█ [Link].

com

Important Information
Thank you for choosing Freenove products!

Getting Started

First, please read the Start [Link] document in the unzipped folder you created.
If you have not yet downloaded the zip file, associated with this kit, please do so now and unzip it.

Get Support and Offer Input

Freenove provides free and responsive product and technical support, including but not limited to:
⚫ Product quality issues
⚫ Product use and build issues
⚫ Questions regarding the technology employed in our products for learning and education
⚫ Your input and opinions are always welcome
⚫ We also encourage your ideas and suggestions for new products and product improvements
For any of the above, you may send us an email to:

support@[Link]
Safety and Precautions

Please follow the following safety precautions when using or storing this product:
⚫ Keep this product out of the reach of children under 6 years old.
⚫ This product should be used only when there is adult supervision present as young children lack
necessary judgment regarding safety and the consequences of product misuse.
⚫ This product contains small parts and parts, which are sharp. This product contains electrically conductive
parts. Use caution with electrically conductive parts near or around power supplies, batteries and
powered (live) circuits.
⚫ When the product is turned ON, activated or tested, some parts will move or rotate. To avoid injuries
to hands and fingers keep them away from any moving parts!
⚫ It is possible that an improperly connected or shorted circuit may cause overheating. Should this happen,
immediately disconnect the power supply or remove the batteries and do not touch anything until
it cools down! When everything is safe and cool, review the product tutorial to identify the cause.
⚫ Only operate the product in accordance with the instructions and guidelines of this tutorial, otherwise
parts may be damaged or you could be injured.
⚫ Store the product in a cool dry place and avoid exposing the product to direct sunlight.
⚫ After use, always turn the power OFF and remove or unplug the batteries before storing.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 [Link] █

About Freenove

Freenove provides open source electronic products and services worldwide.

Freenove is committed to assist customers in their education of robotics, programming and electronic circuits
so that they may transform their creative ideas into prototypes and new and innovative products. To this end,
our services include but are not limited to:

⚫ Educational and Entertaining Project Kits for Robots, Smart Cars and Drones
⚫ Educational Kits to Learn Robotic Software Systems for Arduino, Raspberry Pi and micro: bit
⚫ Electronic Component Assortments, Electronic Modules and Specialized Tools
⚫ Product Development and Customization Services

You can find more about Freenove and get our latest news and updates through our website:

[Link]

sale@[Link]

Copyright

All the files, materials and instructional guides provided are released under Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. A copy of this license can be found in the folder containing
the Tutorial and software files associated with this product.

This means you can use these resource in your own derived works, in part or completely but NOT for the
intent or purpose of commercial use.

Freenove brand and logo are copyright of Freenove Creative Technology Co., Ltd. and cannot be used without
written permission.

TM

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Important Information 1

Contents

Important Information ...................................................... 1

Contents................................................................................. 1
Preface .................................................................................... 4
ESP32-S3 WROOM .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Extension board of the ESP32-S3 WROOM .................................................................................................................... 7
CH343 (Importance) ................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Programming Software ......................................................................................................................................................... 19
Environment Configuration ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Notes for GPIO......................................................................................................................................................................... 25

Chapter 0 LED ................................................................... 28

Project 0.1 Blink ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28

Chapter 1 LED ................................................................... 37

Project 1.1 Blink ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37

Chapter 2 Button & LED ................................................ 44

Project 2.1 Button & LED ...................................................................................................................................................... 44
Project 2.2 MINI table lamp ................................................................................................................................................. 49

Chapter 3 LED Bar ........................................................... 52

Project 3.1 Flowing Light ...................................................................................................................................................... 52

Chapter 4 Analog & PWM ............................................ 57

Project 4.1 Breathing LED ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
Project 4.2 Meteor Flowing Light....................................................................................................................................... 63

Chapter 5 RGB LED.......................................................... 68

Project 5.1 Random Color Light ......................................................................................................................................... 68
Project 5.2 Gradient Color Light ........................................................................................................................................ 73

Chapter 6 Buzzer ............................................................. 75

Project 6.1 Doorbell ............................................................................................................................................................... 75
Project 6.2 Alertor ................................................................................................................................................................... 81

Chapter 7 Serial Communication................................ 84

Project 7.1 Serial Print............................................................................................................................................................ 84
Project 7.2 Serial Read and Write ...................................................................................................................................... 88
Any concerns?  support@[Link]
2 Important Information [Link] █

Chapter 8 AD Converter ................................................ 90

Project 8.1 Read the Voltage of Potentiometer............................................................................................................ 90

Chapter 9 Touch Sensor ................................................ 97

Project 9.1 Read Touch Sensor........................................................................................................................................... 97
Project 9.2 Touch Lamp ..................................................................................................................................................... 102

Chapter 10 Potentiometer & LED............................. 107

Project 10.1 Soft Light ........................................................................................................................................................ 107
Project 10.2 Soft Colorful Light ....................................................................................................................................... 110

Chapter 11 Photoresistor & LED ............................... 114

Project 11.1 NightLamp ..................................................................................................................................................... 114

Chapter 12 Thermistor ................................................. 119

Project 12.1 Thermometer ................................................................................................................................................ 119

Chapter 13 Joystick ....................................................... 124

Project 13.1 Joystick ............................................................................................................................................................ 124

Chapter 14 74HC595 & LED Bar Graph .................. 129

Project 14.1 Flowing Water Light.................................................................................................................................... 129

Chapter 15 74HC595 & 7-Segment Display......... 135

Project 15.1 7-Segment Display. .................................................................................................................................... 135

Chapter 16 Relay & Motor .......................................... 142

Project 16.1 Control Motor with Potentiometer ........................................................................................................ 142

Chapter 17 Servo ........................................................... 150

Project 17.1 Servo Sweep .................................................................................................................................................. 150
Project 17.2 Servo Knop .................................................................................................................................................... 156

Chapter 18 LCD1602 .................................................... 160

Project 18.1 LCD1602 ......................................................................................................................................................... 160

Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging ................................. 168

Project 19.1 Ultrasonic Ranging ...................................................................................................................................... 168
Project 19.2 Ultrasonic Ranging ...................................................................................................................................... 174

Chapter 20 Bluetooth ................................................... 178

Project 20.1 Bluetooth Low Energy Data Passthrough............................................................................................ 178
Project 20.2 Bluetooth Control LED ............................................................................................................................... 190

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Important Information 3

Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard ................. 198

Project 21.1 SDMMC Test ................................................................................................................................................. 198

Chapter 22 Play SD card music ................................. 210

Project 22.1 SDMMC Music .............................................................................................................................................. 210

Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes ............................. 217

Project 23.1 Station mode................................................................................................................................................. 217
Project 23.2 AP mode ......................................................................................................................................................... 222
Project 23.3 AP+Station mode ........................................................................................................................................ 227

Chapter 24 TCP/IP ......................................................... 231

Project 24.1 As Client .......................................................................................................................................................... 231
Project 24.2 As Server......................................................................................................................................................... 243

Chapter 25 Camera Web Server ............................... 249

Project 25.1 Camera Web Server .................................................................................................................................... 249
Project 25.2 Video Web Server........................................................................................................................................ 258
Project 25.3 Camera and SDcard .................................................................................................................................... 264

Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server ................................. 273

Project 26.1 Camera Tcp Server ...................................................................................................................................... 273

What’s next? .................................................................... 291

End of the Tutorial ......................................................... 291

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

4 Preface [Link] █

Preface
ESP32-S3 is a micro control unit with integrated Wi-Fi launched by Espressif, which features strong properties
and integrates rich peripherals. It can be designed and studied as an ordinary Single Chip Micyoco(SCM) chip,
or connected to the Internet and used as an Internet of Things device.

ESP32-S3 can be developed using the Arduino platform, which will definitely make it easier for people who
have learned arduino to master. Moreover, the code of ESP32-S3 is completely open-source, so beginners
can quickly learn how to develop and design IOT smart household products including smart curtains, fans,
lamps and clocks.

Generally, ESP32-S3 projects consist of code and circuits. Don't worry even if you've never learned code and
circuits, because we will gradually introduce the basic knowledge of C programming language and electronic
circuits, from easy to difficult. Our products contain all the electronic components and modules needed to
complete these projects. It's especially suitable for beginners.

We divide each project into four parts, namely Component List, Component Knowledge, Circuit and Code.
Component List helps you to prepare material for the experiment more quickly. Component Knowledge allows
you to quickly understand new electronic modules or components, while Circuit helps you understand the
operating principle of the circuit. And Code allows you to easily master the use of SEP32 and accessory kit.
After finishing all the projects in this tutorial, you can also use these components and modules to make
products such as smart household, smart cars and robots to transform your creative ideas into prototypes
and new and innovative products.

In addition, if you have any difficulties or questions with this tutorial or toolkit, feel free to ask for our quick
and free technical support through support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 5

ESP32-S3 WROOM

ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 has launched a total of two antenna packages, PCB on-board antenna and IPEX
antenna respectively. The PCB on-board antenna is an integrated antenna in the chip module itself, so it is
convenient to carry and design. The IPEX antenna is a metal antenna derived from the integrated antenna of
the chip module itself, which is used to enhance the signal of the module.
PCB on-board antenna IPEX antenna

In this tutorial, the ESP32-S3 WROOM is designed based on the PCB on-board antenna-packaged ESP32-
S3-WROOM-1 module.
Currently, we have two development board options available: the N8R8 version with a black PCB and the
N16R8 version with a red [Link] only difference between these two boards lies in their built-in Flash storage
capacity, while all other features, functionalities, and peripheral circuits remain identical.
(Note: The N16R8 version is currently sold as a single-board kit only.)
ESP32-S3 WROOM N16R8 ESP32-S3 WROOM N8R8

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

6 Preface [Link] █

The hardware interfaces of ESP32-S3 WROOM are distributed as follows:

Compare the left and right images. We've boxed off the resources on the ESP32-S3 WROOM in different
colors to facilitate your understanding of the ESP32-S3 WROOM.
Box color Corresponding resources introduction
GPIO pin

LED indicator

Camera interface

Reset button, Boot mode selection button

USB port

For more information, please visit: [Link]

s3-wroom-1_wroom-1u_datasheet_en.pdf.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 7

Extension board of the ESP32-S3 WROOM

And we also design an extension board, so that you can use the ESP32-S3 more easily in accordance with
the circuit diagram provided. The followings are their photos.
The hardware interfaces of ESP32-S3 WROOM are distributed as follows:

We've boxed off the resources on the ESP32-S3 WROOM in different colors to facilitate your understanding
of the ESP32-S3 WROOM.
Box color Corresponding resources introduction
GPIO pin
LED indicator
GPIO interface of development board
power supplied by the extension board
External power supply
In ESP32-S3, GPIO is an interface to control peripheral circuit.

In the following projects, we only use USB cable to power ESP32-S3 WROOM by default.

In the whole tutorial, we don’t use T extension to power ESP32-S3 WROOM. So 5V and 3.3V (including
EXT 3.3V) on the extension board are provided by ESP32-S3 WROOM.

We can also use DC jack of extension board to power ESP32-S3 WROOM. In this way, 5v and EXT 3.3v
on extension board are provided by external power resource.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

8 Preface [Link] █

CH343 (Importance)

ESP32-S3 WROOM uses CH343 to download codes. So before using it, we need to install CH343 driver in our
computers.

Windows

Check whether CH343 has been installed

1. Connect your computer and ESP32-S3 WROOM with a USB cable.

2. Turn to the main interface of your computer, select “This PC” and right-click to select “Manage”.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 9

3. Click “Device Manager”. If your computer has installed CH343, you can see“USB-Enhances-SERIAL
CH343 (COMx)”. And you can click here to move to the next step.

CH343 Port

Installing CH343
1. First, download CH343 driver, click [Link] to download the
appropriate one based on your operating system.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

10 Preface [Link] █

Windows

MAC

If you would not like to download the installation package, you can open
“Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3/CH343”, we have prepared the installation package.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 11

2. Open the folder “Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3/CH343/Windows/”

3. Double click “[Link]”.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

12 Preface [Link] █

4. Click “INSTALL” and wait for the installation to complete.

5. Install successfully. Close all interfaces.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 13

6. When ESP32-S3 WROOM is connected to computer, select “This PC”, right-click to select “Manage” and
click “Device Manager” in the newly pop-up dialog box, and you can see the following interface.

7. So far, CH343 has been installed successfully. Close all dialog boxes.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

14 Preface [Link] █

MAC

First, download CH343 driver, click [Link] to download the

appropriate one based on your operating system.

Windows

MAC

If you would not like to download the installation package, you can open
“Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3/CH343”, we have prepared the installation package.
Second, open the folder “Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3/CH343/MAC/”

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 15

Run it.

Third, click Continue.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

16 Preface [Link] █

Fourth, click Install.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 17

Then, waiting Finsh.

Finally, restart your PC.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

18 Preface [Link] █

If you still haven't installed the CH340 by following the steps above, you can view [Link] to install it.

ReadMe

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 19

Programming Software

Arduino Software (IDE) is used to write and upload the code for Arduino Board.
First, install Arduino Software (IDE): visit [Link] to enter the download page.
Select and download corresponding installer according to your operating system. If you are a windows user,
please select the "Windows Installer" to download to install the driver correctly.

After the download completes, run the installer. For Windows users, there may pop up an installation dialog
box of driver during the installation process. When it popes up, please allow the installation.

After installation is complete, an Arduino Software shortcut will be generated in the desktop. Run the Arduino
Software.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

20 Preface [Link] █

The interface of Arduino Software is as follows:

Menus

Toolbar

Text editor

Message
area

Console

Configured board
and serial port

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 21

Programs written with Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are written in the text
editor and saved with the file [Link]. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and
searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays
errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages
and other information. The bottom right-hand corner of the window displays the configured board and
serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches,
and open the serial monitor.

Verify
Check your code for compile errors .
Upload
Compile your code and upload them to the configured board.
Debug
Debug code running on the board. (Some development boards do not
support this function)
Development board selection
Configure the support package and upload port of the development
board.
Serial Plotter
Receive serial port data and plot it in a discounted graph.
Serial Monitor
Open the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus are context
sensitive, which means only those items relevant to the work currently being carried out are available.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

22 Preface [Link] █

Environment Configuration

First, open the software platform arduino, and then click File in Menus and select Preferences.

Second, click on the symbol behind "Additional Boards Manager URLs"

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 23

Third, fill in [Link]

pages/package_esp32_index.json in the new window, click OK, and click OK on the Preferences window
again.

Fourth, click "Boards Manager". Enter “esp32” in Boards manager and select 2.0.5，Then click “INSTALL”.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

24 Preface [Link] █

Arduinowill download these files automaticly. Wait for the installation to complete.

When finishing installation, click Tools in the Menus again and select Board: "Arduino Uno", and then you
can see information of ESP32. click "ESP32-S3 Dev Module" so that the ESP32-S3 programming
development environment is configured.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 25

Notes for GPIO

Strapping Pin

There are four Strapping pins for ESP32-S3：GPIO0、GPIO45、GPIO46、GPIO3。

With the release of the chip's system reset (power-on reset, RTC watchdog reset, undervoltage reset), the
strapping pins sample the level and store it in the latch as "0" or "1" ", and keep it until the chip is powered
off or turned off.
Each Strapping pin is connecting to internal pull-up/pull-down. Connecting to high-impedance external
circuit or without an external connection, a strapping pin's default value of input level will be determined by
internal weak pull-up/pull-down. To change the value of the Strapping, users can apply an external pull-
down/pull-up resistor, or use the GPIO of the host MCU to control the level of the strapping pin when the
ESP32-S3’s power on reset is released.
When releasing the reset, the strapping pin has the same function as a normal pin.
The followings are default configurations of these four strapping pins at power-on and their functions under
the corresponding configuration.

If you have any difficulties or questions with this tutorial or toolkit, feel free to ask for our quick and free
technical support through support@[Link] at any time.
or check: [Link]
1u_datasheet_en.pdf

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

26 Preface [Link] █

PSRAM Pin

The module on the ESP32-S3-WROOM board uses the ESP32-S3R8 chip with 8MB of external Flash. When
we use the OPI PSRAM, please note that the GPIO35-GPIO37 on the ESP32-S3-WROOM board will not be
available for other purposes. When OPI PSRAM is not used, GPIO35-GPIO37 on the board can be used as
normal GPIO.

SDcard Pin

An SDcard slot is integrated on the back of the ESP32-S3-WROOM board. We can use GPIO38-GPIO40 of
ESP32-S3-WROOM to drive SD card.
The SDcard of ESP32-S3-WROOM uses SDMMC, a 1-bit bus driving method, which has been integrated in
the Arduino IDE, and we can call the "SD_MMC.h" library to drive it. For details, see the SDcard chapter in this
tutorial.

USB Pin

In Micropython, GPIO19 and GPIO20 are used for the USB function of ESP32S3, so they cannot be used as
other functions!

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Preface 27

Cam Pin

When using the camera of our ESP32-S3 WROOM, please check the pins of it. Pins with underlined
numbers are used by the camera function, if you want to use other functions besides it, please avoid using
them.

CAM_Pin GPIO_pin
SIOD GPIO4
SIOC GPIO5
CSI_VYSNC GPIO6
CSI_HREF GPIO7
CSI_Y9 GPIO16
XCLK GPIO15
CSI_Y8 GPIO17
CSI_Y7 GPIO18
CSI_PCLK GPIO13
CSI_Y6 GPIO12
CSI_Y2 GPIO11
CSI_Y5 GPIO10
CSI_Y3 GPIO9
CSI_Y4 GPIO8
If you have any questions about the information of GPIO, you can click here to go back to ESP32-S3
WROOM to view specific information about GPIO.
or check: [Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

28 Chapter 0 LED [Link] █

Chapter 0 LED
This chapter is the Start Point in the journey to build and explore ESP32-S3 WROOM electronic projects. We
will start with simple “Blink” project.

Project 0.1 Blink

In this project, we will use ESP32-S3 WROOM to control blinking a common LED.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1

or

Power
ESP32-S3 WROOM needs 5v power supply. In this tutorial, we need connect ESP32-S3 WROOM to computer
via USB cable to power it and program it. We can also use other 5v power source to power it.

