Chapter 6
Automotive Braking system
by:L.T
Basics (introduction)
Function
• Slows or stops a moving vehicle
(by service brake)
• Keeps the vehicle stationary once it
has stopped using friction
(By Parking brake)
Conti…
Generally automotive brake is responsible for the
following activities
• Reduce the speed of the vehicle
• Bring the vehicle to a halt
• Prevent unwanted acceleration during
downhill driving
• Keep the vehicle stationary when it is stopped
Braking requirements
• Must be strong enough to stop the vehicle within
minimum distance
• The driver must have proper control over the
vehicle
• Must have good antifade characteristic
Types of brakes
According to the following
consideration:
Purpose
Location
Conti..
• Method of actuation
Extra brake effort
Purpose
Service or primary brake:
is the main brake used to stop a vehicle in
motion
Parking or secondary:
is used to hold the vehicle on a slop
Location
Brake at transmission
Brake at wheels
Construction
Drum brake
often used on the rear wheels
Disc brake
often used on the front wheels
Method of actuation
• Mechanical brake
• Hydraulic brake
• Electric brake
• Vacuum brake
• Air brake
• Brake-by-wire
Energy conversion
• The braking effect is obtained from the friction that
is generated between fixed object to be pressed
against a rotating object.
• The functions of the brake system is done by
converting the kinetic energy of the vehicle into the
heat energy which is dissipated into the atmosphere.
Kinetic energy:
• It is the energy due to motion
K.E = ½ MV2 (Kg.m2/s2) = Joule
The kinetic energy doubles as the
weight doubles, but for a twofold
increase in speed, the kinetic energy
will increase by a factor of four.
Fundamentals of braking
• Many aspects of slowing and stopping a car are
controlled by simple physics.
• These are the natural laws dealing with motion and
deceleration of a body in motion.
• An understanding of these basic principles will aid
greatly in thoroughly understanding brakes and the
limitations the physical laws place on them.
Some of the terms pertaining to braking are:
1. Deceleration - The rate at which the vehicle
comes to a stop.
2. Braking distance – The minimum distance the
vehicle travels after the brakes are applied.
3. Braking time – The time taken by the vehicle to
come to rest.
4. Weight transfer: When a vehicle decelerates, an
inertia force acting at the centre of gravity of the
vehicle causes the load on the front wheels to
increase.
5. Braking force – It is the force applied to slow
down or stop the vehicle.
6. Maximum Braking Efficiency – It affects the
coefficient of adhesion or friction () between the
tires and the road surface on a level road surface
when =a/g .
7. Tire Friction: Tire to road friction commonly
called traction. The amount of traction that a tire
can produce is determined by the load on the tire
and the coefficient of friction between the tire &
the road.
A large amount of traction will produce a car that can
accelerate, brake and turn corners quickly.
Poor traction produces tire spinning on accelerating,
lock-up on braking and skidding on cornering.
Expressions for braking distance and braking time:
(assuming the brake system is normal)
On Level Road
• Work done during braking= Braking force x braking
distance =Fb x s in Joule (J)
• Change in kinetic energy = braking force x braking
distance. Work Done by Braking = Initial Kinetic Energy of Car
½ m (v2 – u2) = Fbs = m. a. s
1/2mu2 = Fbs
Where
• m = mass of the vehicle; in kg
• v = final velocity; in m/s (here vehicle comes to a stop, therefore v = 0)
• u = initial velocity; in m/s
• a = deceleration; in m/s2 (since the speed is decreased by braking, a = -ve)
• s = braking distance; in m
mu 2 Fb
• Thus braking distance (s) = but
2 Fb mg
thus Fb = mg , and this can be substituted for
mu 2 mu 2 u2 u2
• Fb in the equation: s 2F 2mg 2g 2a
b
• What are its implications?
– If the speed doubles, the stopping distance quadruples.
– If the speed is cut in half, the stopping distance is reduced by one-fourth.
– What happens if the speed is tripled?
