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Migrants’ Roles in Municipal Solid Waste Circularity in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Ade Adebayo, PhD and Saheed Ojolowo, PhD

Abstract
The sprout of waste recycling is driven by the resource recovery perspective and the detrimental
environmental impact of disposal in landfills. Despite the vantage position of migrants in waste
recovery in circularity-Ibadan, documentation of their contributions is scanty. Therefore, this
study unravels the number of migrants and the roles played in municipal solid waste recycling in
Ibadan. Out of 210 and 421 informal waste collectors at Agbowo and Bodija, 173 (82.4%) and
278 (66.0%) were migrants respectively. The identified roles were descriptively analysed and
presented in percentages, charts, and tables. The push factors of migration were identified with
the help of the Logit model at p≤0.05. The results revealed that migrants played significant roles
in municipal solid waste collection, characterisation, and sorting. Conflict (β1=0.555), loss of
livelihood (β2=0.552), famine (β3 = 0.530), trading (β4 = 0.572), and marriage (β = 0.525) were
the significant factors of migration. Others were education (β6 = 0.508) and domestic violence
(β5 = 0.504). Migrants have been playing significant roles in the recycling of municipal solid
waste in Ibadan and they should be encouraged through improved patronage and engagement.

Keywords: Migrants, circularity, solid waste characterisation, push factor, recycling

Introduction
The population of the globe has increased dramatically, from 3.1 billion in 1960 to
approximately 7 billion in 2010, and by 2050, scientists predict a population increase to 9.3
billion people (FAO, 2019). This growing population contributes significantly to the generation
of a significant amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), which from 2016 created 2.01 billion
tonnes annually and is anticipated to reach 3.40 billion tonnes annually by 2050 (World Bank,
2018). Municipal At a rate of 1.2 kg per person per day, a total of 1,300 metric tons of MSW is
expected to be produced (World Bank, 2012). This enormous amount of MSW is expected to
reach 2,200 Mt/year by 2025, and its management poses a severe threat to the sustainability of
the environment (Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012). Cities in Nigeria, being among the fast-
growing cities in the world (Onibokun and Kumuyi, 1996) are faced with the problem of solid
waste generation. The implication is serious when a country is growing rapidly and the wastes
are not efficiently managed. The waste generation scenario in Nigeria has been of great concern
both globally and locally. Of the different categories of waste being generated, municipal solid
wastes had posed a hydra-headed problem beyond the scope of various waste management
systems in Nigeria (Geoffrey, 2005), as the streets experience the continual presence of solid
waste materials from domestic, commercial, and industrial activities.

The management of waste in urban areas of Nigeria is the responsibility of the city municipality.
However, due to a lack of adequate technology, human capital, institutional setup, and financial
constraints the sector has been mistreated (Chikwe et al, 2015). Collecting and managing solid
waste is an important challenge for countries across the world. In Nigeria, heaps of uncollected
garbage pollute the environment and contributed to higher rates of diarrhea and acute respiratory
infections among people living close and far from the garbage dumps (Pona, et al, 2021). More

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so, 52% of the population lives in urban areas and the average annual population growth rate is at
2.53% in 2020 (CIA, 2020). Previous studies by (David et al, 2020) have shown that the country
generates well over thirty-two million tons of solid waste annually, of which only a low
percentage (20–30%) is collected.

The spate at which wastes are being generated has not been met with collection measures put in
place by governments at all levels. One of these is that public waste collectors do not go from
door to door to collect waste but at communal waste dumps spread across the city landscape,
from where officials collect solid waste for onward transport to dumpsite without recycling.
Hence, the incursion of informal waste recycling into the waste management framework,
particularly in urban areas. The informal waste recyclers also collect the garbage from the
household to isolated places for sorting, recycling, and eventual disposal. This is responsible for
the indiscriminate municipal solid waste deposition on road divides and verges, in public drains
and water bodies, on vacant lands and air spaces of buildings because informal waste collectors
cum recyclers have been outlawed in the State. The research, therefore is designed to unravel
their contributions to municipal solid waste recycling in Ibadan and understand the reasons for
immigration into Nigeria.

Literature Review
The waste circularity
Circularity involves a waste management system that combines changes in the entire supply
chain (Johansen et al. 2022), from designers and choice of materials to operators and recycling
issues (Salmenpera et al. 2021). The circular economy is oriented to nature as its role model. In
essence, the concept of the circular economy aims to keep raw materials in a closed loop. In this
way, resources are maximally used, the need for new ones is reduced, waste is avoided and the
life cycle of products is increased. In short, the waste of today becomes the raw material of
tomorrow - the same as in nature. In this way, the circular economy differs from the current
economic system i.e., the linear system, in which products are manufactured, used, and disposed
of.