In the following projects, we only use USB cable to power ESP32-S3 WROOM by default.
In the whole tutorial, we don’t use T extension to power ESP32-S3 WROOM. So 5V and 3.3V (includeing EXT
3.3V) on the extension board are provided by ESP32-S3 WROOM.
We can also use DC jack of extension board to power ESP32-S3 WROOM. In this way, 5v and EXT 3.3v on
extension board are provided by external power resource.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 0 LED 29

Sketch

According to the circuit, when the GPIO2 of ESP32-S3 WROOM output level is high, the LED turns ON.
Conversely, when the GPIO2 ESP32-S3 WROOM output level is low, the LED turns OFF. Therefore, we can let
GPIO2 circularly output high and low level to make the LED blink.
Upload the following Sketch:
Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3\Sketches\Sketch_01.1_Blink.
Next we will introduce two ways to upload code to ESP32-S3 WROOM.
Option 1：
Connect ESP32-S3 WROOM to computer.

Open Arduino IDE 2.0.0. Click Tools->Upload Mode. Select UART0 / Hardware CDC.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

30 Chapter 0 LED [Link] █

Before uploading the code, click "Tools", "Board" and select "ESP32S3 Dev Module".

Select the serial port.

Note that the computer port number of each user may be different. Please select the correct serial
port according to your computer. Taking the window system as an example, my computer
recognizes that the communication interface of the ESP32-S3-WROOM is COM3, so I select COM3.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 0 LED 31

Note: For macOS users, if the uploading fails, please set the baud rate to 115200 before clicking
“Upload Using Programmer”.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

32 Chapter 0 LED [Link] █

Click the Upload button and it will compile and upload the Sketch to the ESP32-S3-WROOM.

Wait for the Sketch upload to complete, and observe the ESP32-S3-WROOM. You can see that the blue
LED (IO2) on the board flashes cyclically.

If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link].

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 0 LED 33

Option 2:
Connect ESP32-S3 WROOM to computer.

Open Arduino IDE 2.0.0. Click Tools->Upload Mode. Select USB-OTG CDC(TinyUSB).

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

34 Chapter 0 LED [Link] █

Select the serial port.

Note that the computer port number of each user may be different. Please select the correct serial
port according to your computer. Taking the window system as an example, my computer
recognizes that the communication interface of the ESP32-S3-WROOM is COM25, so I select
COM25.

Click the Upload button and it will compile and upload the Sketch to the ESP32-S3-WROOM.

Wait for the Sketch upload to complete, and observe the ESP32-S3-WROOM. You can see that the blue

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 0 LED 35

LED (IO2) on the board flashes cyclically.

Sketch_01.1_Blink
The following is the program code:
1 #define LED_BUILTIN 2
2 // the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
3 void setup() {
4 // initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
5 pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
6 }
7
8 // the loop function runs over and over again forever
9 void loop() {
10 digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
11 delay(1000); // wait for a second
12 digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
13 delay(1000); // wait for a second
14 }

The Arduino IDE code usually contains two basic functions: void setup() and void loop().
After the board is reset, the setup() function will be executed firstly, and then the loop() function.
setup() function is generally used to write code to initialize the hardware. And loop() function is used to write
code to achieve certain functions. loop() function is executed repeatedly. When the execution reaches the end
of loop(), it will jump to the beginning of loop() to run again.

Reset 1 // the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
2 void setup() {
… …
5 }
6
7 // the loop function runs over and over again forever

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

36 Chapter 0 LED [Link] █

8 void loop() {
… …
13 }

Reset
Reset operation will lead the code to be executed from the beginning. Switching on the power, finishing
uploading the code and pressing the reset button will trigger reset operation.
In the circuit, ESP32-S3 WROOM's GPIO2 is connected to the LED, so the LED pin is defined as 2.
1 #define LED_BUILTIN 2
This means that after this line of code, all LED_BUILTIN will be treated as 2.
In the setup () function, first, we set the LED_BUILTIN as output mode, which can make the port output high
level or low level.
4 // initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
5 pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
Then, in the loop () function, set the LED_BUILTIN to output high level to make LED light up.
10 digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
Wait for 1000ms, that is 1s. Delay () function is used to make control board wait for a moment before executing
the next statement. The parameter indicates the number of milliseconds to wait for.
11 delay(1000); // wait for a second
Then set the LED_BUILTIN to output low level, and LED light off. One second later, the execution of loop ()
function will be completed.
12 digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
13 delay(1000); // wait for a second
The loop() function is constantly being executed, so LED will keep blinking.

Reference
void pinMode(int pin, int mode);
Configures the specified pin to behave either as an input or an output.
Parameters
pin: the pin number to set the mode of.
mode: INPUT, OUTPUT, INPUT_PULLDOWM, or INPUT_PULLUP.
void digitalWrite (int pin, int value);
Writes the value HIGH or LOW (1 or 0) to the given pin which must have been previously set as an output.
For more related functions, please refer to [Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 1 LED 37

Chapter 1 LED
This chapter is the Start Point in the journey to build and explore ESP32-S3 WROOM electronic projects. We
will start with simple “Blink” project.

Project 1.1 Blink

In this project, we will use ESP32-S3 WROOM to control blinking a common LED.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

LED x1 Resistor 220Ω x1 Jumper M/M x2

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

38 Chapter 1 LED [Link] █

Component knowledge

LED
A LED is a type of diode. All diodes only work if current is flowing in the correct direction and have two poles.
A LED will only work (light up) if the longer pin (+) of LED is connected to the positive output from a power
source and the shorter pin is connected to the negative (-). Negative output is also referred to as Ground
(GND). This type of component is known as “diodes” (think One-Way Street).
All common 2 lead diodes are the same in this respect. Diodes work only if the voltage of its positive electrode
is higher than its negative electrode and there is a narrow range of operating voltage for most all common
diodes of 1.9 and 3.4V. If you use much more than 3.3V the LED will be damaged and burn out.

Note: LEDs cannot be directly connected to a power supply, which usually ends in a damaged component. A
resistor with a specified resistance value must be connected in series to the LED you plan to use.
Resistor
Resistors use Ohms (Ω) as the unit of measurement of their resistance (R). 1MΩ=1000kΩ, 1kΩ=1000Ω.
A resistor is a passive electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of current in an electronic circuit.
On the left, we see a physical representation of a resistor, and the right is the symbol used to represent the
presence of a resistor in a circuit diagram or schematic.

The bands of color on a resistor is a shorthand code used to identify its resistance value. For more details of
resistor color codes, please refer to the appendix of this tutorial.
With a fixed voltage, there will be less current output with greater resistance added to the circuit. The
relationship between Current, Voltage and Resistance can be expressed by this formula: I=V/R known as
Ohm’s Law where I = Current, V = Voltage and R = Resistance. Knowing the values of any two of these
allows you to solve the value of the third.
In the following diagram, the current through R1 is: I=U/R=5V/10kΩ=0.0005A=0.5mA.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 1 LED 39

WARNING: Never connect the two poles of a power supply with anything of low resistance value (i.e. a metal
object or bare wire) this is a Short and results in high current that may damage the power supply and electronic
components.
Note: Unlike LEDs and diodes, resistors have no poles and re non-polar (it does not matter which direction
you insert them into a circuit, it will work the same)
Breadboard
Here we have a small breadboard as an example of how the rows of holes (sockets) are electrically attached.
The left picture shows the way to connect pins. The right picture shows the practical internal structure.

Power
ESP32-S3 WROOM needs 5v power supply. In this tutorial, we need connect ESP32-S3 WROOM to computer
via USB cable to power it and program it. We can also use other 5v power source to power it.

In the following projects, we only use USB cable to power ESP32-S3 WROOM by default.
In the whole tutorial, we don’t use T extension to power ESP32-S3 WROOM. So 5V and 3.3V (includeing EXT
3.3V) on the extension board are provided by ESP32-S3 WROOM.
We can also use DC jack of extension board to power ESP32-S3 [Link] this way, 5v and EXT 3.3v on
extension board are provided by external power resource.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

40 Chapter 1 LED [Link] █

Circuit

First, disconnect all power from the ESP32-S3 WROOM. Then build the circuit according to the circuit and
hardware diagrams. After the circuit is built and verified correct, connect the PC to ESP32-S3 WROOM.

CAUTION: Avoid any possible short circuits (especially connecting 5V or GND, 3.3V and GND)! WARNING: A
short circuit can cause high current in your circuit, generate excessive component heat and cause permanent
damage to your hardware!
Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Longer Pin

Don't rotate ESP32-S3 WROOM 180° for connection.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 1 LED 41

Sketch

According to the circuit, when the GPIO2 of ESP32-S3 WROOM output level is high, the LED turns ON.
Conversely, when the GPIO2 ESP32-S3 WROOM output level is low, the LED turns OFF. Therefore, we can let
GPIO2 circularly output high and low level to make the LED blink.
Upload the following Sketch:
Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3\Sketches\Sketch_01.1_Blink.
Before uploading the code, click "Tools", "Board" and select "ESP32S3 Dev Module ".

Select the serial port.

Note that the computer port number of each user may be different. Please select the correct serial
port according to your computer. Taking the window system as an example, my computer
recognizes that the communication interface of the ESP32-S3-WROOM is COM3, so I select COM3.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

42 Chapter 1 LED [Link] █

Note: For macOS users, if the uploading fails, please set the baud rate to 115200 before clicking
“Upload Using Programmer”.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 1 LED 43

Sketch_01.1_Blink
Click the Upload button and it will compile and upload the Sketch to the ESP32-S3-WROOM.

Wait for the Sketch upload to complete, and observe the ESP32-S3 WROOM. You can see that the LED on
breadboard flashes cyclically.

If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

44 Chapter 2 Button & LED [Link] █

Chapter 2 Button & LED

Usually, there are three essential parts in a complete automatic control device: INPUT, OUTPUT, and CONTROL.
In last section, the LED module was the output part and ESP32-S3 was the control part. In practical applications,
we not only make LEDs flash, but also make a device sense the surrounding environment, receive instructions
and then take the appropriate action such as LEDs light up, make a buzzer turn ON and so on.

Control:
ESP32S3,
RPI, Arduino,
MCU and etc.

Input: Output:
switches, sensors LED, buzzer,
and etc. motor and etc.

Next, we will build a simple control system to control a LED through a push button switch.

Project 2.1 Button & LED

In the project, we will control the LED state through a Push Button Switch. When the button is pressed, our
LED will turn ON, and when it is released, the LED will turn OFF.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 2 Button & LED 45

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Jumper M/M x4 LED x1 Resistor 220Ω x1 Resistor 10kΩ x2 Push button x1

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

46 Chapter 2 Button & LED [Link] █

Component knowledge

Push button
This type of push button switch has 4 pins (2 Pole Switch). Two pins on the left are connected, and both left
and right sides are the same per the illustration:

When the button on the switch is pressed, the circuit is completed (your project is powered ON).

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 2 Button & LED 47

Sketch

This project is designed for learning how to use push button switch to control a LED. We first need to read
the state of switch, and then determine whether to turn the LED ON in accordance to the state of the switch.
Upload following sketch:
Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3\Sketches\Sketch_02.1_ButtonAndLed.
Sketch_02.1_ButtonAndLed

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, then press the key, the LED turns ON, release the switch, the LED
turns OFF.

If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

48 Chapter 2 Button & LED [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 #define PIN_LED 2
2 #define PIN_BUTTON 13
3 // the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
4 void setup() {
5 // initialize digital pin PIN_LED as an output.
6 pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT);
7 pinMode(PIN_BUTTON, INPUT);
8 }
9
10 // the loop function runs over and over again forever
11 void loop() {
12 if (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW) {
13 digitalWrite(PIN_LED,HIGH);
14 }else{
15 digitalWrite(PIN_LED,LOW);
16 }
17 }

In the circuit connection, LED and button are connected with GPIO2 and GPIO13 respectively, so define ledPin
and buttonPin as 2 and 13 respectively.
1 #define PIN_LED 2
2 #define PIN_BUTTON 13
In the while cycle of main function, use digitalRead(buttonPin) to determine the state of button. When the
button is pressed, the function returns low level, the result of “if” is true, and then turn on LED. Otherwise,
turn off LED.
11 void loop() {
12 if (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW) {
13 digitalWrite(PIN_LED,HIGH);
14 }else{
15 digitalWrite(PIN_LED,LOW);
16 }
17 }

Reference
int digitalRead (int pin);
This function returns the value read at the given pin. It will be “HIGH” or “LOW”(1 or 0) depending on the
logic level at the pin.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 2 Button & LED 49

Project 2.2 MINI table lamp

We will also use a push button switch, LED and ESP32-S3 to make a MINI table lamp but this will function
differently: Press the button, the LED will turn ON, and pressing the button again, the LED turns OFF. The ON
switch action is no longer momentary (like a door bell) but remains ON without needing to continually press
on the Button Switch.
First, let us learn something about the push button switch.

Debounce for Push Button

The moment when a push button switch is pressed, it will not change from one state to another state
immediately. Due to tiny mechanical vibrations, there will be a short period of continuous buffeting before it
completely reaches another state too fast for humans to detect but not for computer microcontrollers. The
same is true when the push button switch is released. This unwanted phenomenon is known as “bounce”.
press stable release stable

Ideal state

Virtual state

Therefore, if we can directly detect the state of the push button switch, there are multiple pressing and
releasing actions in one pressing cycle. This buffeting will mislead the high-speed operation of the
microcontroller to cause many false decisions. Therefore, we need to eliminate the impact of buffeting. Our
solution: to judge the state of the button multiple times. Only when the button state is stable (consistent) over
a period of time, can it indicate that the button is actually in the ON state (being pressed).
This project needs the same components and circuits as we used in the previous section.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

50 Chapter 2 Button & LED [Link] █

Sketch

Sketch_02.2_Tablelamp

Download the code to the ESP32-S3 WROOM, press the button, the LED turns ON, and press the button
again, the LED turns OFF.

If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 2 Button & LED 51

The following is the program code:

1 #define PIN_LED 2
2 #define PIN_BUTTON 13
3 // the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
4 void setup() {
5 // initialize digital pin PIN_LED as an output.
6 pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT);
7 pinMode(PIN_BUTTON, INPUT);
8 }
9
10 // the loop function runs over and over again forever
11 void loop() {
12 if (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW) {
13 delay(20);
14 if (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW) {
15 reverseGPIO(PIN_LED);
16 }
17 while (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW);
18 delay(20);
19 while (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW);
20 }
21 }
22
23 void reverseGPIO(int pin) {
24 digitalWrite(pin, ! digitalRead(pin));
25 }

When judging the push button state, if it is detected as "pressed down", wait for a certain time to detect again
to eliminate the effect of bounce. When confirmed, flip the LED on and off. Then it starts to wait for the
pressed button to be released, and waits for a certain time to eliminate the effect of bounce after it is released.
12 if (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW) {
13 delay(20);
14 if (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW) {
15 reverseGPIO(PIN_LED);
16 }
17 while (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW);
18 delay(20);
19 while (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW);
20 }
The subfunction reverseGPIO() means reading the state value of the specified pin, taking the value back and
writing it to the pin again to achieve the function of flipping the output state of the pin.
23 void reverseGPIO(int pin) {
24 digitalWrite(pin, ! digitalRead(pin));
25 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

52 Chapter 3 LED Bar [Link] █

Chapter 3 LED Bar

We have learned how to control a LED blinking, next we will learn how to control a number of LEDs.

Project 3.1 Flowing Light

In this project, we use a number of LEDs to make a flowing light.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Jumper M/M x10 LED bar graph x1 Resistor 220Ω x10

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 3 LED Bar 53

Component knowledge

Let’s learn about the basic features of these components to use and understand them better.
LED bar
A LED bar graph has 10 LEDs integrated into one compact component. The two rows of pins at its bottom
are paired to identify each LED like the single LED used earlier.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

54 Chapter 3 LED Bar [Link] █

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

If LED bar does not work, try to rotate it for 180°. The label is random.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 3 LED Bar 55

Sketch

This project is designed to make a flowing water lamp. Which are these actions: First turn LED1 ON, then turn
it OFF. Then turn LED2 ON, and then turn it OFF... and repeat the same to all 10 LEDs until the last LED is turns
OFF. This process is repeated to achieve the “movements” of flowing water.
Upload following sketch:
Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3\Sketches\Sketch_03.1_FlowingLight.
Sketch_03.1_FlowingLight

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM and LED bar graph will light up from left to right and from right to
left.

If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

56 Chapter 3 LED Bar [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 byte ledPins[] = {21, 47, 48, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 2, 1};
2 int ledCounts;
3
4 void setup() {
5 ledCounts = sizeof(ledPins);
6 for (int i = 0; i < ledCounts; i++) {
7 pinMode(ledPins[i], OUTPUT);
8 }
9 }
10
11 void loop() {
12 for (int i = 0; i < ledCounts; i++) {
13 digitalWrite(ledPins[i], HIGH);
14 delay(100);
15 digitalWrite(ledPins[i], LOW);
16 }
17 for (int i = ledCounts - 1; i > -1; i--) {
18 digitalWrite(ledPins[i], HIGH);
19 delay(100);
20 digitalWrite(ledPins[i], LOW);
21 }
22 }
Use an array to define 10 GPIO ports connected to LED bar graph for easier operation.
1 byte ledPins[] = {21, 47, 48, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 2, 1};
In setup(), use sizeof() to get the number of array, which is the number of LEDs, then configure the GPIO port
to output mode.
5 ledCounts = sizeof(ledPins);
6 for (int i = 0; i < ledCounts; i++) {
7 pinMode(ledPins[i], OUTPUT);
8 }
Then, in loop(), use two “for” loop to realize flowing water light from left to right and from right to left.
12 for (int i = 0; i < ledCounts; i++) {
13 digitalWrite(ledPins[i], HIGH);
14 delay(100);
15 digitalWrite(ledPins[i], LOW);
16 }
17 for (int i = ledCounts - 1; i > -1; i--) {
18 digitalWrite(ledPins[i], HIGH);
19 delay(100);
20 digitalWrite(ledPins[i], LOW);
21 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 4 Analog & PWM 57

Chapter 4 Analog & PWM

In previous study, we have known that one button has two states: pressed and released, and LED has light-
on/off state, then how to enter a middle state? How to output an intermediate state to let LED "semi bright"?
That's what we're going to learn.
First, let’s learn how to control the brightness of a LED.

