WORKING QUESTIONS

(a).Define the following terms:

Material Science: ………………………………………...……………………………………………
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Atom:……………………………………………………………………………………………….......
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Structure:………………………………………………………………………...…………………….
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Property:……………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Semiconductor:……………………………………………………………………………………......
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Mark ☒ the ballot box corresponding to the best answer.

(b) Classify the following materials as a polymer, metal, ceramic, or composite:

 Fiberglass : ....................................................

 Aluminium foil : ...........................................

 Teflon : .........................................................

 Silicon carbide : ............................................

2. Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding

Choose the correct answer:

(a) Covalent bonding requires……................................……..

 sharing electron  electron transfer  free electrons
(b) Ceramic materials are hard, brittle and thermally isolative because their atomic bonding
is......................……................
 metallic bonding  ionic bonding  secondary bonding
(c) Polymer materials are relatively weak because their atomic bonding is ………….......................……
 covalent bonding  ionic bonding  secondary bonding
(d) Ionic bonded materials have …………...…….melting temperatures.
 high  low  extremely low

(e) Write the electron configurations of the following elements by using spdf notification.
Mg (Z=12) : ……………………………………………………………………………………………...……..
Ti (Z=22) : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Be2+ (Z=4): ………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..
Ge1+ (Z=32) : ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………..
S2- (Z=16) : ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………..
Tc (Z=43) : ………………………………………………………………………….……………………….....

Cu1+(Z=29)………………………………………………………………………………………….………

Give an example of a material with metallic, ionic, and covalent bonds.

METALLIC:………………………………………………………………………………………………
IONIC:……………………………………………………………………...………………………………
COVALEND:………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids

(a) Which of the following best describes a FACE-CENTRED CUBIC unit cell?
 a = b = c, α = β = γ =90 o with an atom at each corner.
 a = b ≠ c, α = β = γ =90 o with an atom at each corner and one in the centre.
 a = b = c, α = β = γ =90 o with an atom at each corner plus one at the centre.
 a ≠ b ≠ c, α = β = γ =90 o with an atom at each corner plus one at the centre.
 a = b = c, α = β = γ =90o with an atom at each corner and one in the centre of each face.
(b) Tantalum has a FACE-CENTRED CUBIC (FCC) structure. The unit cell thus contains:
 1 atom
 2 atoms
 4 atoms
 6 atoms

(c) Repeatable entity of a crystal structure is known as

 Crystal  Lattice  Unit cell  Miller indices

(d) Coordination number for BCC crystal structure is

 16  12 8 4
(e) Write the name of each crystal system given following:

(f) Draw in unit cubes the crystal planes that have the following Miller indices:

̅𝟎𝟒 )
(𝟑 ̅𝟒𝟏 )
(𝟏
 ̅)
(𝟑𝟐𝟏 ̅)
(𝟐𝟎𝟏

̅𝟑
(𝟑 ̅𝟑
̅) (𝟐𝟐𝟎 )

i) DRAW in hexagonal closed packaged the crystal PLANES that have the following Miller-Bravais
indices:
Illustrate on the drawings the positions of the planes within the hexagonal unit cells given below.

( 1 -1 0 0 ) plane ̅𝟏 ) plane
(𝟏𝟎𝟏 ̅𝟐𝟏
(𝟏 ̅𝟎 ) plane
(j).Calculate the planar atomic density in atoms per square millimeter for the (100) crystal plane in
FCC gold, which has a lattice constant of 0.40788 nm:
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗. 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝝆𝒑 =
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

4. Mechanical Properties
The following engineering stress (MPa) - strain (mm/mm) data were obtained for a metal.
(a) Determine the 0.2% offset yield strength.
(b) Determine the tensile strength.
Describe the following terms.