Circularity is a regenerative and restorative system, which allows the conservation of the value
of raw materials by breaking with the concept of end-of-life of products, minimizing waste and
emissions and increasing efficiency, through recycling, reusing, and remanufacturing, among
others (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2017). This paradigm represents a further step towards
sustainability supported by its three fundamental pillars—economic, environmental and social
sustainability (Muñoz-Torres et al. 2018). The circular system is based on the principle of
material balance, seeking the regeneration of natural systems, which implies the minimisation of
waste and pollution. In this way, changes already beginning to emerge in the design phase
(Foschi et al. 2021) and go beyond the production system, reaching the development of new
patterns of consumption and use by maintaining or reusing products and materials (Vanapalli et
al. 2021). From physical planning point of view, it implies that all material or waste streams
must be considered (Andersen 2007). Products have a longer lifetime, and new applications, and
are reintroduced into the production system, closing the loop. The social aspect is fundamental to
this, and coordination and cooperation with suppliers and customers must be facilitated (Martín
Martín et al. 2022).

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Ibadan and waste management strategy

Ibadan is the capital and most populous city of Oyo State, in Nigeria. It is the third-largest city
by population in Nigeria after Lagos and Kano, with a total population of 3,649,000 as of 2021,
and over 6 million people within its metropolitan area (IUFMP, 2022). It is the largest city in
Nigeria by geographical area. At the time of Nigeria's independence in 1960, Ibadan was the
largest and most populous city in the country and the second most populous in Africa behind
Cairo. Ibadan is located in southwestern Nigeria, 128 kilometres inland northeast of Lagos and
530 kilometres southwest of Abuja, the federal capital. It is a prominent transit point between the
coastal region and areas in the hinterland of the country.

Ibadan is divided into 11 local government districts, Ibadan North being one of them. The two
most populated towns in the local government of Ibadan North are Agbowo and Bodija.
According to Abimbola and Adekola (2014) there are 76,740 households in the Ibadan North
Local Government Area. Agbowo is situated in the center of Ibadan, an ancient city, with Bodija
to its north and Ojo to its west. It faces the University of Ibadan immediately to the south, the
Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER) to the west, and the Trans
Amusement Park to the east via the Mokola Road. The communities of Agbowo and Bodija are
heavily populated by University of Ibadan and The Polytechnic, Ibadan students.

Waste generation has been on the increase since 1960 in Ibadan. The rate of waste generation
increased from 0.37 kg/capita/day in the late 1960s/early 1970s (PAI Associates, 1982;
Egunjobi, 1986, 2008) to 0.55 kg/capita/day between 2012 and 2015 (Wahab and Sridhar 2014;
Odewumi et al., 2016; OYOWMA, 2017; World Bank, 2017; Alabi et al., 2020). In 2012, about
635,000 tons, approximately 0.55 kg/person/day quantity of waste was generated in the city
(Odewumi et al., 2016). Oyelaran and Rufai (2015) disaggregate the waste generated in the city
of Ibadan into organic waste (accounting for 42% by weight), paper (10%), textile (2%), glass
(4%), metal (5%), wood (3%) and plastics (9%). Some of the wastes are hazardous, flammable,
or non-biodegradable. Without adequate provision for residential solid waste management, a
diverse range of disease vectors will likely breed or feed within and around houses and
residential neighbourhoods, reducing quality of life, wellbeing and hindering sustainable
development (Asubonteng, 2011; Agbola et al., 2012).

The responsibility for solid waste management in the city currently lies with the Oyo State
Government, Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Oyo State Solid Waste
Management Authority (OYOWMA) and local governments. Each organ of government has
different roles and responsibilities. In terms of waste management, OYOWMA is the statutory
body established in 1997 by the state government to undertake waste collection, processing and
disposal (Wahab and Ola, 2016). It has the direct and operational responsibility for residential
solid waste management in the city. The Ministry of Environment and Water Resources performs
a supervisory role over the Oyo State Solid Waste Management Authority. The Oyo State Solid
Waste Management Authority is charged with the responsibility of collecting wastes along major
roads, markets, inner city areas and other areas not covered by private waste contractors. Prior to
Edict No. 8 of 1997 establishing OYOWMA, municipal solid waste collection and disposal were
undertaken by the Ibadan Solid Waste Management Authority. The authority was functioning
under the Ibadan City Council and later when Ibadan Municipal Government was created, the
responsibility was transferred to Ibadan Municipal Council. Later, Ibadan city and its environs

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were constitutionally divided into eleven local government areas (LGAs) to shoulder the
responsibility of collecting, transporting, and disposing of municipal solid wastes (Omoleke,
2004; World Bank, 2017). The idea of involving the private sector in residential solid waste
management started in 1985. According to Cointreau-Levine (1994), the collection service by
licensed private contractors was initiated in 1985 when a private franchise of residential waste
collection in high-income residential layout areas was implemented.