:. Stopping distance depends on:
The slope (grade) of the road.
The frictional resistance between the road and the tire.
The initial velocity during the application of brake.
Furthermore, Coefficient of friction b/n brake drum and brake lining or b/n disc and
friction pad and brake force applied by the driver
Braking time
• Braking time is given by
• s = ut - ½ at2;
• a = (v – u) / t;
• t = u/a;
• Braking time expressed above doesn’t include
action time (thinking time)
Factors that affect stopping distance
Braking distance
The braking distance depends on the car and road conditions.
Weather conditions
Road surface Braking force
conditions
braking distance
Mass of car
Speed of car
Tyre grip
Braking Efficiency and Deceleration of an Automobile
• The braking efficiency is expressed as the ratio
of retardation or deceleration rate to the
acceleration due to gravity.
deceleration a
brakeeff
g g
Or
• Brake eff. = Braking force/vehicle weight
Hydraulic brake system
Hydraulics
• Hydraulics is the study of liquids in engineering.
A liquid is a fluid that will flow under gravity to
take up the shape of its container.
• A fluid is something that does not have a definite
shape; therefore, liquids and gases are fluids.
• All fluids conform to the shape of their container.
Hydraulic system
A hydraulic system is basically a system
that uses a liquid to transmit motion or
pressure from one point to another.
• Modern brake sytems are hydraulic.
Pascal's law
• States that pressure applied to a confined
fluid at any point is transmitted
undiminished throughout the fluid in all
directions and acts upon every part of the
confining vessel at right angles to its
interior surfaces and equally upon equal
areas.
In short
• The pressure is the same through out the fluid if
the weight of the fluid is ignored, or in other
words, the pressure in a fluid is equal at the same
horizontal level.
• The pressure acts equally in all directions at the
same time.
• The pressure acts at right angles to any surface in
contact with the fluid.
Hydraulic pressure is distributed
equally in all directions
The pressure that is applied at piston A is the
same as what is applied to piston B
The hydraulic pressure is the same, but the
applied force can be changed by changing the
piston size.
Hydraulic
Hydraulic System action
P = F/A
P = F1/A1 = F2/A2
V1 = V2 : That is:
Displaced liquid volume of pumping cylinder is equal to
the volume V2 pumped to the working cylinder.
Hence: A1 S1 = A2 S2
W1 = W2 i.e., the work performed at the
pumping piston is equal to the work
performed by the working piston.
F1 xS1 = F2 xS2
F1/F2 = S2/S1 = A1/A2 = D21/D22
Where:
D, and d, the diameter of large and small pistons respectively
S1, and S2 distance travelled by piston 1 and 2 respectively
The area of the piston is determined by using the formula:
3.14 X R2
Mechanical advantage due to brake
pedal assembly
This brake
pedal
assembly
provides a
5 to 1
mechanical
advantage
because a
10 lb.
force input
results in a
50 lb. force
into the
master
cylinder.
Example (F1, P, F2,3,4?)
The Brake Pedal
Output to master cylinder
Pedal Ratio
mm 4:1
Driver Input
100 N and 144 mm
1. What is the distance moved by the master cylinder
piston?
2.37What is F2?
The Brake Pedal
Output to master cylinder
4:1 Nominal
400 N and 36 mm Pedal Ratio
Driver Input
100 N and 144 mm
38
Conti…
Vapour Lock
• Vapour lock refers to a condition in which the
brake fluid in the brake line reaches the boiling
point and air bubbles are generated as a result.
Since air is compressed easily the pressure caused
by depressing the brake pedal is used primarily to
compress the air and the brake efficiency reduced
as a result.
Hydraulic brake fluid
• It is the medium, which transfers force in the brake
system.
• Standards: Brake fluids can be based on the
following standards.
• SAEJ 1703
• FMVSS 116 – Federal motor vehicle safety
standards
• ISO 4925
Braking force
Braking Force Ratio and Efficiency
Example;