Project 4.1 Breathing LED

Breathing light, that is, LED is turned from off to on gradually, and gradually from on to off, just like "breathing".
So, how to control the brightness of a LED? We will use PWM to achieve this target.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

LED x1 Resistor 220Ω x1 Jumper M/M x2

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

58 Chapter 4 Analog & PWM [Link] █

Related knowledge

Analog & Digital

An analog signal is a continuous signal in both time and value. On the contrary, a digital signal or discrete-
time signal is a time series consisting of a sequence of quantities. Most signals in life are analog signals. A
familiar example of an analog signal would be how the temperature throughout the day is continuously
changing and could not suddenly change instantaneously from 0℃ to 10℃. However, digital signals can
instantaneously change in value. This change is expressed in numbers as 1 and 0 (the basis of binary code).
Their differences can more easily be seen when compared when graphed as below.

In practical application, we often use binary as the digital signal, that is a series of 0’s and 1’s. Since a binary
signal only has two values (0 or 1), it has great stability and reliability. Lastly, both analog and digital signals
can be converted into the other.
PWM
PWM, Pulse-Width Modulation, is a very effective method for using digital signals to control analog circuits.
Common processors cannot directly output analog signals. PWM technology makes it very convenient to
achieve this conversion (translation of digital to analog signals)
PWM technology uses digital pins to send certain frequencies of square waves, that is, the output of high
levels and low levels, which alternately last for a while. The total time for each set of high levels and low levels
is generally fixed, which is called the period (Note: the reciprocal of the period is frequency). The time of high
level outputs are generally called “pulse width”, and the duty cycle is the percentage of the ratio of pulse
duration, or pulse width (PW) to the total period (T) of the waveform.
The longer the outputs of high levels last, the longer the duty cycle and the higher the corresponding voltage
in the analog signal will be. The following figures show how the analog signal voltages vary between 0V-5V
(high level is 5V) corresponding to the pulse width 0%-100%:

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 4 Analog & PWM 59

The longer the PWM duty cycle is, the higher the output power will be. Now that we understand this
relationship, we can use PWM to control the brightness of a LED or the speed of DC motor and so on.
It is evident from the above that PWM is not real analog, and the effective value of the voltage is equivalent
to the corresponding analog. Therefore, we can control the output power of the LED and other output
modules to achieve different effects.

ESP32-S3 and PWM

On ESP32-S3, the LEDC(PWM) controller has 8 separate channels, each of which can independently control
frequency, duty cycle, and even accuracy. Unlike traditional PWM pins, the PWM output pins of ESP32-S3 are
configurable, with one or more PWM output pins per channel. The relationship between the maximum
frequency and bit precision is shown in the following formula, where the maximum value of bit is 31.

80,000,000
Freqmax =
1≪𝑏𝑖𝑡
8
For example, generate a PWM with an 8-bit precision (2 =256. Values range from 0 to 255) with a maximum
frequency of 80,000,000/256 = 312,500Hz.）

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

60 Chapter 4 Analog & PWM [Link] █

Circuit

This circuit is the same as the one in engineering Blink.

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Longer Pin

Don't rotate ESP32-S3 WROOM 180° for connection.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 4 Analog & PWM 61

Sketch

This project is designed to make PWM output GPIO2 with pulse width increasing from 0% to 100%, and then
reducing from 100% to 0% gradually.
Sketch_04.1_BreathingLight

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, and you'll see that LED is turned from on to off and then from off
to on gradually like breathing.

The following is the program code:

1 #define PIN_LED 2 //define the led pin
2 #define CHN 0 //define the pwm channel
3 #define FRQ 1000 //define the pwm frequency
4 #define PWM_BIT 8 //define the pwm precision
5 void setup() {

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

62 Chapter 4 Analog & PWM [Link] █

6 ledcAttachChannel(PIN_LED, FRQ, PWM_BIT, CHN); //attach the led pin to pwm channel
7 }
8
9 void loop() {
10 for (int i = 0; i < 255; i++) { //make light fade in
11 ledcWrite(PIN_LED, i);
12 delay(10);
13 }
14 for (int i = 255; i > -1; i--) { //make light fade out
15 ledcWrite(PIN_LED, i);
16 delay(10);
17 }
18 }
The PWM pin output mode of ESP32-S3 is not the same as the traditional controller. It controls each
parameter of PWM by controlling the PWM channel. Any number of GPIO can be connected with the PWM
channel to output PWM. In setup(), you first configure a PWM channel and set the frequency and precision.
Then the GPIO is associated with the PWM channel.
6 ledcAttachChannel(PIN_LED, FRQ, PWM_BIT, CHN); //attach the led pin to pwm channel
In the loop(), There are two “for” loops. The first makes the ledPin output PWM from 0% to 100% and the
second makes the ledPin output PWM from 100% to 0%. This allows the LED to gradually light and extinguish。
11 for (int i = 0; i < 255; i++) { //make light fade in
12 ledcWrite(PIN_LED, i);
13 delay(10);
14 }
15 for (int i = 255; i > -1; i--) { //make light fade out
16 ledcWrite(PIN_LED, i);
17 delay(10);
18 }
You can also adjust the rate of the state change of LED by changing the parameters of the delay() function in
the “for” loop.
void ledcAttachChannel (uint8_t pin, double freq, uint8_t bit_num, uint8_t channel);
void ledcDetachPin(uint8_t pin);
Set the frequency and accuracy of a PWM channel.
Parameters
chan: channel index. Value range :0-7
freq: frequency, it could be a decimal.
bit_num: precision of values.
channel: Bind/unbind a GPIO to a PWM channel.
void ledcWrite(uint8_t channel, uint32_t duty);
Writes the pulse width value to a PWM channel.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 4 Analog & PWM 63

Project 4.2 Meteor Flowing Light

After learning about PWM, we can use it to control LED bar graph and realize a cooler flowing light.
The component list, circuit, and hardware are exactly consistent with the project Flowing Light.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Jumper M/M x8 LED bar graph x1 Resistor 220Ω x8

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

64 Chapter 4 Analog & PWM [Link] █

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 4 Analog & PWM 65

Sketch

Meteor flowing light will be implemented with PWM.

Sketch_04.2_FlowingLight2

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, and LED bar graph will gradually light up and out from left to
right, then light up and out from right to left.

The following is the program code:

1 const byte ledPins[] = {21, 47, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 2}; //define led pins
2 const byte chns[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}; //define the pwm channels
3 const int dutys[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
4 1023, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8,
5 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
6 }; //define the pwm dutys
7 int ledCounts; //led counts
8 int delayTimes = 50; //flowing speed ,the smaller, the faster
9 void setup() {
10 ledCounts = sizeof(ledPins); //get the led counts
11 for (int i = 0; i < ledCounts; i++) { //setup the pwm channels
12 ledcAttachChannel(ledPins[i], 1000, 10, chns[i]);
13 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

66 Chapter 4 Analog & PWM [Link] █

14 }
15
16 void loop() {
17 for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) { //flowing one side to other side
18 for (int j = 0; j < ledCounts; j++) {
19 ledcWrite(ledPins[j], dutys[i + j]);
20 }
21 delay(delayTimes);
22 }
23 for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) { //flowing one side to other side
24 for (int j = ledCounts - 1; j > -1; j--) {
25 ledcWrite(ledPins[j], dutys[i + (ledCounts - 1 - j)]);
26 }
27 delay(delayTimes);
28 }
29 }

First we defined 8 GPIO, 8 PWM channels, and 24 pulse width values.

1 const byte ledPins[] = {21, 47, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 2}; //define led pins
2 const byte chns[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}; //define the pwm channels
3 const int dutys[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
4 1023, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8,
5 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
6 }; //define the pwm dutys

In setup(), set the frequency of 8 PWM channels to 1000Hz, the accuracy to 10bits, and the maximum pulse
width to 1023. Attach GPIO to these PWM channels.
11 for (int i = 0; i < ledCounts; i++) { //setup the pwm channels
12 ledcAttachChannel(ledPins[i], 1000, 10, chns[i]);
13 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 4 Analog & PWM 67

In loop(), a nested for loop is used to control the pulse width of the PWM, and LED bar graph moves one grid
after each 1 is added in the first for loop, gradually changing according to the values in the array duties. As
shown in the table below, the value of the second row is the value in the array duties, and the 8 green squares
in each row below represent the 8 LEDs on the LED bar graph. Every 1 is added to I, the value of the LED bar
graph will move to the right by one grid, and when it reaches the end, it will move from the end to the starting
point, achieving the desired effect.
0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 1 6 3 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 5 2 4 2 6
i 2 2 6 8
3
0
1
2
3
…
13
14
15

In the code, two nested for loops are used to achieve this effect.
17 for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) { //flowing one side to other side
18 for (int j = 0; j < ledCounts; j++) {
19 ledcWrite(ledPins[j], dutys[i + j]);
20 }
21 delay(delayTimes);
22 }
23 for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) { //flowing from one side to the other
24 for (int j = ledCounts - 1; j > -1; j--) {
25 ledcWrite(ledPins[j], dutys[i + (ledCounts - 1 - j)]);
26 }
27 delay(delayTimes);
28 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

68 Chapter 5 RGB LED [Link] █

Chapter 5 RGB LED

In this chapter, we will learn how to control a RGB LED. It can emit different colors of light. Next, we will use
RGB LED to make a multicolored light.

Project 5.1 Random Color Light

In this project, we will make a multicolored LED. And we can control RGB LED to switch different colors
automatically.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

RGBLED x1 Resistor 220Ω x3 Jumper M/M x4

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 5 RGB LED 69

Related knowledge

RGB LED has integrated 3 LEDs that can respectively emit red, green and blue light. And it has 4 pins. The
long pin (1) is the common port, that is, 3 LED 's positive or negative port. The RGB LED with common positive
port and its symbol is shown below. We can make RGB LED emit various colors of light by controlling these 3
LEDs to emit light with different brightness,

Red, green, and blue are known as three primary colors. When you combine these three primary-color lights
with different brightness, it can produce almost all kinds of visible lights. Computer screens, single pixel of cell
phone screen, neon, and etc. are working under this principle.

RGB

8 8 8
If we use three 8-bit PWMs to control the RGB LED, in theory, we can create 2 *2 *2 =16777216 (16 million)
colors through different combinations.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

70 Chapter 5 RGB LED [Link] █

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 5 RGB LED 71

Sketch

We need to create three PWM channels and use random duty cycle to make random RGB LED color.
Sketch_05.1_ColorfulLight

With the code downloaded to ESP32-S3 WROOM, RGB LED begins to display random colors.
If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link]

The following is the program code:

1 const byte ledPins[] = {38, 39, 40}; //define red, green, blue led pins
2 const byte chns[] = {0, 1, 2}; //define the pwm channels
3 int red, green, blue;
4 void setup() {
5 for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { //setup the pwm channels,1KHz,8bit
6 ledcAttachChannel(ledPins[i], 1000, 8, chns[i]);
7 }
8 }
9
10 void loop() {
11 red = random(0, 256);
12 green = random(0, 256);
13 blue = random(0, 256);
14 setColor(red, green, blue);

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

72 Chapter 5 RGB LED [Link] █

15 delay(200);
16 }
17
18 void setColor(byte r, byte g, byte b) {
19 ledcWrite(ledPins[0], 255 - r); //Common anode LED, low level to turn on the led.
20 ledcWrite(ledPins[1], 255 - g);
21 ledcWrite(ledPins[2], 255 - b);
22 }

Define the PWM channel and associate it with the pin connected to RGB LED, and define the variable to hold
the color value and initialize it in setup().
1 const byte ledPins[] = {38, 39, 40}; //define red, green, blue led pins
2 const byte chns[] = {0, 1, 2}; //define the pwm channels
3 int red, green, blue;
4 void setup() {
5 for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { //setup the pwm channels,1KHz,8bit
6 ledcAttachChannel(ledPins[i], 1000, 8, chns[i]);
7 }
8 }
In setColor(), this function controls the output color of RGB LED by the given color value. Because the circuit
uses a common anode, the LED lights up when the GPIO outputs low power. Therefore, in PWM, low level is
the active level, so 255 minus the given value is necessary.
18 void setColor(byte r, byte g, byte b) {
19 ledcWrite(ledPins[0], 255 - r); //Common anode LED, low level to turn on the led.
20 ledcWrite(ledPins[1], 255 - g);
21 ledcWrite(ledPins[2], 255 - b);
22 }
In loop(), get three random Numbers and set them as color values.
11 red = random(0, 256);
12 green = random(0, 256);
13 blue = random(0, 256);
14 setColor(red, green, blue);
15 delay(200);

The related function of software PWM can be described as follows:

long random(min, max);
This function will return a random number(min --- max-1).

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 5 RGB LED 73

Project 5.2 Gradient Color Light

In the previous project, we have mastered the usage of RGB LED, but the random display of colors is rather
stiff. This project will realize a fashionable light with soft color changes.

Component list and the circuit are exactly the same as the random color light.

Using a color model, the color changes from 0 to 255 as shown below.

In this code, the color model will be implemented and RGB LED will change colors along the model.
Sketch_05.2_SoftColorfulLight
The following is the program code:
1 const byte ledPins[] = {38, 39, 40}; //define led pins
2 const byte chns[] = {0, 1, 2}; //define the pwm channels
3
4 void setup() {
5 for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { //setup the pwm channels
6 ledcAttachChannel(ledPins[i], 1000, 8, chns[i]);
7 }
8 }
9
10 void loop() {
11 for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
12 setColor(wheel(i));
13 delay(20);
14 }
15 }
16
17 void setColor(long rgb) {
18 ledcWrite(ledPins[0], 255 - (rgb >> 16) & 0xFF);
19 ledcWrite(ledPins[1], 255 - (rgb >> 8) & 0xFF);
20 ledcWrite(ledPins[2], 255 - (rgb >> 0) & 0xFF);
21 }
22
23 long wheel(int pos) {
24 long WheelPos = pos % 0xff;
25 if (WheelPos < 85) {
26 return ((255 - WheelPos * 3) << 16) | ((WheelPos * 3) << 8);
27 } else if (WheelPos < 170) {

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

74 Chapter 5 RGB LED [Link] █

28 WheelPos -= 85;
29 return (((255 - WheelPos * 3) << 8) | (WheelPos * 3));
30 } else {
31 WheelPos -= 170;
32 return ((WheelPos * 3) << 16 | (255 - WheelPos * 3));
33 }
34 }

In setColor(), a variable represents the value of RGB, and a hexadecimal representation of color is a common
representation, such as 0xAABBCC, where AA represents the red value, BB represents the green value, and
CC represents the blue value. The use of a variable can make the transmission of parameters more convenient,
in the split, only a simple operation can take out the value of each color channel
18 void setColor(long rgb) {
19 ledcWrite(ledPins[0], 255 - (rgb >> 16) & 0xFF);
20 ledcWrite(ledPins[1], 255 - (rgb >> 8) & 0xFF);
21 ledcWrite(ledPins[2], 255 - (rgb >> 0) & 0xFF);
22 }

The wheel() function is the color selection method for the color model introduced earlier. The pos parameter
ranges from 0 to 255 and outputs a color value in hexadecimal.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 6 Buzzer 75

Chapter 6 Buzzer
In this chapter, we will learn about buzzers that can make sounds.

Project 6.1 Doorbell

We will make this kind of doorbell: when the button is pressed, the buzzer sounds; and when the button is
released, the buzzer stops sounding.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Jumper M/M x6

NPN transistorx1 Active buzzer x1 Push button x1 Resistor 1kΩ x1 Resistor 10kΩ x2
(S8050)

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

76 Chapter 6 Buzzer [Link] █

Component knowledge

Buzzer
Buzzer is a sounding component, which is widely used in electronic devices such as calculator, electronic
warning clock and alarm. Buzzer has two types: active and passive. Active buzzer has oscillator inside, which
will sound as long as it is supplied with power. Passive buzzer requires external oscillator signal (generally use
PWM with different frequency) to make a sound.

Active buzzer Passive buzzer

Active buzzer is easy to use. Generally, it can only make a specific frequency of sound. Passive buzzer
requires an external circuit to make a sound, but it can be controlled to make a sound with different
frequency. The resonant frequency of the passive buzzer is 2kHz, which means the passive buzzer is loudest
when its resonant frequency is 2kHz.
Next, we will use an active buzzer to make a doorbell and a passive buzzer to make an alarm.

How to identify active and passive buzzer?

1. Usually, there is a label on the surface of active buzzer covering the vocal hole, but this is not an absolute
judgment method.
2. Active buzzers are more complex than passive buzzers in their manufacture. There are many circuits and
crystal oscillator elements inside active buzzers; all of this is usually protected with a waterproof coating
(and a housing) exposing only its pins from the underside. On the other hand, passive buzzers do not
have protective coatings on their underside. From the pin holes viewing of a passive buzzer, you can see
the circuit board, coils, and a permanent magnet (all or any combination of these components depending
on the model.
Active buzzer Passive buzzer

Transistor
Because the buzzer requires such large current that GPIO of ESP32-S3 output capability cannot meet the
requirement, a transistor of NPN type is needed here to amplify the current.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 6 Buzzer 77

Transistor, the full name: semiconductor transistor, is a semiconductor device that controls current. Transistor
can be used to amplify weak signal, or works as a switch. It has three electrodes(PINs): base (b), collector (c)
and emitter (e). When there is current passing between "be", "ce" will allow several-fold current (transistor
magnification) pass, at this point, transistor works in the amplifying area. When current between "be" exceeds
a certain value, "ce" will not allow current to increase any longer, at this point, transistor works in the saturation
area. Transistor has two types as shown below: PNP and NPN.

PNP transistor NPN transistor

In our kit, the PNP transistor is marked with 8550, and the NPN transistor is marked with 8050.

Based on the transistor's characteristics, it is often used as a switch in digital circuits. As micro-controller's
capacity to output current is very weak, we will use transistor to amplify current and drive large-current
components.

When use NPN transistor to drive buzzer, we often adopt the following method. If GPIO outputs high level,
current will flow through R1, the transistor will get conducted, and the buzzer will sound. If GPIO outputs low
level, no current flows through R1, the transistor will not be conducted, and buzzer will not sound.

When use PNP transistor to drive buzzer, we often adopt the following method. If GPIO outputs low level,
current will flow through R1, the transistor will get conducted, and the buzzer will sound. If GPIO outputs high
level, no current flows through R1, the transistor will not be conducted, and buzzer will not sound.

NPN transistor to drive buzzer PNP transistor to drive buzzer

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

78 Chapter 6 Buzzer [Link] █

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Note: in this circuit, the power supply for buzzer is 5V, and pull-up resistor of the button connected to the
power 3.3V. The buzzer can work when connected to power 3.3V, but it will reduce the loudness.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 6 Buzzer 79

Sketch

In this project, a buzzer will be controlled by a push button switch. When the button switch is pressed, the
buzzer sounds and when the button is released, the buzzer stops. It is analogous to our earlier project that
controlled a LED ON and OFF.
Sketch_06.1_Doorbell

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, press the push button switch and the buzzer will sound. Release
the push button switch and the buzzer will stop.

