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Data Encapsulation

Data encapsulation involves wrapping data with protocol information at each layer of the OSI model as it is transmitted across a network. Each layer communicates with its peer layer on the receiving device using Protocol Data Units (PDUs), which contain control information. The encapsulation process includes converting user information to data, segments to packets, packets to frames, and finally frames to bits, with specific addressing used at each layer for reliable communication.

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4 views6 pages

Data Encapsulation

Data encapsulation involves wrapping data with protocol information at each layer of the OSI model as it is transmitted across a network. Each layer communicates with its peer layer on the receiving device using Protocol Data Units (PDUs), which contain control information. The encapsulation process includes converting user information to data, segments to packets, packets to frames, and finally frames to bits, with specific addressing used at each layer for reliable communication.

Uploaded by

Atitebi Abdullah
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Data Encapsulation

Every layer communicate with the other layers using the Protocol Data Units.

When a host transmits data across a network to another device, the data goes
through encapsulation: it is wrapped with protocol information at each layer
of the OSI model. Each layer communicates only with its peer layer on the
receiving device.

To communicate and exchange information, each layer uses a Protocol Data


Unit (PDU). These hold the control information attached to the data at each
layer of the model.

Each PDU is attached to the data by encapsulating it at each layer of the OSI
model, and each has a specific name depending on the information provided
in each header. This PDU information is read only by the peer layer on the
receiving device. After it’s read, it’s stripped off, and the data is then handed
to the next layer up.
Data Encapsulation(Cont…)
The Encapsulation Method

At a transmitting device the data encapsulation method works like this :

- User information is converted to data for transmission on the


network.
- Data is converted to segments and a reliable connection is set up
between the transmitting and receiving hosts.
- Segments are converted to packets or datagrams, and a logical
address is placed in the header so each packet can be routed through
an internetwork.
- Packets or datagrams are converted to frames for transmission on
the local network. Hardware (Ethernet) addresses are used to
uniquely identify hosts on a local network segment.
- Frames are converted to bits, and a digital encoding and clocking
scheme is used.
The Encapsulation Method(Cont…)

PDU and layer addressing :


The Encapsulation Method(Cont…)

The Transport layer uses port numbers to define both the virtual circuit and
the upper layer process.

The Transport layer takes the data stream, makes segments out of it, and
establishes a reliable session by creating a virtual circuit. It then sequences
(numbers) each segment and uses acknowledgments and flow control. If
you’re using TCP, the virtual circuit is defined by the source port number.
Remember, the host just makes this up starting at port number 1024 (0
through 1023 are reserved for well-known port numbers). The destination
port number defines the upper-layer process (application) that the data
stream is handed to when the data stream is reliably rebuilt on the receiving
host.
The Encapsulation Method(Cont…)

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