Methodology
In this study, a cross-sectional design was employed which involved the use of a semi-structured
interviewer questionnaire to purposefully select informal waster collector who are migrants.
Each cluster has the number of informal waste collectors (IWC) as presented in Table 1. There
were 411 IWC at Bodija and 203 at Agbowo. Out of these, 278 (67.6% of 411) and 174 (85.7%
of 203) were informal migrant waste collectors (IMWC) in Bodija and Agbowo respectively.
Subsequently, 50.3% of the IMWC were randomly sampled.

Table 1. Sampling design for the administration of questionnaire

A B C D E F
Location Clusters Population Population Percentage Sampled
of IWC of IMWC D of C IMWC
Agbowo Ilupeju 38 32 84.2 16
Major Salawu 30 28 93.3 14
Ile-Eja 25 22 88.0 11
Agbowo Express 51 42 82.4 21
Agbowo Shopping Complex 59 50 84.7 25
Sub-Total 203 174 85.7 87
Bodija Iso Pako 57 42 73.7 21
Adewunmi Layout 63 22 34.9 11
Rail-line 139 130 93.5 65
Housing 79 46 58.2 23
Custom Building 73 38 52.1 19
Sub-Total 411 278 67.6 139
Grand-Total 614 451 73.5 226
Source: Fieldwork, 2023

The questionnaire employed for data collection was divided into: Section A: Socio-economic
traits, Section and B: Migratory push-factors. A session of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was
held with IMWC to obtain information on their contributions to municipal solid waste recycling.
Respondents were instructed to characterise, sort and measured the recoverable and reusable
materials out of the waste collected on the day before the questionnaire administration. The
characterisation and sorting were witnessed by the researchers. The data collected were
processed and analysed using IBM SPSS Statistical package version 27. Data were analysed
using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Logit model was employed to determine the
factors that contributed to migration among IMWC in Ibadan.

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Results and Discussions

Socio-economic traits
The analysis of the respondents' nationalities revealed that 12.8% of respondents were from
Cameroon, 31.4% were from Niger, and 41.6% were from Chad. As shown in Figure 1, there
were further 5.8% Indians, 4.9% Ghanaians, and 3.5% Libyans. The influx of immigrants into
Ibadan's municipal solid waste collection and recycling industry is a sign that the industry is
economically viable. Additionally, their move to Nigeria and subsequent participation in
informal solid waste recycling demonstrated the globalised nature of garbage recycling and the
growing understanding of the circular economy. The study also showed that there were 3.5%
females and 96.5% men among the IMWC. Male IMWC were the main players in municipal
solid waste (MSW), whereas female IMWC were mostly involved in sorting MSW at sites.

Fig. 1: Country of origin of respondents

The age of the IMWC ranges from 15 years to 50 years as shown in Figure 2. The age group that
has the highest frequency was 21-25 year with 27.9% respondents, followed by 31-35 year with
24.8% IMWC, and 26-30 year has 19.0% frequency. Those in the age group of 15-20 years was
next with 11.1%, this indicated that the age of the majority of the IMWC was between 15-35
year. This is an active age for searching for better life in foreign lands that culminated in
migration. The age group is synonymous with the strength to explore new worlds, hence their
ability to engage in municipal solid waste picking and transportation, during which they trek
from one neighbourhood to another. Those between 36-40 year was 4.9%, 41-45 year was 7.1%,
and 46-50 year was 5.3%. In this age group (36-50 year) the number of IMWC keep dwindling,
which shows the significance of age in migration and probably in the nature of economic
engagement of the migrants. Migration has been identified to have relationship with age
distribution and time, late fifties and early sixties seems to have low rate of urge to relocate.

