Lesson #1

CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM THE REGIONS:

ART
●​ defined as a human pursuit to imitate life and the world
into something pleasing or beautiful.
CONTEMPORARY ART
●​ The art of today
●​ It is the newest form of art, amusing people from the middle to the
late 20th century up to this very minute.
●​ An opportunity to reflect on contemporary society and the issues
relevant to ourselves, and the world around us.
CONTEMPORARY vs. MODERN ART
●​ Modern art emerged in the late 1800s and continued to grow for
more or less a century.
●​ Slowly disappear in the middle to late 20th century when
postmodernism came.
Ex: “Starry Night” by Vincent Van Gogh, “Guernica” by Pablo Picasso,
"Las Damas Romanas" by Juan Luna and "Planting Rice" by Fernando
Amorsolo
●​ Postmodernism or contemporary art exists up to this day, and no
one knows when a new period will arrive to veil contemporary art in its
shadow.
Ex: “Marilyn Diptych” by Andy Warhol, “Whaam!” by Roy Lichtenstein,
“Nasaugbu” by Vincente Manansala, “First Mass in the Philippines” by
Carlos and “Botong” Francisco

The Subject of Art:

●​ Realism - the subject is done the way it actually looks.

Ex: “Water of Life” by Pacita Abad, “Building the Ark” by David
Jones, and “Diaspora” by Antipas Delotavo
 ●​ Distortion - The artist uses his or her imagination and alters the
subject according to his or her desire.
Ex: “Fiesta” by Norma Belleza (B. 1939) and “Musicians, 1990” by
Onib Olmedo
●​ Abstraction - The artist breaks a part a subject and rearranges it in
a different manner.
-​ The paintings of the National Artist Vicente Manansala belong to this
category.
Ex: “Luksong Tinik” by Vicente Manansala, “Market Vendors” by
Vicente Manansala, and “Community” by Vicente Manansala
●​ Non Objectivism - There is no subject at all-just an interplay of
pure elements, like line, shape or color, and so on.
-​ A good example of this is the painting of Roberto Chabet which is on
Acrylic paper.
Ex: “Pier and Ocean” by Roberto Chabet, and “Piero” by Roberto
Chabet

The Elements of Art:

1.​ Space - defined as a void, an emptiness which can either be positive

or negative.
-​ refers to the area that is occupied by an object or a subject.
-​ An illusion of space can still be created in a two- dimensional
surface using perspective: atmospheric perspective and linear
perspective.

Ex:
Types of Perspectives:
●​ Atmospheric Perspective - which utilizes the properties of light and
air in depicting the illusion of distance.
Ex:

●​ Linear Perspective - which involves the use of vanishing points and

receding hidden lines.
Ex:

2.​ Line - The extension of a point, a short or long mark drawn or

carved on a surface.
-​ A prolongation of a point or a mark on a surface. Solid lines can be
used in order to define form while broken lines are typically used to
suggest hidden forms.
Ex:

3.​ Shape and Form - a figure separate from its surrounding area or
background.
-​ refers to an area with boundaries identified or drawing lines. A
shape may be natural or living forms called an organic shape and
can be irregular or rounded.
-​ It may also be measured forms called geometric shape.
Ex:

4.​ Color - refers to visual perception that allows a person to

differentiate objects due to the way various wavelengths of light are
reflected.
-​ Color is a very important element because it can communicate
information and emotion to the viewer.
Ex:
Three Properties of Color:
●​ Hue - refers to the basic or pure color, and is represented in the color
wheel.
●​ Value - refers to the lightness and darkness of color. A light color or
tint is the result of adding white to a hue, while a dark color or shade
results from adding black to a hue.
●​ Saturation - refers to brightness and dullness of color. It is also
referred to as purity of the color. A bright color can be produced by
adding more pigment to the same hue, while a dull color can be
produced by adding gray or the color’s complement to the pigment.

●​ Color Wheel - is an arrangement of primary, secondary, and

tertiary colors.
-​ It is an important tool to identify which colors can work well if used
in a certain artwork which is the color schemes.

Color Schemes:
●​ Monochromatic - involves using the same hue but with different
gradients of value.
●​ Analogous - entails the use of three or four adjacent colors in the
color wheel.
 ●​ Complementary - involves the use of a color and its complement.
Meaning, the color located opposite of the first color.
●​ Split-Complementary - a close relative to the complementary color
scheme. But instead of using the color's compliment, this scheme uses
the two colors adjacent to the compliment.
●​ Triadic - uses three colors that are of equal distance with each
other.
●​ Tetradic - also known as double complementary color scheme, this
uses two pairs of complimentary colors.

Monochromatic​ ​ ​ ​ Analogous

Complementary​​ ​ ​ Split Complementary

Triadic​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Tetradic

5.​ Texture - refers to the feel or appearance of a surface.

-​ Person may describe as actual or implied.
 -​ Actual texture can be felt tangibly based on the material that is used
for the artwork while implied texture can be exhibited, for instance, in a
painting of fur of an animal.
Ex:

6.​ Time and Motion - Movement in the visual arts can either be an
illusion or an actual motion. An illusion of movement is more
common in two-dimensional artworks.

Kinetic Sculpture​ ​ ​ ​ Implied Motion

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Lesson #2
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW:
PHILIPPINE ART

Pre - Conquest:
-​ Refer to it as "indigenous”
-​ Emphasizes the idea that our ancestors have been making art even
before colonization
-​ In cultural terms, "pre-colonial"
-​ Everyday expression of rituals that marked significant moments in a
community's life.
-​ Pre-colonial people hunted food.
-​ Activities: ritual, music, dance, theater, and literature.
-​ The beginning of literature is through oral story telling about their
hunt.
-​ Imitated the movements of animals, beginning of theater or play
acting.
-​ Add drum beating and attach rhythm to the movement is music and
dance.