The following is the program code:

1 #define PIN_BUZZER 14
2 #define PIN_BUTTON 21
3
4 void setup() {

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

80 Chapter 6 Buzzer [Link] █

5 pinMode(PIN_BUZZER, OUTPUT);
6 pinMode(PIN_BUTTON, INPUT);
7 }
8
9 void loop() {
10 if (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW) {
11 digitalWrite(PIN_BUZZER,HIGH);
12 }else{
13 digitalWrite(PIN_BUZZER,LOW);
14 }
15 }
The code is logically the same as using button to control LED.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 6 Buzzer 81

Project 6.2 Alertor

Next, we will use a passive buzzer to make an alarm.

Component list and the circuit is similar to the last section. In the Doorbell circuit only the active buzzer needs
to be replaced with a passive buzzer.

Sketch

In this project, the buzzer alarm is controlled by the button. Press the button, then buzzer sounds. If you
release the button, the buzzer will stop sounding. It is logically the same as using button to control LED, but
in the control method, passive buzzer requires PWM of certain frequency to sound.
Sketch_06.2_Alertor

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, press the button, then alarm sounds. And when the button is
released, the alarm will stop sounding.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

82 Chapter 6 Buzzer [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 #define PIN_BUZZER 14
2 #define PIN_BUTTON 21
3 #define CHN 0 //define the pwm channel
4
5 void setup() {
6 pinMode(PIN_BUTTON, INPUT);
7 pinMode(PIN_BUZZER, OUTPUT);
8 ledcAttachChannel(PIN_BUZZER, 0, 10, CHN); //attach the led pin to pwm channel
9 ledcWriteTone(PIN_BUZZER, 2000); //Sound at 2KHz for 0.3 seconds
10 delay(300);
11 }
12
13 void loop() {
14 if (digitalRead(PIN_BUTTON) == LOW) {
15 alert();
16 } else {
17 ledcWriteTone(PIN_BUZZER, 0);
18 }
19 }
20
21 void alert() {
22 float sinVal; // Define a variable to save sine value
23 int toneVal; // Define a variable to save sound frequency
24 for (int x = 0; x < 360; x += 10) { // X from 0 degree->360 degree
25 sinVal = sin(x * (PI / 180)); // Calculate the sine of x
26 toneVal = 2000 + sinVal * 500; //Calculate sound frequency according to the sine of x
27 ledcWriteTone(PIN_BUZZER, toneVal);
28 delay(10);
29 }
30 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 6 Buzzer 83

The code is the same as the active buzzer logically, but the way to control the buzzer is different. Passive
buzzer requires PWM of certain frequency to control, so you need to create a PWM channel through
ledcAttachChannel(). Here ledcWriteTone() is designed to generating square wave with variable frequency
and duty cycle fixed to 50%, which is a better choice for controlling the buzzer.
8 ledcAttachChannel(PIN_BUZZER, 0, 10, CHN); //attach the led pin to pwm channel
9 ledcWriteTone(PIN_BUZZER, 2000); //Sound at 2KHz for 0.3 seconds
In the while cycle of main function, when the button is pressed, subfunction alert() will be called and the alertor
will issue a warning sound. The frequency curve of the alarm is based on the sine curve. We need to calculate
the sine value from 0 to 360 degree and multiply a certain value (here is 500) and plus the resonant frequency
of buzzer.
21 void alert() {
22 float sinVal; // Define a variable to save sine value
23 int toneVal; // Define a variable to save sound frequency
24 for (int x = 0; x < 360; x += 10) { // X from 0 degree->360 degree
25 sinVal = sin(x * (PI / 180)); // Calculate the sine of x
26 toneVal = 2000 + sinVal * 500; //Calculate sound frequency according to the sine of x
27 ledcWriteTone(PIN_BUZZER, toneVal);
28 delay(10);
29 }
30 }
If you want to close the buzzer, just set PWM frequency of the buzzer pin to 0.
17 ledcWriteTone(PIN_BUZZER, 0);
Reference
double ledcWriteTone(uint8_t channel, double freq);
This updates the tone frequency value on the given channel.

This function has some bugs in the current version (V1.0.4): when the call interval is less than 20ms, the
resulting PWM will have an exception. We will get in touch with the authorities to solve this problem and
give solutions in the following two projects.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

84 Chapter 7 Serial Communication [Link] █

Chapter 7 Serial Communication

Serial Communication is a means of communication between different devices/devices. This section describes
ESP32-S3’s Serial Communication.

Project 7.1 Serial Print

This project uses ESP32-S3’s serial communicator to send data to the computer and print it on the serial
monitor.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Micro USB Wire x1

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 7 Serial Communication 85

Related knowledge

Serial communication
Serial communication generally refers to the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART), which is
commonly used in electronic circuit communication. It has two communication lines, one is responsible for
sending data (TX line) and the other for receiving data (RX line). The serial communication connections of
two devices is as follows:
Device 1 Device 2
RX RX
TX TX

Before serial communication starts, the baud rate of both sides must be the same. Communication between
devices can work only if the same baud rate is used. The baud rates commonly used is 9600 and 115200.

Serial port on ESP32-S3

Freenove ESP32-S3 has integrated USB to serial transfer, so it could communicate with computer connecting
to USB cable.
ESP32-S3 USB to Serial Computer

UART
UART COM
USB

Arduino Software also uploads code to Freenove ESP32-S3 through the serial connection.
Your computer identifies serial devices connecting to it as COMx. We can use the Serial Monitor window of
Arduino Software to communicate with Freenove ESP32-S3, connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to computer
through the USB cable, choose the correct device, and then click the Serial Monitor icon to open the Serial
Monitor window.

Interface of serial monitor window is as follows. If you can't open it, make sure Freenove ESP32-S3 has been
connected to the computer, and choose the right serial port in the menu bar "Tools".

Title bar

Data-
sending
Data- area
receiving
area

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

86 Chapter 7 Serial Communication [Link] █

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer with USB cable.

Sketch

Sketch_07.1_SerialPrinter

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial port monitor, set the baud rate to 115200, and
press the reset button. As shown in the following figure:

As shown in the image above, "ESP32-S3 initialization completed! " The previous is the printing message
Any concerns?  support@[Link]
 █ [Link] Chapter 7 Serial Communication 87

when the system is started. The user program is then printed at a baud rate of 115200.

The following is the program code:

1 void setup() {
2 [Link](115200);
3 [Link]("ESP32S3 initialization completed! ");
4 }
5
6 void loop() {
7 [Link]("Running time : %.1f s\n", millis() / 1000.0f);
8 delay(1000);
9 }

Reference
void begin(unsigned long baud, uint32_t config=SERIAL_8N1, int8_t rxPin=-1,
int8_t txPin=-1, bool invert=false, unsigned long timeout_ms = 20000UL);
Initializes the serial port. Parameter baud is baud rate, other parameters generally use the default value.
size_t println( arg );
Print to the serial port and wrap. The parameter arg can be a number, a character, a string, an array of
characters, etc.
size_t printf(const char * format, ...) __attribute__ ((format (printf, 2, 3)));
Print formatted content to the serial port in the same way as print in standard C.
unsigned long millis();
Returns the number of milliseconds since the current system was booted.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

88 Chapter 7 Serial Communication [Link] █

Project 7.2 Serial Read and Write

From last section, we use serial port on Freenove ESP32-S3 to send data to a computer, now we will use that
to receive data from computer.

Component and circuit are the same as in the previous project.

Sketch

Sketch_07.2_SerialRW

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial monitor, and set the top right corner to Newline,
115200. As shown in the following figure:

Then type characters like 'ABCDEFG' into the data sent at the top, and press Ctrl+Enter to send the
message.

Input

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 7 Serial Communication 89

The following is the program code:

1 String inputString = ""; //a String to hold incoming data
2 bool stringComplete = false; // whether the string is complete
3
4 void setup() {
5 [Link](115200);
6 [Link](String("\nESP32S3 initialization completed! \r\n")
7 + String("Please input some characters,\r\n")
8 + String("select \"Newline\" below and Ctrl + Enter to send message to
ESP32S3. \r\n"));
9 }
10
11 void loop() {
12 if ([Link]()) { // judge whether data has been received
13 char inChar = [Link](); // read one character
14 inputString += inChar;
15 if (inChar == '\n') {
16 stringComplete = true;
17 }
18 }
19 if (stringComplete) {
20 [Link]("inputString: %s \n", inputString);
21 inputString = "";
22 stringComplete = false;
23 }
24 }

In loop(), determine whether the serial port has data, if so, read and save the data, and if the newline
character is read, print out all the data that has been read.

Reference
String();
Constructs an instance of the String class.
For more information, please visit
[Link]
int available(void);
Get the number of bytes (characters) available for reading from the serial port. This is data that’s already
arrived and stored in the serial receive buffer.
[Link]();
Reads incoming serial data.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

90 Chapter 8 AD Converter [Link] █

Chapter 8 AD Converter
In this chapter, we will learn how to use ESP32-S3 to read analog signals.

Project 8.1 Read the Voltage of Potentiometer

In this project, we will use the ADC function of ESP32-S3 to read the voltage value of the potentiometer and
print it out through the serial monitor.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Rotary potentiometer x1 Jumper M/M x3

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 8 AD Converter 91

Related knowledge

ADC
An ADC is an electronic integrated circuit used to convert analog signals such as voltages to digital or binary
form consisting of 1s and 0s. The range of our ADC on ESP32-S3 is 12 bits, that means the resolution is
2^12=4096, and it represents a range (at 3.3V) will be divided equally to 4096 parts. The rage of analog values
corresponds to ADC values. So the more bits the ADC has, the denser the partition of analog will be and the
greater the precision of the resulting conversion.

Subsection 1: the analog in rang of 0V---3.3/4095 V corresponds to digital 0;

Subsection 2: the analog in rang of 3.3/4095 V---2*3.3 /4095V corresponds to digital 1;
…
The following analog will be divided accordingly.
The conversion formula is as follows:

Analog Voltage
𝐴𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = ∗ 4095
3.3

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

92 Chapter 8 AD Converter [Link] █

ADC on ESP32-S3
ESP32-S3 has two digital analog converters with successive approximations of 12-bit accuracy, and a total
of 20 pins can be used to measure analog signals. GPIO pin sequence number and analog pin definition are
shown in the following table.
Pin number in Arduino GPIO number ADC channel
A0 GPIO 1 ADC1_CH0
A1 GPIO 2 ADC1_CH1
A2 GPIO 3 ADC1_CH2
A3 GPIO 4 ADC1_CH3
A4 GPIO 5 ADC1_CH4
A5 GPIO 6 ADC1_CH5
A6 GPIO 7 ADC1_CH6
A7 GPIO 8 ADC1_CH7
A8 GPIO 9 ADC1_CH8
A9 GPIO 10 ADC1_CH9
A10 GPIO 11 ADC2_CH0
A11 GPIO 12 ADC2_CH1
A12 GPIO 13 ADC2_CH2
A13 GPIO 14 ADC2_CH3
A14 GPIO 15 ADC2_CH4
A15 GPIO 16 ADC2_CH5
A16 GPIO 17 ADC2_CH6
A17 GPIO 18 ADC2_CH7
A18 GPIO 19 ADC2_CH8
A19 GPIO 20 ADC2_CH9
The analog pin number is also defined in ESP32-S3's code base. For example, you can replace GPIO1 with
A0 in the code.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 8 AD Converter 93

Component knowledge

Potentiometer
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor. Unlike the resistors that we have used thus far in our project
which have a fixed resistance value, the resistance value of a potentiometer can be adjusted. A potentiometer
is often made up by a resistive substance (a wire or carbon element) and movable contact brush. When the
brush moves along the resistor element, there will be a change in the resistance of the potentiometer’s output
side (3) (or change in the voltage of the circuit that is a part). The illustration below represents a linear sliding
potentiometer and its electronic symbol on the right.

What between potentiometer pin 1 and pin 2 is the resistor body, and pins 3 is connected to brush. When
brush moves from pin 1 to pin 2, the resistance between pin 1 and pin 3 will increase up to body resistance
linearly, and the resistance between pin 2 and pin 3 will decrease down to 0 linearly.
In the circuit. The both sides of resistance body are often connected to the positive and negative electrode of
the power. When you slide the brush pin 3, you can get a certain voltage in the range of the power supply.

Rotary potentiometer
Rotary potentiometer and linear potentiometer have similar function; their only difference is: the resistance
is adjusted by rotating the potentiometer.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

94 Chapter 8 AD Converter [Link] █

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 8 AD Converter 95

Sketch

Sketch_08.1_ADC

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial monitor, and set the baud rate to 115200. As
shown in the following figure.

As shown in the picture above, as long as the handle of the potentiometer is rotated, the serial monitor will
print out the ADC value, as well as the voltage value of the potentiometer.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

96 Chapter 8 AD Converter [Link] █

The following is the code:

1 #define PIN_ANALOG_IN 1
2 void setup() {
3 [Link](115200);
4 }
5
6 void loop() {
7 int adcVal = analogRead(PIN_ANALOG_IN);
8 double voltage = adcVal / 4095.0 * 3.3;
9 [Link]("ADC Val: %d, \t Voltage: %.2fV\n", adcVal, voltage);
10 delay(200);
11 }

In loop(), use the analogRead() function to obtain the input ADC value of the potentiometer, calculate the
voltage value of the potentiometer according to the formula in the previous knowledge point, and print it out
through the serial port.
7 int adcVal = analogRead(PIN_ANALOG_IN);
8 double voltage = adcVal / 4095.0 * 3.3;
9 [Link]("ADC Val: %d, \t Voltage: %.2fV\n", adcVal, voltage);

Reference
uint16_t analogRead(uint8_t pin);
Reads the value from the specified analog pin. Return the analog reading on the pin. (0-4095 for 12 bits).

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 9 Touch Sensor 97

Chapter 9 Touch Sensor

ESP32-S3 offers up to 14 capacitive touch GPIO, and as you can see from the previous section, mechanical
switches are prone to jitter that must be eliminated when used, which is not the case with ESP32-S3's built-
in touch sensor. In addition, on the service life, the touch switch also has advantages that mechanical switch
is completely incomparable.

Project 9.1 Read Touch Sensor

This project reads the value of the touch sensor and prints it out.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Jumper M/M x1

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

98 Chapter 9 Touch Sensor [Link] █

Related knowledge

Touch sensor
ESP32-S3's touch sensor supports up to 14 GPIO channels as capacitive touch pins. Each pin can be used
separately as an independent touch switch or be combined to produce multiple touch points. The following
table is a list of available touch pins on ESP32-S3.
Name of touch sensing signal GPIO number
T1 GPIO1
T2 GPIO2
T3 GPIO3
T4 GPIO4
T5 GPIO5
T6 GPIO6
T7 GPIO7
T8 GPIO8
T9 GPIO9
T10 GPIO10
T11 GPIO11
T12 GPIO12
T13 GPIO13
T14 GPIO14
The touch pin number is already defined in ESP32-S3's code base. For example, in the code, you can use T1
to represent GPIO1.
The electrical signals generated by touch are analog data, which are converted by an internal ADC converter.
You may have noticed that all touch pins have ADC functionality.
The hardware connection method is shown in the following figure.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 9 Touch Sensor 99

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

100 Chapter 9 Touch Sensor [Link] █

Sketch

Sketch_09.1_TouchRead

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial monitor, and set the baud rate to 115200. Touch
jumper with hand. As shown in the following figure,

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 9 Touch Sensor 101

Touch

No touch

Reference
uint16_t touchRead(uint8_t pin);
Read touch sensor value. (values close to 0 mean touch detected)

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

102 Chapter 9 Touch Sensor [Link] █

Project 9.2 Touch Lamp

In this project, we will use ESP32-S3's touch sensor to create a touch switch lamp.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Jumper M/M x3 LED x1 Resistor 220Ω x1

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 9 Touch Sensor 103

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

104 Chapter 9 Touch Sensor [Link] █

Sketch

Sketch_09.2_TouchLamp

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial monitor, and set the baud rate to 115200. Touch
jumper with hand. As shown in the following figure,

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 9 Touch Sensor 105

With a touch pad, the state of the LED changes with each touch, and the detection state of the touch sensor
is printed in the serial monitor.

The following is the program code:

1 #define PIN_LED 21
2 #define PRESS_VAL 200000 //Set a threshold to judge touch
3 #define RELEASE_VAL 60000 //Set a threshold to judge release
4
5 bool isProcessed = false;
6 void setup() {
7 [Link](115200);
8 pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT);
9 }
10 void loop() {
11 if (touchRead(T14) > PRESS_VAL) {
12 if (! isProcessed) {
13 isProcessed = true;
14 [Link]("Touch detected! ");
15 reverseGPIO(PIN_LED);
16 }
17 }
18
19 if (touchRead(T14) < RELEASE_VAL) {
20 if (isProcessed) {
21 isProcessed = false;
22 [Link]("Released! ");
23 }
24 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

106 Chapter 9 Touch Sensor [Link] █

25 }
26
27 void reverseGPIO(int pin) {
28 digitalWrite(pin, ! digitalRead(pin));
29 }
Due to different operating environments, the return value of the function touchRead() may not be the same
or similar. Therefore, with the help of Project 9.1, we can know the return values of touchRead() in different
states, and based on these return values, we can set a valid threshold range for the touch function.
For example, when touchRead() returns a value greater than 200000, we consider the touch function to be
triggered by a human. Similarly, when the return value of touchRead() is less than 60000, we consider that the
touch function has not been triggered by someone. Note that the threshold range here can be modified by
users according to their own conditions
2 #define PRESS_VAL 200000 //Set a threshold to judge touch
3 #define RELEASE_VAL 60000 //Set a threshold to judge release
In loop(), first determine whether the touch was detected. If yes, print some messages, flip the state of the
LED, and set the flag bit isProcessed to true to avoid repeating the program after the touch was successful.
11 if (touchRead(T14) > PRESS_VAL) {
12 if (! isProcessed) {
13 isProcessed = true;
14 [Link]("Touch detected! ");
15 reverseGPIO(PIN_LED);
16 }
17 }
It then determines if the touch key is released, and if so, prints some messages and sets the isProcessed to
false to avoid repeating the process after the touch release and to prepare for the next touch probe.
19 if (touchRead(T14) < RELEASE_VAL) {
20 if (isProcessed) {
21 isProcessed = false;
22 [Link]("Released! ");
23 }
24 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 10 Potentiometer & LED 107

Chapter 10 Potentiometer & LED

Earlier we have learned the use of ADC and PWM. In this chapter, we will learn how to use a potentiometer
to control the brightness of an LED.

