DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS
• Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, organizing, and
interpreting data.
• Data types are Qualitative and Quantitative.
• Distribution function
• to understand the concept of the distribution function, it is essential to understand the
concept of a continuous function.
• . For example, consider the following cubic function
• the probability density function(pdf) can be defined in terms of a continuous
function, in other words, for any continuous function, the PDF is the probability that the
variate has the value of x.
UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION
• The uniform probability distribution function of any continuous uniform distribution is
given by the following equation.
The uniform function is used to generate a uniform continuous variable between the given
start location (loc) and the width of the arguments (scale)
• import the important libraries needed to generate the graph:
• import [Link] as plt
• from [Link] import Math, Latex
• from [Link] import Image
• import seaborn as sns
• let's generate a uniform distribution:
• from [Link] import uniform
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
• Normal distribution, or Gaussian distribution, is a function that distributes the list of
random variables in a graph that is shaped like a symmetrical bell.
• It has two parameters – the mean and the standard deviation.
• The fact that the normal distribution is principally based on the central limit theorem
makes it relevant.
• If the size of all possible samples in a population is n, and the mean is μ and the variance
σ2 , then the distribution approaches a normal distribution. Mathematically, it is given as
follows:
for normal distribution using the Python stats library:
from [Link] import norm
EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION
• A process in which some events occur continuously and independently at a constant
average rate is referred to as a Poisson point process.
• The exponential distribution describes the time between events in such a Poisson point
process, and the probability density function of the exponential distribution is given as
follows
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
• Binomial distribution, as the name suggests, has only two possible outcomes, success or failure.
The outcomes do not need to be equally likely and each trial is independent of the other.
• Let's generate a binomial distribution graph using the [Link] module by the binom
• method:
• from [Link] import binom
• binomial_data = [Link](n=10, p=0.8,size=10000)
• axis = [Link](binomial_data, kde=False, color='red',
• hist_kws={"linewidth": 15})
• [Link](xlabel='Binomial Distribution', ylabel='Frequency'
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• There are two types of descriptive statistics:
• Measures of central tendency
• Measures of variability (spread)
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• The most common measures for analyzing the distribution frequency of data are the
mean, median, and mode.
• Mean/average
• The mean, or average, is a number around which the observed continuous variables are
distributed.
• Mathematically, it is the result of the division of the sum of numbers by the number of
integers in the dataset.
• the mean value of x can be calculated as follows
MEDIAN
• Given a dataset that is sorted either in ascending or descending order, the median
divides
• the data into two parts. The general formula for calculating the median is as follows:
MODE
• The mode is the integer that appears the maximum number of times in the dataset.
• It happens to be the value with the highest frequency in the dataset.
• In the x dataset in the median example, the mode is 2 because it occurs twice in the set.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
• It is used to describe the variability in a dataset, which can be a sample or population.
• It is usually used in conjunction with a measure of central tendency, to provide an overall
description of a set of data.
• A measure of dispersion/variability/spread gives us an idea of how well the central
tendency represents the data.
• Some commonly used methods are standard deviation (or variance), the minimum and
maximum values of the variables, range, kurtosis, and skewness.