Earliest Forms of Theater:

●​ Mayvanuvanua - (Batanes) performed at the beginning of the
summer fishing season.
●​ Canao or Kanyaw - (Cordillera Autonomous Region) involves
animal sacrifice performed for healing, birth of child, wakes,
weddings, and burial.
●​ Kashawing - (Lake Lanao, Mindanao) abundance during rice
planting and harvesting.
●​ Tagbanwa - (Palawan) In every 13th moon, 3 goddesses descend
to bless the planting rice.
Ethnic Musical Instruments:
●​ Kudyapi - 3 stringed guitar
●​ Kulintang-an - array of bossed gongs
●​ Gangsa - flat gong
●​ Agong-a - large bossed gong
Mostly used in Mindanao Regions

Kudyapi​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Kulintang- an

Gangsa​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Agong-a
Ethnic Dance:
●​ Pangalay - Sulu. Mimetic movement of birds. (The Pangalay is a
mesmerizing traditional dance from the Tausūg people of the Sulu
Archipelago (part of Mindanao) and Sabah, Malaysia. Often called
the "fingernail dance" due to its use of long metal nail extensions
(janggay), it's famed for its graceful, flowing motions that mimic
ocean waves or flying birds). Performs in Weddings, festivals,
and other social events.
●​ Banog-Banog - of Higaonon. (also spelled “Binanog” literally
means “hawk” in several Philippine languages including Cebuano
and Higaonon deriving from Proto‑Philippine for “hawk/eagle”).
Showcased during Courtship and communal/cultural
festivities/festivals (harvests, tribal gatherings), Street dance
competitions and Healing rituals.
●​ Man-manok - Bagobos of Mindanao. (The Man‑Manok also
spelled “Manmanok” is a lively mimetic folk dance from the
Cordillera highlands, particularly associated with the Bago
ethnolinguistic group in Ilocos Norte and the Vigan-Abra region.
The name literally means “fowls” (manok = chicken), and it
theatrically portrays three roosters vying for the attention of a hen,
using colorful blankets like plumage to attract her). For
Courtship mimicry.
●​ Talip - Ifugaos used in courtship. Mimic the movement of wild
fowls.
●​ Inamog - of Matisgsalugs and Kadaliwas of T'bolis represents
comedic movements of monkeys.
●​ Tinikling - popular Tagalog dance. Mimic the movement of the
crane, balancing, flitting away from the clutches of bamboo
traps.
Ethnic Carving:
●​ Bulul (Ifugao)- in Cordilleras, a granary god that plays an
important role in rituals.
●​ Hagabi (Ifugao)- a wooden sculptures of secular or non-religious
orientation.
●​ Torogon (Lanao del Sur/Northern Mindanao) - okir (a curvilinear
and geometric motifs) designs found in the panolong or protruding
beams of the sultan's house.
●​ Manunggul Jar (Palawan) - A secondary burial vessel, where
buried and exhumed bones are placed. It has 2 human forms atop
the lid. A boatman paddling to transport his deceased charge.
Travel to the afterlife.

SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1898):

●​ Conversion of natives to Catholicism.
●​ Plaza complex - natives were forcibly resettled in towns structured.
●​ The complex was designated as the town center and consisted of the
municipio or local government office and the church.
●​ Cruciform churches following the shape of the Latin cross.
●​ Baroque style characterized by grandeur, drama, and elaborate
details that purposely appealed.
●​ Baroques style churches: San Agustin in Manila, Morong church in
Rizal, Paoay church in Ilocos Norte, and Sto. Tomas de Villanueva
church in Miag-ao, Iloilo.

Spanish Colonial Religious Art:

●​ Santo - images of saints and interpretations of biblical narratives,
essential to worship.
●​ Friars - an ordained priest or non-ordained brother. They
brought Western models for local artist to copy.
●​ Retablo - Santos are displayed in a decorative altar niche.
●​ Via Crucis - series of 14 paintings or relief sculptures depicting
Christ's crucifixion and resurrection.
●​ Pasyon or Pabasa - a biblical narration of Christ's passion
chanted in an improvised melody. The activity last for the
entire length of Holy Week.
●​ Senakulo - conveys Christ's suffering
●​ Araguio or Arakyo - sinakulo in Nueve Ecija performed all
throughout the 7 days of Holy Week.
-​ First sinakulo was written in 1704 by Gaspar Aquino de Belen
●​ Siete Palabras or 7 last words of Christ
●​ Panunuluyan - biblical narratives pertaining to Christ's birth
●​ Kundiman and Balitao - love songs
●​ Zarzuela or Sarsuwela - an operetta which features singing and
dancing interspersed with prose dialogue. Often addresses social
and political issues relevant to Filipino society.
●​ Moro-moro - a love story between a Christian hero and an
Islamic heroine or vice versa.
●​ Doctrina Christiana (The Teachings of Christianity) - printed in
1593 in Spanish and Tagalog by Dominican priests
-​ The first printed book in the Philippines compiling song lyrics,
commandments, sacraments, and other catechetical materials.
●​ Estampas - prayer booklet
●​ Estampitas - smaller prayer booklet

●​ Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas -

first scientific map of the Philippines.
●​ Tipos del Pais - surrounding the map are vignettes of everyday
life, focused on different type of people and surroundings.