Project 10.1 Soft Light

In this project, we will make a soft light. We will use an ADC Module to read ADC values of a potentiometer
and map it to duty cycle of the PWM used to control the brightness of a LED. Then you can change the
brightness of a LED by adjusting the potentiometer.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Rotary potentiometer x1 Resistor 220Ω x1 LED x1 Jumper M/M x5

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

108 Chapter 10 Potentiometer & LED [Link] █

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 10 Potentiometer & LED 109

Sketch

Sketch_10.1_Softlight

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, by turning the adjustable resistor to change the input voltage of
GPIO19, ESP32-S3 changes the output voltage of GPIO14 according to this voltage value, thus changing the
brightness of the LED.
The following is the code:
1 #define PIN_ANALOG_IN 1
2 #define PIN_LED 14
3 #define CHAN 0
4 void setup() {
5 ledcAttachChannel(PIN_LED, 1000, 12, CHAN);
6 }
7
8 void loop() {
9 int adcVal = analogRead(PIN_ANALOG_IN); //read adc
10 int pwmVal = adcVal; // adcVal re-map to pwmVal
11 ledcWrite(PIN_LED, pwmVal); // set the pulse width.
12 delay(10);
13 }
In the code, read the ADC value of potentiometer and map it to the duty cycle of PWM to control LED
brightness.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

110 Chapter 10 Potentiometer & LED [Link] █

Project 10.2 Soft Colorful Light

In this project, 3 potentiometers are used to control the RGB LED and in principle it is the same as the Soft
Light project. Namely, read the voltage value of the potentiometer and then convert it to PWM used to control
LED brightness. Difference is that the original project only controlled one LED, but this project required (3)
RGB LEDs.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Rotary potentiometer x3 Resistor 220Ω x3 RGBLED x1 Jumper M/M x13

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 10 Potentiometer & LED 111

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

112 Chapter 10 Potentiometer & LED [Link] █

Sketch

Sketch_10.2_SoftColorfulLight

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, rotate one of the potentiometers, then the color of RGB LED will
change.
If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 10 Potentiometer & LED 113

The following is the program code:

1 const byte adcChns[] = {12, 13, 14}; // define the adc channels
2 const byte ledPins[] = {38, 39, 40}; //define led pins
3 const byte chns[] = { 0, 1, 2}; //define the pwm channels
4 int colors[] = {0, 0, 0}; // red, green,blue values of color.
5 void setup() {
6 for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { //setup the pwm channels
7 ledcAttachChannel(ledPins[i], 1000, 8, chns[i]); //1KHz, 8bit(0-255).
8 }
9 }
10
11 void loop() {
12 for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
13 colors[i] = map(analogRead(adcChns[i]), 0, 4096, 0, 255); //calculate color
value.
14 ledcWrite(ledPins[i], 256 - colors[i]); //set color
15 }
16 delay(10);
17 }

In the code you can read the ADC values of the 3 potentiometers and map it into a PWM duty cycle to control
the 3 LED elements to vary the color of their respective RGB LED.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

114 Chapter 11 Photoresistor & LED [Link] █

Chapter 11 Photoresistor & LED

In this chapter, we will learn how to use a photoresistor.

Project 11.1 NightLamp

A photoresistor is very sensitive to the amount of light present. We can take advantage of the characteristic
to make a nightlight with the following function: when the ambient light is less (darker environment) the LED
will automatically become brighter to compensate and when the ambient light is greater (brighter
environment) the LED will automatically dim to compensate.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Photoresistor x1 Resistor LED x1 Jumper M/M x4

220Ω x1 10KΩ x1

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 11 Photoresistor & LED 115

Component knowledge

Photoresistor
A photoresistor is simply a light sensitive resistor. It is an active component that decreases resistance with
respect to receiving luminosity (light) on the component's light sensitive surface. A photoresistor’s resistance
value will change in proportion to the ambient light detected. With this characteristic, we can use a
photoresistor to detect light intensity. The photoresistor and its electronic symbol are as follows.

The circuit below is used to detect the change of a photoresistor’s resistance value:

In the above circuit, when a photoresistor’s resistance vale changes due to a change in light intensity, the
voltage between the photoresistor and resistor R1 will also change. Therefore, the intensity of the light can
be obtained by measuring this voltage.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

116 Chapter 11 Photoresistor & LED [Link] █

Circuit

The circuit of this project is similar to project Soft Light. The only difference is that the input signal is changed
from a potentiometer to a combination of a photoresistor and a resistor.
Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 11 Photoresistor & LED 117

Sketch

The circuit used is similar to the project Soft Light. The only difference is that the input signal of the pin of
ADC changes from a potentiometer to a combination of a photoresistor and a resistor.
Sketch_11.1_Nightlamp

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, if you cover the photoresistor or increase the light shining on it,
the brightness of the LED changes accordingly.
If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

118 Chapter 11 Photoresistor & LED [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 #define PIN_ANALOG_IN 1
2 #define PIN_LED 14
3 #define CHAN 0
4 #define LIGHT_MIN 372
5 #define LIGHT_MAX 2048
6 void setup() {
7 ledcAttachChannel(PIN_LED, 1000, 12, CHAN);
8 }
9
10 void loop() {
11 int adcVal = analogRead(PIN_ANALOG_IN); //read adc
12 // adcVal re-map to pwmVal
13 int pwmVal = map(constrain(adcVal, LIGHT_MIN, LIGHT_MAX), LIGHT_MIN, LIGHT_MAX, 0,
4095);
14 ledcWrite(PIN_LED, pwmVal); // set the pulse width.
15 delay(10);
16 }

Reference
constrain(amt,low,high)
#define constrain(amt,low,high) ((amt)<(low)? (low):((amt)>(high)? (high):(amt)))
Constrain the value amt between low and high.

long map(long value,long fromLow,long fromHigh,long toLow,long toHigh);

Re-maps a number from one range to another. That is, a value of fromLow would get mapped to toLow, a
value of fromHigh to toHigh, values in-between to values in-between, etc.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 12 Thermistor 119

Chapter 12 Thermistor
In this chapter, we will learn about thermistors which are another kind of resistor

Project 12.1 Thermometer

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance value is dependent on temperature and changes in
temperature. Therefore, we can take advantage of this characteristic to make a thermometer.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Thermistor x1 Resistor 10kΩ x1 Jumper M/M x3

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

120 Chapter 12 Thermistor [Link] █

Component knowledge

Thermistor
A thermistor is a temperature sensitive resistor. When it senses a change in temperature, the resistance of the
thermistor will change. We can take advantage of this characteristic by using a thermistor to detect
temperature intensity. A thermistor and its electronic symbol are shown below.

The relationship between resistance value and temperature of a thermistor is:

1 1
Rt = R ∗ EXP[ B ∗ ( − ) ]
T2 T1
Where:
Rt is the thermistor resistance under T2 temperature;
R is the nominal resistance of thermistor under T1 temperature;
EXP[n] is nth power of E;
B is for thermal index;
T1, T2 is Kelvin temperature (absolute temperature). Kelvin temperature=273.15 + Celsius temperature.
For the parameters of the thermistor, we use: B=3950, R=10k, T1=25.
The circuit connection method of the thermistor is similar to photoresistor, as the following:

We can use the value measured by the ADC converter to obtain the resistance value of thermistor, and then
we can use the formula to obtain the temperature value.
Therefore, the temperature formula can be derived as:

1 𝑅𝑡
T2 = 1/( + ln ( )/𝐵)
T1 R

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 12 Thermistor 121

Circuit

The circuit of this project is similar to the one in the last chapter. The only difference is that the photoresistor
is replaced by the thermistor.
Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

122 Chapter 12 Thermistor [Link] █

Sketch

Sketch_12.1_Thermometer

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, the terminal window will display the current ADC value, voltage
value and temperature value. Try to “pinch” the thermistor (without touching the leads) with your index finger
and thumb for a brief time, you should see that the temperature value increases.

If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 12 Thermistor 123

The following is the code:

1 #define PIN_ANALOG_IN 1
2 void setup() {
3 [Link](115200);
4 }
5
6 void loop() {
7 int adcValue = analogRead(PIN_ANALOG_IN); //read ADC pin
8 double voltage = (float)adcValue / 4095.0 * 3.3; // calculate voltage
9 double Rt = 10 * voltage / (3.3 - voltage); //calculate resistance value of thermistor
10 double tempK = 1 / (1/(273.15 + 25) + log(Rt / 10)/3950.0);//calculate temperature (Kelvin)
11 double tempC = tempK - 273.15; //calculate temperature (Celsius)
12 [Link]("ADC value : %d,\tVoltage : %.2fV, \tTemperature : %.2fC\n", adcValue,
voltage, tempC);
13 delay(1000);
14 }

In the code, GPIO1 is connected to the thermistor circuit. ESP32-S3 reads the ADC value of GPIO1, calculates
the voltage and resistance value of the thermistor according to Ohm's law, and finally calculates the
temperature value perceived by the thermistor according to the formula.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

124 Chapter 13 Joystick [Link] █

Chapter 13 Joystick
In the previous chapter, we have learned how to use rotary potentiometer. Now, let's learn a new electronic
module joystick which working on the same principle as rotary potentiometer.

Project 13.1 Joystick

In this project, we will read the output data of a joystick and display it to the Terminal screen.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Joystick x1 Jumper F/M x5

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 13 Joystick 125

Component knowledge

Joystick
A joystick is a kind of input sensor used with your fingers. You should be familiar with this concept already as
they are widely used in gamepads and remote controls. It can receive input on two axes (Y and or X) at the
same time (usually used to control direction on a two dimensional plane). And it also has a third direction
capability by pressing down (Z axis/direction).

X
Y

This is accomplished by incorporating two rotary potentiometers inside the joystick Module at 90 degrees of
each other, placed in such a manner as to detect shifts in direction in two directions simultaneously and with
a push button switch in the “vertical” axis, which can detect when a User presses on the Joystick.

When the joystick data is read, there are some differences between the axes: data of X and Y axes is analog,
which needs to use the ADC. The data of the Z axis is digital, so you can directly use the GPIO to read this
data or you have the option to use the ADC to read this.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

126 Chapter 13 Joystick [Link] █

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 13 Joystick 127

Sketch

In this project’s code, we will read the ADC values of X and Y axes of the joystick, and read digital quality of
the Z axis, then display these out in terminal.
Sketch_13.1_Joystick

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial port monitor, the baud rate is 115200, as shown
in the figure below, shift (moving) the joystick or pressing it down will make the data change.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

128 Chapter 13 Joystick [Link] █

The following is the code:

1 int xyzPins[] = {14, 13, 12}; //x,y,z pins
2 void setup() {
3 [Link](115200);
4 pinMode(xyzPins[2], INPUT_PULLUP); //z axis is a button.
5 }
6
7 void loop() {
8 int xVal = analogRead(xyzPins[0]);
9 int yVal = analogRead(xyzPins[1]);
10 int zVal = digitalRead(xyzPins[2]);
11 [Link]("X,Y,Z: %d,\t%d,\t%d\n", xVal, yVal, zVal);
12 delay(500);
13 }

In the code, configure xyzPins[2] to pull-up input mode. In loop(), use analogRead () to read the value of
axes X and Y and use digitalRead () to read the value of axis Z, then display them.
8 int xVal = analogRead(xyzPins[0]);
9 int yVal = analogRead(xyzPins[1]);
10 int zVal = digitalRead(xyzPins[2]);
11 [Link]("X,Y,Z: %d,\t%d,\t%d\n", xVal, yVal, zVal);
12 delay(500);

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 14 74HC595 & LED Bar Graph 129

Chapter 14 74HC595 & LED Bar Graph

We have used LED bar graph to make a flowing water light, in which 10 GPIO ports of ESP32-S3 is occupied.
More GPIO ports mean that more peripherals can be connected to ESP32-S3, so GPIO resource is very
precious. Can we make flowing water light with less GPIO? In this chapter, we will learn a component, 74HC595,
which can achieve the target.

Project 14.1 Flowing Water Light

Now let’s learn how to use the 74HC595 IC chip to make a flowing water light using less GPIO.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

74HC595 x1 LED Bar Graph x1 Resistor 220Ω x8 Jumper M/M x15

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

130 Chapter 14 74HC595 & LED Bar Graph [Link] █

Related knowledge

74HC595
A 74HC595 chip is used to convert serial data into parallel data. A 74HC595 chip can convert the serial data
of one byte into 8 bits, and send its corresponding level to each of the 8 ports correspondingly. With this
characteristic, the 74HC595 chip can be used to expand the IO ports of a ESP32-S3. At least 3 ports are
required to control the 8 ports of the 74HC595 chip.

The ports of the 74HC595 chip are described as follows:

Pin name GPIO Description
number
Q0-Q7 15, 1-7 Parallel data output
VCC 16 The positive electrode of power supply, the voltage is 2~6V
GND 8 The negative electrode of power supply
DS 14 Serial data Input
OE 13 Enable output,
When this pin is in high level, Q0-Q7 is in high resistance state
When this pin is in low level, Q0-Q7 is in output mode
ST_CP 12 Parallel Update Output: when its electrical level is rising, it will update the
parallel data output.
SH_CP 11 Serial shift clock: when its electrical level is rising, serial data input register will
do a shift.
MR 10 Remove shift register: When this pin is in low level, the content in shift register
will be cleared.
Q7' 9 Serial data output: it can be connected to more 74HC595 in series.
For more detail, please refer to the datasheet on the 74HC595 chip.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 14 74HC595 & LED Bar Graph 131

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

132 Chapter 14 74HC595 & LED Bar Graph [Link] █

Sketch

In this project, we will make a flowing water light with a 74HC595 chip to learn about its functions.
Sketch_14.1_FlowingLight2

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM. You will see that LED bar graph starts with the flowing water
pattern flashing from left to right and then back from right to left.
If you have any concerns, please contact us via: support@[Link]

The following is the program code:

1 int latchPin = 13; // Pin connected to ST_CP of 74HC595(Pin12)
2 int clockPin = 14; // Pin connected to SH_CP of 74HC595(Pin11)
3 int dataPin = 12; // Pin connected to DS of 74HC595(Pin14)
4
5 void setup() {
6 // set pins to output
7 pinMode(latchPin, OUTPUT);
8 pinMode(clockPin, OUTPUT);

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 14 74HC595 & LED Bar Graph 133

9 pinMode(dataPin, OUTPUT);
10 }
11
12 void loop() {
13 // Define a one-byte variable to use the 8 bits to represent the state of 8 LEDs of LED bar
14 graph.
15 // This variable is assigned to 0x01, that is binary 00000001, which indicates only one LED
16 light on.
17 byte x = 0x01; // 0b 0000 0001
18 for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) { // Let led light up from right to left
19 writeTo595(LSBFIRST, x);
20 x <<= 1; // make the variable move one bit to left once, then the bright LED move one step
21 to the left once.
22 delay(50);
23 }
24 delay(1000);
25 x = 0x80; //0b 1000 0000
26 for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) { // Let led light up from left to right
27 writeTo595(LSBFIRST, x);
28 x >>= 1;
29 delay(50);
30 }
31 delay(1000);
32 }
33 void writeTo595(int order, byte _data ) {
34 // Output low level to latchPin
35 digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
36 // Send serial data to 74HC595
37 shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, order, _data);
38 // Output high level to latchPin, and 74HC595 will update the data to the parallel output
39 port.
40 digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
41 }

In the code, we configure three pins to control the 74HC595 chip and define a one-byte variable to control
the state of the 8 LEDs (in the LED bar graph Module) through the 8 bits of the variable. The LEDs light ON
when the corresponding bit is 1. If the variable is assigned to 0x01, that is 00000001 in binary, there will be
only one LED ON.
17 x=0x01;

In the loop(), use “for” loop to send x to 74HC595 output pin to control the LED. In "for" loop, x will shift one
bit to the LEFT in one cycle, then when data of x is sent to 74HC595, the LED that is turned ON will move one
bit to the LEFT once.
18 for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) { // Let led light up from right to left

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

134 Chapter 14 74HC595 & LED Bar Graph [Link] █

19 writeTo595(LSBFIRST, x);
20 x <<= 1;
21 delay(50);
22 }
In second “for” loop, the situation is the same. The difference is that x is shift from 0x80 to the RIGHT in order.

The subfunction writeTo595() is used to write data to 74HC595 and immediately output on the port of
74HC595.
Reference
<< operator
"<<" is the left shift operator, which can make all bits of 1 byte shift by several bits to the left (high) direction
and add 0 on the right (low). For example, shift binary 00000001 by 1 bit to left:
byte x = 1 << 1;
← ← ← ← ← ← ←
← 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ← 0
The result of x is 2（binary 00000010）.
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

There is another similar operator" >>". For example, shift binary 00000001 by 1 bit to right:
byte x = 1 >> 1;
→ → → → → → →
0 → 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 →
The result of x is 0（00000000）.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

X <<= 1 is equivalent to x = x << 1 and x >>= 1 is equivalent to x = x >> 1

void shiftOut(uint8_t dataPin, uint8_t clockPin, uint8_t bitOrder, uint8_t val);

This is used to shift an 8-bit data value in with the data appearing on the dataPin and the clock being
sent out on the clockPin. Order is as above. The data is sampled after the cPin goes high. (So clockPin
high, sample data, clockPin low, repeat for 8 bits) The 8-bit value is returned by the function.

Parameters
dataPin: the pin on which to output each bit. Allowed data types: int.
clockPin: the pin to toggle once the dataPin has been set to the correct value. Allowed data types: int.
bitOrder: which order to shift out the bits; either MSBFIRST or LSBFIRST. (Most Significant Bit First, or, Least
Significant Bit First).
value: the data to shift out. Allowed data types: byte.

For more details about shift function, please refer to:

[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 15 74HC595 & 7-Segment Display. 135

Chapter 15 74HC595 & 7-Segment Display.

In this chapter, we will introduce the 7-Segment Display.

Project 15.1 7-Segment Display.