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Fig. 2: Age group of respondents

As indicated by the respondents, the majority 94.2% were married and only 5.8% were single.
Those who indicated single were between the age bracket of 15 years and 20 years. The family
size of the respondents revealed that the majority 62.4% had between four and six family
members, 23.9% had seven and more members in their family, while only 13.7% had at least
three family members. In terms of educational attainment, the majority 65.7% had Quranic
education and could not communicate efficiently in the English language. The remaining 34.3%
of the IMWC had a Western education in their countries and could communicate fairly in the
English language. The analysis of the income of the respondents revealed that the majority
55.3% earned between N31, 000 and N50,000 monthly, which is above the national minimum
wage (N30,000) in Nigeria, and an indication of the viability of the trade. The next proportion,
23.9% earned between N51,000 and N70,000, while those who indicated monthly income of
more than N70,000 was 7.1%. In spite of the appreciable income from the trade of recycling,
some 13.7% of the MWC still earned below N30,000 monthly.

Migratory push-factors
The decision to immigrate to Nigeria was inquired and the following outcomes were obtained.
One of the major factors for migrating to Nigeria was the conflict in the home country as
indicated by 41.2% of the respondents, 27.0% indicated the loss of livelihood, while those who
left their countries because of famine was 6.6%. Other reasons that led to forceful relocation
were domestic violence 1.3% and famine 6.6%. Some, 0.9% also relocated willingly to farm in
Nigeria, 5.3% relocated due to marriage, while 3.1% moved to Nigeria in search of education.
The analysis showed that the majority 75.2% of the migrant municipal solid waste recyclers were
forcefully moved to Nigeria in search of better livelihood and peaceful living.

In view of this, an inferential analysis predicting the significant factors that drive the incidence of
migration was carried out. Statistically processed, the logistic regression (R2) was deployed to
process the push factors obtained so as to clearly establish the causal factors of migration among
IMWC. The factors considered were conflict, domestic violence, loss of livelihood, and farming.
Others were famine, trading, education, and marriage. The essence of this is to establish the
combination of factors that are significant in the push for migration and also those not
significant, and the reason for the situation.

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The results of the logistic regression predicted migration from conflict, loss of livelihood, and
famine. Others were trading and marriage as presented in Table 2. The result R2 showed that
about 65% of the probability of migration was explained by the push factors. The analysis output
confirmed the model's fitness at 5% and 1% confidence levels. Thus, the hypothesis was
significant at 95% confidence level. As shown in Table 2, the push factors applied in the logistics
were conflict (β1=0.555), loss of livelihood (β2=0.552), and famine (β3 = 0.530), others were
trading (β4 = 0.572), marriage (β = 0.525), domestic violence (β5 = 0.504) and the search for
education (β6 = 0.508) were significant and serve as the push-factors among the IMWC.
Conducting a statistical analysis in a more explanatory way is simply to further test the strength
of the relationship existing as pull and push factors of migration. The presence of the push
factors indicated by the respondents could make places inhabitable and eventually lead to the
mass movement of people from one location to another, as the case in this study.

Table 2: Logistic regression tests for push factors

Push factors Β S.E. Exp(β) (odd ratio)
Conflict
Non-conflict 0.000 1.000
Conflict 0.555 .152 0.985**
Domestic violence
Non-domestic violence 0.000 1.000
Domestic violence 0.504 .211 1.099**
Loss of livelihood
Non-loss 0.000 1.000
Loss 0.552 .230 1.738**
Trading
Others 0.000 1.000
Trading 0.572 .182 0.511***
Famine
Non-famine 0.000 1.000
Famine 0.530 .484 1.700**
Marriage
Nil 0.000 1.000
Marriage 0.525 .154 1.529***
Education
Others 0.000 1.000
Tertiary 0.508 .255 0.935**
Constant -1.498 .574 0.224
Diagnostics
Chi-square 38.781***
-2log likelihood 1308.575
Pseudo R2 0.051
Correct classification 65.2
Note: ** and *** indicated coefficients were significant at 5% and 1% respectively
Source: Author’s calculation

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Roles of Informal Migrants Municipal Solid Waste Collectors

Door-to-door solid waste collection
Door-to-door garbage collection means collection of solid waste from the door step of
households, shops, commercial establishments, offices, institutional or any other non- residential
premises and includes collection of such waste from entry gate or a designated location on the
ground floor in a housing society, multi storied building or apartments, large residential,
commercial or institutional complex or premises. In Ibadan, government agents collect solid
waste from designated waste dump points for onward transfer to designated dumpsites, which is
the practiced in Nigeria. However, IMWC also involved in door-to-door solid waste collection
and disposal. A service that was embraced by residents of Ibadan according to IMWC during the
FGD. A Chadian waste collector, one of the IMWC at Agbowo-Express cluster revealed that
majority of the residents he was servicing had his mobile number and call for service of waste
collection. An indication that residents cherished the services that MWC were offering. Another
waste collector from Cameroon at Iso Pako cluster, corroborated the Chadian waste collector’s
assertion that residents invited him to their residences each time they have scraps to sell.
Therefore, the door-to-door services been rendered by MWC was one of their contributions to
municipal solid waste recycling in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Waste characterisation and sorting

Lack of sorting of solid waste at generation points in Ibadan (Plate 1) make it difficult to recycle
waste with little efforts. One of the perquisites to solid waste recycling is waste characterisation
and sorting. Sampled IMWC engaged in solid waste characterisation and sorting for onward
recycling. During the FGD, IMWC confirmed their roles in waste characterisation and sorting.

