
• Moved away from traditional Greco-Roman style • The sale of indulgence was banned.
• Famous works: Pietà and David • Index of forbidden books published
[Link] Architecture • Society of Jesus led by Ignatius Loyola played key role
• Different from the Gothic style . • Removed wrong tendencies in the Church.
• The lofty towers were replaced with domes.
Sheela N,HST Social Science,Govt.V&HSS Kulathoor