YIELD STRENGTH:
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TENSILE STRENGTH:
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DUCTILITY:
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TOUGHNESS :
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Mark ☒ the ballot box corresponding to the best answer.
(a)
 Grain boundaries prevent the motion of dislocations, thus, barriers to slip.
 A slip band occured in a grain, stops at the grain boundaries.
 Hall-Petch Equation presents the relationship between the grain size and the yield strength.
 All answers are correct.

(b)
 As the cold work increases, the yield strength increases.
 As the cold work increases, the tensile strength increases.
 Dislocations entangle with one another during cold work.
 All answers are correct.

(c) Changing the material's structure by annealing, consists of three stages as the following:
..........................................., ................................................, and .................................................
g, and Grain shrinkage

(d)
 Ductile fracture is characterized by extensive plastic deformation in the vicinity of an advancing crack.
Furthermore, the process proceeds slowly as the crack length is extended.
 The brittle fracture occurs suddenly and catastrophically without any warning.
 Ductile fracture is usually more desirable than brittle fracture.
 All answers are correct.

(e)
 Toughness is a measure of the amount of energy that a material can absorb before fracturing.
 Two standardized tests, the Charpy and Izod, are used to measure the impact energy.
 The toughness of an alloy depends on a combination of strength and ductility.
 All answers are correct.

(f) What are the values of yield strength, tensile strength and ductility after cold working Brass?

Brass
Cold
Work

Do = 10 mm Dd = 7.5 mm
Consider the binary eutectic Cu-Ag phase diagram given below.
Make a phase analysis of a 20 wt. % Ag - 70 wt. % Cu alloy at the temperature 900oC.
In the phase analysis, include the following:
What phases are present: ………………………………………………………......….……………………..
What is the chemical composition of each phase?...........................................................................................
What amount of each phase is present?...........................................................................................................
Fe-C System:
Analyze the following Fe-C diagram and answer the following questions:

(a) What is EutectoId reaction at 727°C?

 L (0.53% C) + δ(0.09% C) → γ(0.17% C)  L (4.3% C) → γ(2.1 % C) + Fe 3C (6.67% C)
 γ (0.8 % C) → α (0.025% C) + Fe 3C (6.67% C)  L (0.53% C) + δ(0.09% C) → γ (0.8 % C)

(b) What is the EutectIc reaction at 1146°C?

 L (0.53% C) + δ(0.09% C) → γ(0.17% C)  L (4.3% C) → γ(2.1 % C) + Fe3C (6.67% C)
 γ (0.8 % C) → α (0.025% C) + Fe 3C (6.67% C)  L (0.53% C) + δ(0.09% C) → γ (0.8 % C)

(c) What is the % C content in the Cementite (Fe 3C)?

 % 6.67  % 0.025  % 2.1  % 0.09

(d) What is the softest phase of the Fe-C system?

 Bainite  Pearlite  Cementite  Ferrite
8. Hest Treatment
Using the isothermal transformation diagram for an iron–carbon alloy of eutectoid composition
Specify the nature of the final microstructure (in terms of microconstituents present and approximate
percentages of each) of a small specimen that has been subjected to the following time–temperature
treatments. In each case assume that the specimen begins at 760°C (1400°F) and that it has been held
at this temperature long enough to have achieved a complete and homogeneous austenitic structure.

(a). Cool rapidly to 700°C, hold for 10 4 s, then quench to room temperature.
a. 50% fine pearlite and 50% martensite b.50% coarse pearlite and 50% martensite
c. 100% martensite d. None of them
(b). Cool rapidly to 400°C (750°F), hold for 200 s, then quench to room temperature.

a. 50% fine pearlite and 50% martensite b.100% bainite

c. 100% martensite d. 40% bainite and 60% martensite

(a). Define the term of ‘MANUFACTURING’.

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(b) Explain the Investment Casting Process used in the Jewellery Industry
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(c). In Fusion welding, define the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) by drawing a cross-section of the weld
seam and describe its characteristics.
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(d).Explain the differences between Fusion welding and Solid-state welding.
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