The synopsis of their roles is presented thus:

“Daily we engaged in characterisation of solid waste into

organic waste (Food waste, yard waste and wood), plastics
(PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, PS and Pure water sachet),
metal (Ferrous and Non-ferrous) papers
(packaging/cardboard/office print/sheet/newsprint and
tissue/diaper), leather and rubber, textiles (Cloths and
rags), and glass (plates, cups, bottles)”.

The capability of MWC to identify waste types and sort them into classes for subsequent
recycling has reduced the presence of reusable solid wastes in public spaces in Ibadan.

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Plate 1: Unsorted household and commercial waste dumped in Ibadan

Source: Authors’ fieldwork, 2023

Waste recovery and reuse

Solid waste characterisation and sorting dovetailed into the recovery and reuse of materials that
are recoverable and reusable. These materials cannot be recovered less reuse if not sorted into
classes. One of the principal roles of MWC was waste recovery to identify those that were
reusable before subjecting others to recycling procedures. The respondents indicated the
percentage of solid waste that was recovered on daily bases and those that were reusable. The
clusters at Bodija recovered more waste than those at Agbowo. The reasons for that were not part
of this study, but might not be unconnected with the affluents living in Bodija and the presence
of Bodija Market, which is regional in nature. The percentage of waste recovered and reusable
were presented in Figure 3. At rail-line in Bodija, 23.3% of waste was recovered, while only
5.3% was reusable. At Housing and Custom-Building clusters, 19.9% of waste was recovered
respectively, while 6.0% was reusable at Housing and 7.1% at Custom Building. The fraction of
waste recovered (4.9%) and reusable (0.8%) at Adewunmi Layout were lower to other clusters in
Bodija. At Ilupeju Cluster, 4.5% waste recovered and 1.5% reusable. only 1.1% reusable out of
4.1% waste recovered at Major Salawu Cluster. Out of 3.8% of waste recovered at Ile-Eja
Cluster, only 0.4% was labelled reusable. The recovered waste at Agbowo Express was 7.9% and
Shopping Complex was 5.6%, while that of reusable were 1.1% and 3.0% respectively.

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Fig 3: Percentage of waste recovered and reusable

Waste recycling
Recycling is the process of collecting waste materials, transforming them back into raw
materials, and processing them into new products. Recycling, being one of the strategies in
minimization of waste, offers three benefits: reduce the demand upon new resources; cut down
on transport and production energy costs; and use waste which would otherwise be lost to
landfill sites. It was revealed by the respondents during the FGD that they were not directly
involved in waste recycling, but provided resources for recycling through waste characterisation
and sorting. ‘We know all the companies that engaged in waste recycling in Ibadan, Lagos,
Osogbo, and Ilorin’ that was the response of Alhaji Yaqoob, a Cameroonian, to the inquiry
during the FGD about how they market scraps. Mr. Sridhar from Indian said ‘we also supply
scraps to local blacksmiths in Ibadan’. These are artisans that manufacture farm implements for
urban farmers, hence, the contributions of MWC to food security. It was also revealed during the
FGD that migrants from Libya, Indian, and Cameroon were specialists in the collection,
characterisation, and sorting of electronic waste for export to their countries. This is an indication
that Nigeria could earn foreign exchange through waste recovery. Therefore, MWC contribute
immensely in the management of municipal solid waste in Ibadan.

Conclusion
Advancement in municipal solid waste management has transcended the collection from source,
transportation, and deposition at the dumpsites. Solid waste sorting at source, door-to-door
collection of separated wastes, and transportation by specialised vehicles that abhors pollution to
waste recycling stations are the current approaches to solid waste management in organised
climes. However, in Ibadan solid waste is still been collected without sorted at source, vehicles
with open roof are been employed to transport solid waste for onward deposition at dumpsites
without recycling. Hence, the incursion of informal waste collectors in the waste management

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chain in Ibadan, the majority of who were migrants and have been actively involved in solid
waste collection, characterisation, sorting, and recycling.

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