We will use 74HC595 to control 7-segment display and make it display hexadecimal character "0-F".

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

74HC595 x1 7-segment Resistor 220Ω x8 Jumper M/M

display x1

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

136 Chapter 15 74HC595 & 7-Segment Display. [Link] █

Component knowledge

7-segment display
A 7-segment display is a digital electronic display device. There is a figure "8" and a decimal point represented,
which consists of 8 LEDs. The LEDs have a common anode and individual cathodes. Its internal structure and
pin designation diagram is shown below:

As we can see in the above circuit diagram, we can control the state of each LED separately. Also, by combining
LEDs with different states of ON and OFF, we can display different characters (Numbers and Letters). For
example, to display a “0”: we need to turn ON LED segments A, B, C, D, E and F, and turn OFF LED segments
G and DP.

In this project, we will use a 7-Segment Display with a common anode. Therefore, when there is an input low
level to a LED segment the LED will turn ON. Defining segment “A” as the lowest level and segment “DP” as
the highest level, from high to low would look like this: “DP”, “G”, “F”, “E”, “D”, “C”, “B”, “A”. Character "0"
corresponds to the code: 1100 0000b=0xc0.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 15 74HC595 & 7-Segment Display. 137

For detailed code values, please refer to the following table (common anode).
CHAR DP G F E D C B A Hex ASCII
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0xc0 1100 0000
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0xf9 1111 1001
2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0xa4 1010 0100
3 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0xb0 1011 0000
4 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0x99 1001 1001
5 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0x92 1001 0010
6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0x82 1000 0010
7 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0xf8 1111 1000
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0x80 1000 0000
9 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0x90 1001 0000
A 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0x88 1000 1000
B 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0x83 1000 0011
C 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0xc6 1100 0110
D 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0xa1 1010 0001
E 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0x86 1000 0110
F 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0x8e 1000 1110

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

138 Chapter 15 74HC595 & 7-Segment Display. [Link] █

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 15 74HC595 & 7-Segment Display. 139

Sketch

In this section, the 74HC595 is used in the same way as in the previous section, but with different values
transferred. We can learn how to master the digital display by sending the coded value of "0" - "F".
Sketch_15.1_7_Segment_Display

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

140 Chapter 15 74HC595 & 7-Segment Display. [Link] █

Verify and upload the code, and you'll see a 1-bit, 7-segment display displaying 0-f in a loop.

The following is the program code:

1 int dataPin = 12; // Pin connected to DS of 74HC595（Pin14）
2 int latchPin = 13; // Pin connected to ST_CP of 74HC595（Pin12）
3 int clockPin = 14; // Pin connected to SH_CP of 74HC595（Pin11）
4 // Define the encoding of characters 0-F for the common-anode 7-Segment Display
5 byte num[] = {
6 0xc0, 0xf9, 0xa4, 0xb0, 0x99, 0x92, 0x82, 0xf8,
7 0x80, 0x90, 0x88, 0x83, 0xc6, 0xa1, 0x86, 0x8e
8 };
9
10 void setup() {
11 // set pins to output
12 pinMode(latchPin, OUTPUT);
13 pinMode(clockPin, OUTPUT);
14 pinMode(dataPin, OUTPUT);
15 }
16
17 void loop() {
18 // display 0-F on digital tube
19 for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
20 writeData(num[i]);// Send data to 74HC595
21 delay(1000); // delay 1 second
22 writeData(0xff); // Clear the display content
23 }
24 }
25
26 void writeData(int value) {
27 // Make latchPin output low level
28 digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
29 // Send serial data to 74HC595
30 shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, LSBFIRST, value);
31 // Make latchPin output high level
32 digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
33 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 15 74HC595 & 7-Segment Display. 141

First, put encoding of “0”- “F” into the array.

4 // Define the encoding of characters 0-F for the common-anode 7-Segment Display
5 byte num[] = {
6 0xc0, 0xf9, 0xa4, 0xb0, 0x99, 0x92, 0x82, 0xf8,
7 0x80, 0x90, 0x88, 0x83, 0xc6, 0xa1, 0x86, 0x8e
8 };
Then, in the loop, we transfer the member of the “num” to 74HC595 by calling the writeData function, so
that the digital tube displays what we want. After each display, “0xff” is used to eliminate the previous effect
and prepare for the next display.
17 void loop() {
18 // display 0-F on digital tube
19 for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
20 writeData(num[i]);// Send data to 74HC595
21 delay(1000); // delay 1 second
22 writeData(0xff); // Clear the display content
23 }
24 }
In the shiftOut() function, whether to use LSBFIRST or MSBFIRST as the parameter depends on the physical
situation.
26 void writeData(int value) {
27 // Make latchPin output low level
28 digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
29 // Send serial data to 74HC595
30 shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, LSBFIRST, value);
31 // Make latchPin output high level, then 74HC595 will update data to parallel output
32 digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
33 }
If you want to display the decimal point, make the highest bit of each array become 0, which can be
implemented easily by num[i]&0x7f.
30 shiftOut(dataPin,clockPin, LSBFIRST, value & 0x7f);

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

142 Chapter 16 Relay & Motor [Link] █

Chapter 16 Relay & Motor

In this chapter, we will learn a kind of special switch module, relay module.

Project 16.1 Control Motor with Potentiometer

Control the direction and speed of the motor with a potentiometer.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Jumper M/M 9V battery (prepared by yourself) & battery line

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 16 Relay & Motor 143

Rotary potentiometer x1 Motor x1 L293D

Component knowledge

L293D
L293D is an IC chip (Integrated Circuit Chip) with a 4-channel motor drive. You can drive a unidirectional DC
motor with 4 ports or a bi-directional DC motor with 2 ports or a stepper motor (stepper motors are covered
later in this Tutorial).

Port description of L293D module is as follows:

Pin name Pin number Description
In x 2, 7, 10, 15 Channel x digital signal input pin
Out x 3, 6, 11, 14 Channel x output pin, input high or low level according to In x pin, get
connected to +Vmotor or 0V
Enable1 1 Channel 1 and channel 2 enable pin, high level enable
Enable2 9 Channel 3 and channel 4 enable pin, high level enable
0V 4, 5, 12, 13 Power cathode (GND)
+V 16 Positive electrode (VCC) of power supply, supply voltage 3.0~36V
+Vmotor 8 Positive electrode of load power supply, provide power supply for the Out
pin x, the supply voltage is +V~36V
For more detail, please refer to the datasheet for this IC Chip.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

144 Chapter 16 Relay & Motor [Link] █

When using L293D to drive DC motor, there are usually two connection options.
The following connection option uses one channel of the L239D, which can control motor speed through
the PWM, However the motor then can only rotate in one direction.

The following connection uses two channels of the L239D: one channel outputs the PWM wave, and the
other channel connects to GND, therefore you can control the speed of the motor. When these two channel
signals are exchanged, not only controls the speed of motor, but also can control the steering of the motor.

GND

GND

In practical use the motor is usually connected to channel 1 and 2 by outputting different levels to in1 and
in2 to control the rotational direction of the motor, and output to the PWM wave to Enable1 port to control
the motor’s rotational speed. If the motor is connected to channel 3 and 4 by outputting different levels to
in3 and in4 to control the motor's rotation direction, and output to the PWM wave to Enable2 pin to control
the motor’s rotational speed.

Circuit

Use caution when connecting this circuit, because the DC motor is a high-power component, do not use the
power provided by the ESP32-S3 to power the motor directly, which may cause permanent damage to your
ESP32-S3! The logic circuit can be powered by the ESP32-S3 power or an external power supply, which should
share a common ground with ESP32-S3.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 16 Relay & Motor 145

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Note: the motor circuit uses A large current, about 0.2-0.3A without [Link] recommend that you
use a 9V battery to power the extension board.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

146 Chapter 16 Relay & Motor [Link] █

Sketch

Sketch_16.1_Control_Motor_by_L293D

Download code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, rotate the potentiometer in one direction and the motor speeds up
slowly in one direction. And then rotate the potentiometer in the other direction and the motor will slow down
to stop. And then rotate it in an inverse direction to accelerate the motor.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 16 Relay & Motor 147

less than 2048

2048

greater than 2048

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

148 Chapter 16 Relay & Motor [Link] █

The following is the sketch:

1 int in1Pin = 13; // Define L293D channel 1 pin
2 int in2Pin = 14; // Define L293D channel 2 pin
3 int enable1Pin = 12; // Define L293D enable 1 pin
4 int channel = 0;
5
6 boolean rotationDir; // Define a variable to save the motor's rotation direction
7 int rotationSpeed; // Define a variable to save the motor rotation speed
8
9 void setup() {
10 // Initialize the pin into an output mode:
11 pinMode(in1Pin, OUTPUT);
12 pinMode(in2Pin, OUTPUT);
13 pinMode(enable1Pin, OUTPUT);
14 ledcAttachChannel(enable1Pin, 1000, 11, channel);//Set PWM to 11 bits, range is 0-2047
15 }
16
17 void loop() {
18 int potenVal = analogRead(A0); // Convert the voltage of rotary potentiometer into digital
19 rotationSpeed = potenVal - 2048;
20 if (potenVal > 2048)
21 rotationDir = true;
22 else
23 rotationDir = false;
24 // Calculate the motor speed
25 rotationSpeed = abs(potenVal - 2048);
26 //Control the steering and speed of the motor
27 [Link](rotationSpeed);
28 delay(100);
29 driveMotor(rotationDir, constrain(rotationSpeed,0,2048));
30 }
31
32 void driveMotor(boolean dir, int spd) {
33 if (dir) {// Control motor rotation direction
34 digitalWrite(in1Pin, HIGH);
35 digitalWrite(in2Pin, LOW);
36 }
37 else {
38 digitalWrite(in1Pin, LOW);
39 digitalWrite(in2Pin, HIGH);
40 }
41 ledcWrite(enable1Pin, spd);// Control motor rotation speed
42 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 16 Relay & Motor 149

The ADC of ESP32-S3 has a 12-bit accuracy, corresponding to a range from 0 to 4095. In this program, set
the number 2048 as the midpoint. If the value of ADC is less than 2048, make the motor rotate in one direction.
If the value of ADC is greater than 2048, make the motor rotate in the other direction. Subtract 2048 from the
ADC value and take the absolute value and use this result as the speed of the motor.
20 int potenVal = analogRead(A0);// Convert the voltage of rotary potentiometer into digital
21 rotationSpeed = potenVal - 2048;
22 if (potenVal > 2048)
23 rotationDir = true;
24 else
25 rotationDir = false;
26 // Calculate the motor speed
27 rotationSpeed = abs(potenVal - 2048);
28 //Control the steering and speed of the motor
29 driveMotor(rotationDir, constrain(rotationSpeed,0,2048));
30 }
Set the accuracy of the PWM to 11 bits and range from 0 to 2047 to control the rotation speed of the motor.
15 ledcSetup(channel,1000,11); //Set PWM to 11 bits, range is 0-2047
Function driveMotor is used to control the rotation direction and speed of the motor. The dir represents
direction while spd refers to speed.
34 void driveMotor(boolean dir, int spd) {
35 // Control motor rotation direction
36 if (rotationDir) {
37 digitalWrite(in1Pin, HIGH);
38 digitalWrite(in2Pin, LOW);
39 }
40 else {
41 digitalWrite(in1Pin, LOW);
42 digitalWrite(in2Pin, HIGH);
43 }
44 // Control motor rotation speed
45 ledcWrite(enable1Pin, spd);
46 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

150 Chapter 17 Servo [Link] █

Chapter 17 Servo
Previously, we learned how to control the speed and rotational direction of a motor. In this chapter, we will
learn about servos which are a rotary actuator type motor that can be controlled to rotate to specific angles.

Project 17.1 Servo Sweep

First, we need to learn how to make a servo rotate.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Servo x1 Jumper M/M x3

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 17 Servo 151

Component knowledge

Servo
Servo is a compact package which consists of a DC motor, a set of reduction gears to provide torque, a sensor
and control circuit board. Most servos only have a 180-degree range of motion via their “horn”. Servos can
output higher torque than a simple DC motor alone and they are widely used to control motion in model cars,
model airplanes, robots, etc. Servos have three wire leads which usually terminate to a male or female 3-pin
plug. Two leads are for electric power: positive (2-VCC, Red wire), negative (3-GND, Brown wire), and the
signal line (1-Signal, Orange wire), as represented in the Servo provided in your Kit.

We will use a 50Hz PWM signal with a duty cycle in a certain range to drive the Servo. The lasting time of
0.5ms-2.5ms of PWM single cycle high level corresponds to the servo angle 0 degrees - 180 degree linearly.
Part of the corresponding values are as follows:
High level time Servo angle
0.5ms 0 degree
1ms 45 degree
1.5ms 0 degree
2ms 45 degree
2.5ms 180 degree

When you change the servo signal value, the servo will rotate to the designated angle.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

152 Chapter 17 Servo [Link] █

Circuit

Use caution when supplying power to the servo, it should be 5V. Make sure you do not make any errors when
connecting the servo to the power supply.
Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 17 Servo 153

Sketch

Sketch_17.1_Servo_Sweep

Compile and upload the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, the servo will rotate from 0 degrees to 180 degrees and
then reverse the direction to make it rotate from 180 degrees to 0 degrees and repeat these actions in an
endless loop.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

154 Chapter 17 Servo [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 #define SERVO_PIN 21 //define the pwm pin
2 #define SERVO_CHN 0 //define the pwm channel
3 #define SERVO_FRQ 50 //define the pwm frequency
4 #define SERVO_BIT 12 //define the pwm precision
5 void servo_set_pin(int pin);
6 void servo_set_angle(int angle);
7
8 void setup() {
9 servo_set_pin(SERVO_PIN);
10 }
11
12 void loop() {
13 for (int i = 0; i < 180; i++) { //make light fade in
14 servo_set_angle(i);
15 delay(10);
16 }
17 for (int i = 180; i > 0; i--) { //make light fade out
18 servo_set_angle(i);
19 delay(10);
20 }
21 }
22
23 void servo_set_pin(int pin) {
24 ledcAttachChannel(pin, SERVO_FRQ, SERVO_BIT, SERVO_CHN);
25 }
26
27 void servo_set_angle(int angle) {
28 if (angle > 180 || angle < 0)
29 return;
30 long pwm_value = map(angle, 0, 180, 103, 512);
31 ledcWrite(SERVO_PIN, pwm_value);
32 }
Define the pins controlling Servo and the frequency and duty cycle of the signal.
1 #define SERVO_PIN 21 //define the pwm pin
2 #define SERVO_CHN 0 //define the pwm channel
3 #define SERVO_FRQ 50 //define the pwm frequency
4 #define SERVO_BIT 12 //define the pwm precision
Initialize Servo pin. Here, PWM control mode is used to control Servo motor.
23 void servo_set_pin(int pin) {
24 ledcAttachChannel(pin, SERVO_FRQ, SERVO_BIT, SERVO_CHN);
25 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 17 Servo 155

Write a function to control the rotation angle of Servo. The angle range is 0-180 degrees.
27 void servo_set_angle(int angle) {
28 if (angle > 180 || angle < 0)
29 return;
30 long pwm_value = map(angle, 0, 180, 103, 512);
31 ledcWrite(SERVO_PIN, pwm_value);
32 }
Control the steering gear to rotate from 0 ° to 180 °, and then rotate from 180 ° to 0 °, and keep rotating
circularly.
13 for (int i = 0; i < 180; i++) { //make light fade in
14 servo_set_angle(i);
15 delay(10);
16 }
17 for (int i = 180; i > 0; i--) { //make light fade out
18 servo_set_angle(i);
19 delay(10);
20 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

156 Chapter 17 Servo [Link] █

Project 17.2 Servo Knop

Use a potentiometer to control the servo motor to rotate at any angle.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Servo x1 Jumper M/M x6 Rotary potentiometer x1

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 17 Servo 157

Circuit

Use caution when supplying power to the servo, it should be 5V. Make sure you do not make any errors when
connecting the servo to the power supply.
Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

158 Chapter 17 Servo [Link] █

Sketch

Sketch_17.2_Servo_Sweep

Compile and upload the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, twist the potentiometer back and forth, and the servo
motor rotates accordingly.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 17 Servo 159

The following is the program code:

1 #define SERVO_PIN 21 //define the pwm pin
2 #define SERVO_CHN 0 //define the pwm channel
3 #define SERVO_FRQ 50 //define the pwm frequency
4 #define SERVO_BIT 12 //define the pwm precision
5 #define ADC_PIN 14 //define the adc pin
6
7 void servo_set_pin(int pin);
8 void servo_set_angle(int angle);
9
10 void setup() {
11 servo_set_pin(SERVO_PIN);
12 [Link](115200);
13 }
14
15 void loop() {
16 // read the value of the potentiometer (value between 0 and 4095)
17 int potVal = analogRead(ADC_PIN);
18 [Link]("potVal_1: %d\t",potVal);
19 // scale it to use it with the servo (value between 0 and 180)
20 potVal = map(potVal, 0, 4095, 0, 180);
21 // set the servo position according to the scaled value
22 servo_set_angle(potVal);
23 [Link]("potVal_2: %d\r\n",potVal);
24 delay(15);// wait for the servo to get there
25 }
26
27 void servo_set_pin(int pin) {
28 ledcAttachChannel(pin, SERVO_FRQ, SERVO_BIT, SERVO_CHN);
29 }
30
31 void servo_set_angle(int angle) {
32 if (angle > 180 || angle < 0)
33 return;
34 long pwm_value = map(angle, 0, 180, 103, 512);
35 ledcWrite(SERVO_PIN, pwm_value);
36 }
In this experiment, we obtain the ADC value of the potentiometer and store it in potVal. Use map function
to convert it into corresponding angle value and we can control the motor to rotate to a specified angle,
and print the value via serial.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

160 Chapter 18 LCD1602 [Link] █

Chapter 18 LCD1602
In this chapter, we will learn about the LCD1602 Display Screen

Project 18.1 LCD1602

In this section we learn how to use LCD1602 to display something.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

LCD1602 Module x1 Jumper F/M x4

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 18 LCD1602 161

Component knowledge

I2C communication
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) is a two-wire serial communication mode, which can be used for the connection
of micro controllers and their peripheral equipment. Devices using I2C communication must be connected to
the serial data (SDA) line, and serial clock (SCL) line (called I2C bus). Each device has a unique address and
can be used as a transmitter or receiver to communicate with devices connected to the bus.

LCD1602 communication'
The LCD1602 display screen can display 2 lines of characters in 16 columns. It is capable of displaying numbers,
letters, symbols, ASCII code and so on. As shown below is a monochrome LCD1602 display screen along with
its circuit pin diagram

I2C LCD1602 display screen integrates a I2C interface, which connects the serial-input & parallel-output
module to the LCD1602 display screen. This allows us to only use 4 lines to the operate the LCD1602.

The serial-to-parallel IC chip used in this module is PCF8574T (PCF8574AT), and its default I2C address is
0x27(0x3F).

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

162 Chapter 18 LCD1602 [Link] █

Below is the PCF8574 pin schematic diagram and the block pin diagram:
PCF8574 chip pin diagram: PCF8574 module pin diagram

PCF8574 module pin and LCD1602 pin are corresponding to each other and connected with each other:

So we only need 4 pins to control the 16 pins of the LCD1602 display screen through the I2C interface.
In this project, we will use the I2C LCD1602 to display some static characters and dynamic variables.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 18 LCD1602 163

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

164 Chapter 18 LCD1602 [Link] █

Sketch

How to install the library

We use the third party library LiquidCrystal I2C. If you haven't installed it yet, please do so before learning.
The steps to add third-party Libraries are as follows:
open arduino->Sketch->Include library-> Add .zip Library....
Select "Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3\C\Libraries\LiquidCrystal_I2C.zip" for installation.

Use I2C LCD 1602 to display characters and variables.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 18 LCD1602 165

Sketch_18.1_Display_the_string_on_LCD1602

Compile and upload the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM and the LCD1602 displays characters.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

166 Chapter 18 LCD1602 [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
2 #include <Wire.h>
3
4 #define SDA 14 //Define SDA pins
5 #define SCL 13 //Define SCL pins
6
7 /*
8 * note:If lcd1602 uses PCF8574T, IIC's address is 0x27,
9 * or lcd1602 uses PCF8574AT, IIC's address is 0x3F.
10 */
11 LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
12 void setup() {
13 [Link](SDA, SCL); // attach the IIC pin
14 if (!i2CAddrTest(0x27)) {
15 lcd = LiquidCrystal_I2C(0x3F, 16, 2);
16 }
17 [Link](); // LCD driver initialization
18 [Link](); // Open the backlight
19 [Link](0,0); // Move the cursor to row 0, column 0
20 [Link]("hello, world!"); // The print content is displayed on the LCD
21 }
22
23 void loop() {
24 [Link](0,1); // Move the cursor to row 1, column 0
25 [Link]("Counter:"); // The count is displayed every second
26 [Link](millis() / 1000);
27 delay(1000);
28 }
29
30 bool i2CAddrTest(uint8_t addr) {
31 [Link](addr);
32 if ([Link]() == 0) {
33 return true;
34 }
35 return false;
36 }
Include header file of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)1602 and I2C.
1 #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
2 #include <Wire.h>
Instantiate the I2C LCD1602 screen. It should be noted here that if your LCD driver chip uses PCF8574T,
set the I2C address to 0x27, and if uses PCF8574AT, set the I2C address to 0x3F.
13 [Link](SDA, SCL); // attach the IIC pin
14 if (!i2CAddrTest(0x27)) {

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 18 LCD1602 167

15 lcd = LiquidCrystal_I2C(0x3F, 16, 2);

16 }
Initialize LCD1602 and turn on the backlight of LCD.
17 [Link](); // LCD driver initialization
18 [Link](); // Turn on the backlight
Move the cursor to the first row, first column, and then display the character.
19 [Link](0,0); // Move the cursor to row 0, column 0
20 [Link]("hello, world! "); // The print content is displayed on the LCD
Print the number on the second line of LCD1602.
23 void loop() {
24 [Link](0,1); // Move the cursor to row 1, column 0
25 [Link]("Counter:"); // The count is displayed every second
26 [Link](millis() / 1000);
27 delay(1000);
28 }
Check whether the I2C address is responded by a device.
30 bool i2CAddrTest(uint8_t addr) {
31 [Link](addr);
32 if ([Link]() == 0) {
33 return true;
34 }
35 return false;
36 }
Reference
class LiquidCrystal
The LiquidCrystal class can manipulate common LCD screens. The first step is defining an object of
LiquidCrystal, for example:
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
Instantiate the Lcd1602 and set the I2C address to 0x27, with 16 columns per row and 2 rows
per column.
init();
Initializes the Lcd1602’s device
backlight();
Turn on Lcd1602’s backlight.
setCursor(column,row);
Sets the screen‘s column and row.
column：The range is 0 to 15.
row：The range is 0 to 1.
print(String);
Print the character string on Lcd1602

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

168 Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging [Link] █

Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging

In this chapter, we learn a module which use ultrasonic to measure distance, HC SR04.

Project 19.1 Ultrasonic Ranging

In this project, we use ultrasonic ranging module to measure distance, and print out the data in the terminal.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Breadboard x1

Jumper F/M x4 HC SR04 x1

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging 169

Component Knowledge

The ultrasonic ranging module uses the principle that ultrasonic waves will be sent back when encounter
obstacles. We can measure the distance by counting the time interval between sending and receiving of the
ultrasonic waves, and the time difference is the total time of the ultrasonic wave’s journey from being
transmitted to being received. Because the speed of sound in air is a constant, about v=340m/s, we can
calculate the distance between the ultrasonic ranging module and the obstacle: s=vt/2.

2S=V·t.
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic ranging module integrates both an ultrasonic transmitter and a receiver. The
transmitter is used to convert electrical signals (electrical energy) into high frequency (beyond human hearing)
sound waves (mechanical energy) and the function of the receiver is opposite of this. The picture and the
diagram of the HC SR04 ultrasonic ranging module are shown below:

Pin description:
Pin Description
VCC power supply pin
Trig trigger pin
Echo Echo pin
GND GND
Technical specs:
Working voltage: 5V Working current: 12mA
Minimum measured distance: 2cm Maximum measured distance: 200cm
Instructions for use: output a high-level pulse in Trig pin lasting for least 10us, the module begins to transmit
ultrasonic waves. At the same time, the Echo pin is pulled up. When the module receives the returned
ultrasonic waves from encountering an obstacle, the Echo pin will be pulled down. The duration of high level
in the Echo pin is the total time of the ultrasonic wave from transmitting to receiving, s=vt/2.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

170 Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging [Link] █

Circuit

Note that the voltage of ultrasonic module is 5V in the circuit.

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging 171

Sketch

Sketch_19.1_Ultrasonic_Ranging

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

172 Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging [Link] █

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial port monitor, set the baud rate to 115200 and
you can use it to measure the distance between the ultrasonic module and the object. As shown in the
following figure:

The following is the program code:

1 #define trigPin 13 // define trigPin
2 #define echoPin 14 // define echoPin.
3 #define MAX_DISTANCE 700 // Maximum sensor distance is rated at 400-500cm.
4 //timeOut= 2*MAX_DISTANCE /100 /340 *1000000 = MAX_DISTANCE*58.8
5 float timeOut = MAX_DISTANCE * 60;
6 int soundVelocity = 340; // define sound speed=340m/s
7
8 void setup() {
9 pinMode(trigPin,OUTPUT);// set trigPin to output mode
10 pinMode(echoPin,INPUT); // set echoPin to input mode
11 [Link](115200); // Open serial monitor at 115200 baud to see ping results.
12 }
13
14 void loop() {
15 delay(100); // Wait 100ms between pings (about 20 pings/sec).
16 [Link]("Distance: ");
17 [Link](getSonar()); // Send ping, get distance in cm and print result
18 [Link]("cm");
19 }
20
21 float getSonar() {
22 unsigned long pingTime;
23 float distance;
24 // make trigPin output high level lasting for 10us to trigger HC_SR04
25 digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
26 delayMicroseconds(10);
27 digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
28 // Wait HC-SR04 returning to the high level and measure out this waiting time
29 pingTime = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH, timeOut);
30 // calculate the distance according to the time

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging 173

31 distance = (float)pingTime * soundVelocity / 2 / 10000;

32 return distance; // return the distance value
33 }
First, define the pins and the maximum measurement distance.
1 #define trigPin 13 // define trigPin
2 #define echoPin 14 // define echoPin.
3 #define MAX_DISTANCE 700 //define the maximum measured distance
If the module does not return high level, we cannot wait for this forever, so we need to calculate the time
period for the maximum distance, that is, time Out. timeOut= 2*MAX_DISTANCE/100/340*1000000. The
result of the constant part in this formula is approximately 58.8.
5 float timeOut = MAX_DISTANCE * 60;
Subfunction getSonar () function is used to start the ultrasonic module to begin measuring, and return the
measured distance in cm units. In this function, first let trigPin send 10us high level to start the ultrasonic
module. Then use pulseIn () to read the ultrasonic module and return the duration time of high level. Finally,
the measured distance according to the time is calculated.
21 float getSonar() {
22 unsigned long pingTime;
23 float distance;
24 // make trigPin output high level lasting for 10μs to triger HC_SR04？
25 digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
26 delayMicroseconds(10);
27 digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
28 // Wait HC-SR04 returning to the high level and measure out this waitting time
29 pingTime = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH, timeOut);
30 // calculate the distance according to the time
31 distance = (float)pingTime * soundVelocity / 2 / 10000;
32 return distance; // return the distance value
33 }
Lastly, in loop() function, get the measurement distance and display it continually.
14 void loop() {
15 delay(100); // Wait 100ms between pings (about 20 pings/sec).
16 [Link]("Distance: ");
17 [Link](getSonar()); // Send ping, get distance in cm and print result
18 [Link]("cm");
19 }

About function pulseIn():

int pulseIn(int pin, int level, int timeout);
pin: the number of the Arduino pin on which you want to read the pulse. Allowed data types: int.
value: type of pulse to read: either HIGH or LOW. Allowed data types: int.
timeout (optional): the number of microseconds to wait for the pulse to start; default is one second.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

174 Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging [Link] █

Project 19.2 Ultrasonic Ranging

Component List and Circuit

Component List and Circuit are the same as the previous section.

Sketch

How to install the library

We use the third party library UltrasonicSensor. If you haven't installed it yet, please do so before learning.
The steps to add third-party Libraries are as follows: open arduino->Sketch->Include library-> Manage
libraries.
Enter "UltrasonicSensor" in the search bar and select "UltrasonicSensor" for installation.
Refer to the following operations:

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging 175

Sketch_19.2_Ultrasonic_Ranging

Download the code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial port monitor, set the baud rate to 115200. Use
the ultrasonic module to measure distance. As shown in the following figure:

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

176 Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 #include <UltrasonicSensor.h>
2 //Attach the trigger and echo pins to pins 13 and 14 of esp32
3 UltrasonicSensor ultrasonic(13, 14);
4
5 void setup() {
6 [Link](115200);
7 //set the speed of sound propagation according to the temperature to reduce errors
8 int temperature = 22; //Setting ambient temperature
9 [Link](temperature);
10 }
11
12 void loop() {
13 int distance = [Link]();
14 [Link]("Distance: %dcm\n",distance);
15 delay(300);
16 }
First, add UltrasonicSensor library.
1 #include <UltrasonicSensor.h>
Define an ultrasonic object and associate the pins.
3 UltrasonicSensor ultrasonic(13, 14);
Set the ambient temperature to make the module measure more accurately.
9 [Link](temperature);
Use the distanceInCentimeters function to get the distance measured by the ultrasound and print it out
through the serial port.
16 void loop() {
17 int distance = [Link]();
18 [Link]("Distance: %dcm\n",distance);
19 delay(300);
20 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 19 Ultrasonic Ranging 177

Reference
class UltrasonicSensor
class UltrasonicSensor must be instantiated when used, that is, define an object of Servo type, for example:
UltrasonicSensor ultrasonic(13, 14);
setTemperature(value): The speed of sound propagation is different at different temperatures. In
order to get more accurate data, this function needs to be called. value is the temperature value of the
current environment.
distanceInCentimeters(): The ultrasonic distance acquisition function returns the value in centimeters.
distanceInMillimeters()：The ultrasonic distance acquisition function returns the value in millimeter.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

178 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

Chapter 20 Bluetooth
This chapter mainly introduces how to make simple data transmission through Bluetooth of ESP32-S3
WROOM and mobile phones.

Project 20.1 Bluetooth Low Energy Data Passthrough

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1

or

Component knowledge

ESP32-S3's integrated Bluetooth function Bluetooth is a short-distance communication system, which can be
divided into two types, namely Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE) and Classic Bluetooth. There are two modes for
simple data transmission: master mode and slave mode.

Master mode
In this mode, works are done in the master device and it can connect with a slave device. And we can search
and select slave devices nearby to connect with. When a device initiates connection request in master mode,
it requires information of the other Bluetooth devices including their address and pairing passkey. After
finishing pairing, it can connect with them directly.

Slave mode
The Bluetooth module in slave mode can only accept connection request from a host computer, but cannot
initiate a connection request. After connecting with a host device, it can send data to or receive from the host
device.
Bluetooth devices can make data interaction with each other, as one is in master mode and the other in slave
mode. When they are making data interaction, the Bluetooth device in master mode searches and selects
devices nearby to connect to. When establishing connection, they can exchange data. When mobile phones
exchange data with ESP32-S3, they are usually in master mode and ESP32-S3 in slave mode.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 179

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

180 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

Sketch

Lightblue
If you can't install Serial Bluetooth on your phone, try [Link] you do not have this software installed on
your phone, you can refer to this link：
[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 181

Step1. Upload the code of Project 20.1 to ESP32-S3.

Step2. Click on serial monitor.

1 2

Step3. Set baud rate to 115200.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

182 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

Turn ON Bluetooth on your phone, and open the Lightblue APP.

In the Scan page, swipe down to refresh the name of Bluetooth that the phone searches for. Click
ESP32S3_Bluetooth.

Receive

Click “Receive”. Select the appropriate Data format in the box to the right of Data Format. For example, HEX
for hexadecimal, utf-string for character, Binary for Binary, etc. Then click SUBSCRIBE.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 183

Back to the serial monitor on your computer. You can type anything in the left border of Send, and then click
Send.

And then you can see the mobile Bluetooth has received the message.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

184 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

Similarly, you can select “Send” on your phone. Set Data format, and then enter anything in the sending box
and click Write to send.

Send

And the computer will receive the message from the mobile Bluetooth.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 185

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

186 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

And now data can be transferred between your mobile phone and computer via ESP32-S3 WROOM.
The following is the program code:
1 #include <BLEDevice.h>
2 #include <BLEServer.h>
3 #include <BLEUtils.h>
4 #include <BLE2902.h>
5
6 BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic;
7 bool deviceConnected = false;
8 uint8_t txValue = 0;
9 long lastMsg = 0;
10 String rxload="Test\n";
11
12 #define SERVICE_UUID "6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"
13 #define CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_RX "6E400002-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"
14 #define CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_TX "6E400003-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"
15
16 class MyServerCallbacks: public BLEServerCallbacks {
17 void onConnect(BLEServer* pServer) {
18 deviceConnected = true;
19 };
20 void onDisconnect(BLEServer* pServer) {
21 deviceConnected = false;
22 }
23 };
24
25 class MyCallbacks: public BLECharacteristicCallbacks {
26 void onWrite(BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic) {
27 String rxValue = pCharacteristic->getValue();
28 if ([Link]() > 0) {
29 rxload="";
30 for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); i++){
31 rxload +=(char)rxValue[i];
32 }
33 }
34 }
35 };
36
37 void setupBLE(String BLEName){
38 const char *ble_name=BLEName.c_str();
39 BLEDevice::init(ble_name);
40 BLEServer *pServer = BLEDevice::createServer();
41 pServer->setCallbacks(new MyServerCallbacks());
42 BLEService *pService = pServer->createService(SERVICE_UUID);

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 187

43 pCharacteristic=
pService->createCharacteristic(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_TX,BLECharacteristic::PROPERTY_NOTIFY);
44 pCharacteristic->addDescriptor(new BLE2902());
45 BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic =
pService->createCharacteristic(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_RX,BLECharacteristic::PROPERTY_WRITE);
46 pCharacteristic->setCallbacks(new MyCallbacks());
47 pService->start();
48 pServer->getAdvertising()->start();
49 [Link]("Waiting a client connection to notify...");
50 }
51
52 void setup() {
53 [Link](115200);
54 setupBLE("ESP32S3_Bluetooth");
55 }
56
57 void loop() {
58 long now = millis();
59 if (now - lastMsg > 1000) {
60 if (deviceConnected&&[Link]()>0) {
61 [Link](rxload);
62 rxload="";
63 }
64 if([Link]()>0){
65 String str=[Link]();
66 const char *newValue=str.c_str();
67 pCharacteristic->setValue(newValue);
68 pCharacteristic->notify();
69 }
70 lastMsg = now;
71 }
72 }
Define the specified UUID number for BLE vendor.
12 #define SERVICE_UUID "6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"
13 #define CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_RX "6E400002-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"
14 #define CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_TX "6E400003-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

188 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

Write a Callback function for BLE server to manage connection of BLE.

16 class MyServerCallbacks: public BLEServerCallbacks {
17 void onConnect(BLEServer* pServer) {
18 deviceConnected = true;
19 };
20 void onDisconnect(BLEServer* pServer) {
21 deviceConnected = false;
22 }
23 };
Write Callback function with BLE features. When it is called, as the mobile terminal send data to ESP32-S3, it
will store them into reload.
25 class MyCallbacks: public BLECharacteristicCallbacks {
26 void onWrite(BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic) {
27 String rxValue = pCharacteristic->getValue();
28 if ([Link]() > 0) {
29 rxload="";
30 for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); i++){
31 rxload +=(char)rxValue[i];
32 }
33 }
34 }
35 };
Initialize the BLE function and name it.
54 setupBLE("ESP32S3_Bluetooth");
When the mobile phone send data to ESP32-S3 via BLE Bluetooth, it will print them out with serial port;
When the serial port of ESP32-S3 receive data, it will send them to mobile via BLE Bluetooth.
58 long now = millis();
59 if (now - lastMsg > 1000) {
60 if (deviceConnected&&[Link]()>0) {
61 [Link](rxload);
62 rxload="";
63 }
64 if([Link]()>0){
65 String str=[Link]();
66 const char *newValue=str.c_str();
67 pCharacteristic->setValue(newValue);
68 pCharacteristic->notify();
69 }
70 lastMsg = now;
71 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 189

The design for creating the BLE server is:

1. Create a BLE Server
2. Create a BLE Service
3. Create a BLE Characteristic on the Service
4. Create a BLE Descriptor on the characteristic
5. Start the service.
6. Start advertising.
37 void setupBLE(String BLEName){
38 const char *ble_name=BLEName.c_str();
39 BLEDevice::init(ble_name);
40 BLEServer *pServer = BLEDevice::createServer();
41 pServer->setCallbacks(new MyServerCallbacks());
42 BLEService *pService = pServer->createService(SERVICE_UUID);
43 pCharacteristic=
pService->createCharacteristic(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_TX,BLECharacteristic::PROPERTY_NOTIFY);
44 pCharacteristic->addDescriptor(new BLE2902());
45 BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic =
pService->createCharacteristic(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_RX,BLECharacteristic::PROPERTY_WRITE);
46 pCharacteristic->setCallbacks(new MyCallbacks());
pService->start();
47 pServer->getAdvertising()->start();
48 [Link]("Waiting a client connection to notify...");
49 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

190 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

Project 20.2 Bluetooth Control LED

In this section, we will control the LED with Bluetooth.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) GPIO Extension Board x1

or

Micro USB Wire x1 LED x1 Resistor 220Ω x1 Jumper M/M x2

Breadboard x1

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 191

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using a USB cable.

Schematic diagram

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

192 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

Sketch

Sketch_20.2_Bluetooth_Control_LED

Compile and upload code to ESP32S3_Blueooth. The operation of the APP is the same as 27.1, you only need
to change the sending content to "led_on" and "led_off" to operate LEDs on the ESP32-S3 WROOM.
Data sent from mobile APP:

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 193

Display on the serial port of the computer:

The phenomenon of LED

Send：“led_on”

Send：“led_off”

Attention: If the sending content isn't "led-on' or "led-off", then the state of LED will not change. If the LED is
on, when receiving irrelevant content, it keeps on; Correspondingly, if the LED is off, when receiving irrelevant
content, it keeps off.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

194 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 #include "BLEDevice.h"
2 #include "BLEServer.h"
3 #include "BLEUtils.h"
4 #include "BLE2902.h"
5 #include "String.h"
6
7 BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic;
8 bool deviceConnected = false;
9 uint8_t txValue = 0;
10 long lastMsg = 0;
11 char rxload[20];
12
13 #define SERVICE_UUID "6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"
14 #define CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_RX "6E400002-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"
15 #define CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_TX "6E400003-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"
16 #define LED 2
17
18 class MyServerCallbacks : public BLEServerCallbacks {
19 void onConnect(BLEServer *pServer) {
20 deviceConnected = true;
21 };
22 void onDisconnect(BLEServer *pServer) {
23 deviceConnected = false;
24 }
25 };
26
27 class MyCallbacks : public BLECharacteristicCallbacks {
28 void onWrite(BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic) {
29 String rxValue = pCharacteristic->getValue();
30 if ([Link]() > 0) {
31 for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
32 rxload[i] = 0;
33 }
34 for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); i++) {
35 rxload[i] = (char)rxValue[i];
36 }
37 }
38 }
39 };
40
41 void setupBLE(String BLEName) {
42 const char *ble_name = BLEName.c_str();
43 BLEDevice::init(ble_name);

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 195

44 BLEServer *pServer = BLEDevice::createServer();

45 pServer->setCallbacks(new MyServerCallbacks());
46 BLEService *pService = pServer->createService(SERVICE_UUID);
47 pCharacteristic = pService->createCharacteristic(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_TX,
BLECharacteristic::PROPERTY_NOTIFY);
48 pCharacteristic->addDescriptor(new BLE2902());
49 BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic = pService->createCharacteristic(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID_RX,
BLECharacteristic::PROPERTY_WRITE);
50 pCharacteristic->setCallbacks(new MyCallbacks());
51 pService->start();
52 pServer->getAdvertising()->start();
53 [Link]("Waiting a client connection to notify...");
54 }
55
56 void setup() {
57 pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
58 setupBLE("ESP32S3_Bluetooth");
59 [Link](115200);
60 [Link]("\nThe device started, now you can pair it with Bluetooth!");
61 }
62
63 void loop() {
64 long now = millis();
65 if (now - lastMsg > 100) {
66 if (deviceConnected && strlen(rxload) > 0) {
67 if (strncmp(rxload, "led_on", 6) == 0) {
68 digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);
69 }
70 if (strncmp(rxload, "led_off", 7) == 0) {
71 digitalWrite(LED, LOW);
72 }
73 [Link](rxload);
74 memset(rxload,0,sizeof(rxload));
75 }
76 lastMsg = now;
77 }
78 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

196 Chapter 20 Bluetooth [Link] █

Use character string to handle function header file.

5 #include "string.h"
Define a character array to save data from Bluetooth.
11 char rxload[20];
Initialize the BLE Bluetooth and name it as "ESP32-S3"
58 setupBLE("ESP32S3_Bluetooth");
Write a Callback function for BLE server to manage connection of BLE.
18 class MyServerCallbacks: public BLEServerCallbacks {
19 void onConnect(BLEServer* pServer) {
20 deviceConnected = true;
21 };
22 void onDisconnect(BLEServer* pServer) {
23 deviceConnected = false;
24 }
25 };
Write Callback function with BLE features. When it is called, as the mobile terminal send data to ESP32-S3, it
will store them into reload.
29 String rxValue = pCharacteristic->getValue();
30 if ([Link]() > 0) {
31 rxload="";
32 for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); i++){
33 rxload +=(char)rxValue[i];
34 }
35 }
Compare the content in buffer array with "led_on" and "led_off" to see whether they are the same. If yes,
execute the corresponding operation.
66 if (deviceConnected && strlen(rxload) > 0) {
67 if (strncmp(rxload, "led_on", 6) == 0) {
68 digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);
69 }
70 if (strncmp(rxload, "led_off", 7) == 0) {
71 digitalWrite(LED, LOW);
72 }
73 [Link](rxload);
74 }
After comparing the content of array, to ensure successful transmission next time, please empty the array.
73 [Link](rxload);
74 memset(rxload,0,sizeof(rxload));

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 20 Bluetooth 197

Reference
strncmp() functions are often used for string comparisons, which are accurate and stable.
int strncmp(const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t n)
str1: the first string to be compared
str2: the second string to be compared
n: the biggest string to be compared
Return value: if stir1>str2, then return value>0.
If return value is 0, then the contents of str1 and str2 are the same.
If str1< str2, then return value<0.
Function memset is mainly used to clean and initialize the memory of array
void memset(void *s, int c, unsigned long n)
Function memset() is to set the content of a certain internal storage as specified value.
*s: the initial address of the content to clear out.
c:to be replaced as specified value
n: the number of byte to be replaced

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

198 Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard [Link] █

Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard

An SDcard slot is integrated on the back of the ESP32-S3 WROOM. In this chapter we learn how to use ESP32-
S3 to read and write SDcard.

Project 21.1 SDMMC Test

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1

or

SDcard reader x1 (random color) SDcard x1

(Not a USB flash drive.)

Component knowledge

SD card read and write method

ESP32-S3 has two ways to use SD card, one is to use the SPI interface to access the SD card, and the other is
to use the SDMMC interface to access the SD card. SPI mode uses 4 IOs to access SD card. The SDMMC has
one-bit bus mode and four-bit bus mode. In one-bit bus mode, SDMMC use 3 IOs to access SD card. In four-
bit bus mode, SDMMC uses 6 IOs to access the SD card.
The above three methods can all be used to access the SD card, the difference is that the access speed is
different.
In the four-bit bus mode of SDMMC, the reading and writing speed of accessing the SD card is the fastest. In
the one-bit bus mode of SDMMC, the access speed is about 80% of the four-bit bus mode. The access speed
of SPI is the slowest, which is about 50% of the four-bit bus mode of SDMMC.
Usually, we recommend using the one-bit bus mode to access the SD card, because in this mode, we only
need to use the least pin IO to access the SD card with good performance and speed.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard 199

Format SD card

Before starting the tutorial, we need to create a drive letter for the blank SD card and format it. This step
requires a card reader and SD card. Please prepare them in advance. Below we will guide you to do it on
different computer systems. You can choose the guide that matches your computer.
Windows
Insert the SD card into the card reader, then insert the card reader into the computer.
In the Windows search box, enter "Disk Management" and select "Create and format hard disk partitions".

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

200 Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard [Link] █

In the new pop-up window, find an unallocated volume close to 1G in size.

Click to select the volume, right-click and select "New Simple Volume".

Click Next.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard 201

You can choose the drive letter on the right, or you can choose the default. By default, just click Next.

File system is FAT(or FAT32). The Allocation unit size is 16K, and the Volume label can be set to any name.
After setting, click Next.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

202 Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard [Link] █

Click Finish. Wait for the SD card initialization to complete.

At this point, you can see the SD card in This PC.

MAC
Insert the SD card into the card reader, then insert the card reader into the computer. Some computers will
prompt the following information, please click to ignore it.

Find "Disk Utility" in the MAC system and click to open it.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard 203

Select "Generic MassStorageClass Media", note that its size is about 1G. Please do not choose wrong item.
Click "Erase".

Select the configuration as shown in the figure below, and then click "Erase".

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

204 Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard [Link] █

Wait for the formatting to complete. When finished, it will look like the picture below. At this point, you can
see a new disk on the desktop named "SD".

Circuit

Before connecting the USB cable, insert the SD card into the SD card slot on the back of the ESP32-S3.

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard 205

Sketch

Sketch_21.1_SDMMC_Test

Compile and upload the code to ESP32-S3-WROOM, open the serial monitor, and press the RST button on
the board.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

206 Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard [Link] █

You can see the printout as shown below.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard 207

The following is the program code:

1 #include "sd_read_write.h"
2 #include "SD_MMC.h"
3
4 #define SD_MMC_CMD 38 //Please do not modify it.
5 #define SD_MMC_CLK 39 //Please do not modify it.
6 #define SD_MMC_D0 40 //Please do not modify it.
7
8 void setup(){
9 [Link](115200);
10 SD_MMC.setPins(SD_MMC_CLK, SD_MMC_CMD, SD_MMC_D0);
11 if (!SD_MMC.begin("/sdcard", true, true, SDMMC_FREQ_DEFAULT, 5)) {
12 [Link]("Card Mount Failed");
13 return;
14 }
15 uint8_t cardType = SD_MMC.cardType();
16 if(cardType == CARD_NONE){
17 [Link]("No SD_MMC card attached");
18 return;
19 }
20 [Link]("SD_MMC Card Type: ");
21 if(cardType == CARD_MMC){
22 [Link]("MMC");
23 } else if(cardType == CARD_SD){
24 [Link]("SDSC");
25 } else if(cardType == CARD_SDHC){
26 [Link]("SDHC");
27 } else {
28 [Link]("UNKNOWN");
29 }
30
31 uint64_t cardSize = SD_MMC.cardSize() / (1024 * 1024);
32 [Link]("SD_MMC Card Size: %lluMB\n", cardSize);
33
34 listDir(SD_MMC, "/", 0);
35
36 createDir(SD_MMC, "/mydir");
37 listDir(SD_MMC, "/", 0);
38
39 removeDir(SD_MMC, "/mydir");
40 listDir(SD_MMC, "/", 2);
41
42 writeFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]", "Hello ");
43 appendFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]", "World!\n");

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

208 Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard [Link] █

44 readFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]");
45
46 deleteFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]");
47 renameFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]", "/[Link]");
48 readFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]");
49
50 testFileIO(SD_MMC, "/[Link]");
51
52 [Link]("Total space: %lluMB\r\n", SD_MMC.totalBytes() / (1024 * 1024));
53 [Link]("Used space: %lluMB\r\n", SD_MMC.usedBytes() / (1024 * 1024));
54 }
55
56 void loop(){
57 delay(10000);
58 }
Add the SD card drive header file.
1 #include "sd_read_write.h"
2 #include "SD_MMC.h"
Defines the drive pins of the SD card. Please do not modify it. Because these pins are fixed.
4 #define SD_MMC_CMD 38 //Please do not modify it.
5 #define SD_MMC_CLK 39 //Please do not modify it.
6 #define SD_MMC_D0 40 //Please do not modify it.
Initialize the serial port function. Sets the drive pin for SDMMC one-bit bus mode.
9 [Link](115200);
10 SD_MMC.setPins(SD_MMC_CLK, SD_MMC_CMD, SD_MMC_D0);
Set the mount point of the SD card, set SDMMC to one-bit bus mode, and set the read and write speed to
20MHz.
11 if (!SD_MMC.begin("/sdcard", true, true, SDMMC_FREQ_DEFAULT, 5)) {
12 [Link]("Card Mount Failed");
13 return;
14 }
Get the type of SD card and print it out through the serial port.
15 uint8_t cardType = SD_MMC.cardType();
16 if(cardType == CARD_NONE){
17 [Link]("No SD_MMC card attached");
18 return;
19 }
20 [Link]("SD_MMC Card Type: ");
21 if(cardType == CARD_MMC){
22 [Link]("MMC");
23 } else if(cardType == CARD_SD){
24 [Link]("SDSC");
25 } else if(cardType == CARD_SDHC){
26 [Link]("SDHC");

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 21 Read and Write the SDcard 209

27 } else {
28 [Link]("UNKNOWN");
29 }
Call the listDir() function to read the folder and file names in the SD card, and print them out through the
serial port. This function can be found in "sd_read_write.cpp".
34 listDir(SD_MMC, "/", 0);
Call createDir() to create a folder, and call removeDir() to delete a folder.
36 createDir(SD_MMC, "/mydir");
39 removeDir(SD_MMC, "/mydir");
Call writeFile() to write any content to the txt file. If there is no such file, create this file first.
Call appendFile() to append any content to txt.
Call readFile() to read the content in txt and print it via the serial port.
42 writeFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]", "Hello ");
43 appendFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]", "World!\n");
44 readFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]");
Call deleteFile() to delete a specified file.
Call renameFile() to copy a file and rename it.
46 deleteFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]");
47 renameFile(SD_MMC, "/[Link]", "/[Link]");
Call the testFileIO() function to test the time it takes to read 512 bytes and the time it takes to write 2048*512
bytes of data.
50 testFileIO(SD_MMC, "/[Link]");
Print the total size and used size of the SD card via the serial port.
52 [Link]("Total space: %lluMB\r\n", SD_MMC.totalBytes() / (1024 * 1024));
53 [Link]("Used space: %lluMB\r\n", SD_MMC.usedBytes() / (1024 * 1024));

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

210 Chapter 22 Play SD card music [Link] █

Chapter 22 Play SD card music

In the previous study, we have learned how to use the SD card, and then we will learn to play the music in the
SD card.

Project 22.1 SDMMC Music

In this project, we will read an mp3 file from an SD card, decode it through ESP32-S3, and use a speaker
to play it.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1 SDcard x1

or

Micro USB Wire x1 NPN transistorx1 Speaker

(S8050)

Diode x1 Resistor 1kΩ x1 Capacitor 10uF x1

Jumper F/M x4 SDcard reader x1 (random color)

Jumper F/F x2

(Not a USB flash drive.)

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 22 Play SD card music 211

Circuit

Schematic diagram

Please note that before connecting the USB cable, please put the music into the SD card and insert the SD
card into the card slot on the back of the ESP32-S3.

Hardware connection. If you need any support, please feel free to contact us via: support@[Link]

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

212 Chapter 22 Play SD card music [Link] █

Sketch

How to install the library

In this project, we will use the [Link] library to decode the audio files in the SD card, and then
output the audio signal through GPIO. If you have not installed this library, please follow the steps below to
install it.
Open arduino->Sketch->Include library-> Add .ZIP Library.

In the new pop-up window, select "Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3\C\Libraries\[Link]".

Then click “Open“.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 22 Play SD card music 213

Sketch_22.1_PlayMP3FromSD
We placed a folder called "music" in:
Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3\Sketches\Sketch_22.1_PlayMP3FromSD
User needs to copy this folder to SD card.

Click upload.

Compile and upload the code to the ESP32-S3 WROOM and open the serial monitor. ESP32-S3 takes a few
seconds to initialize the program. When you see the message below, it means that ESP32-S3 has started
parsing the mp3 in sd and started playing music through Pin.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

214 Chapter 22 Play SD card music [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 #include <Arduino.h>
2 #include <WiFi.h>
3 #include "FS.h"
4 #include "SD_MMC.h"
5 #include "AudioFileSourceSD_MMC.h"
6 #include "AudioFileSourceID3.h"
7 #include "AudioGeneratorMP3.h"
8 #include "AudioOutputI2SNoDAC.h"
9
10 #define SD_MMC_CMD 38 //Please do not modify it.
11 #define SD_MMC_CLK 39 //Please do not modify it.
12 #define SD_MMC_D0 40 //Please do not modify it.
13
14 AudioGeneratorMP3 *mp3;
15 AudioFileSourceID3 *id3;
16 AudioOutputI2SNoDAC *out;
17 AudioFileSourceSD_MMC *file = NULL;
18
19 // Called when a metadata event occurs (i.e. an ID3 tag, an ICY block, etc.
20 void MDCallback(void *cbData, const char *type, bool isUnicode, const char *string)
21 {
22 (void)cbData;
23 [Link]("ID3 callback for: %s = '", type);
24
25 if (isUnicode) {
26 string += 2;
27 }
28
29 while (*string) {
30 char a = *(string++);
31 if (isUnicode) {
32 string++;
33 }
34 [Link]("%c", a);

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 22 Play SD card music 215

35 }
36 [Link]("'\n");
37 [Link]();
38 }
39
40 void setup()
41 {
42 [Link](WIFI_OFF);
43 [Link](115200);
44 delay(1000);
45 SD_MMC.setPins(SD_MMC_CLK, SD_MMC_CMD, SD_MMC_D0);
46 if (!SD_MMC.begin("/sdcard", true, true, SDMMC_FREQ_DEFAULT, 5)) {
47 [Link]("Card Mount Failed");
48 return;
49 }
50 [Link]("Sample MP3 playback begins...\n");
51
52 audioLogger = &Serial;
53 file = new AudioFileSourceSD_MMC("/music/01.mp3");
54 id3 = new AudioFileSourceID3(file);
55 id3->RegisterMetadataCB(MDCallback, (void*)"ID3TAG");
56 out = new AudioOutputI2SNoDAC();
57 out->SetPinout(12,13,14);//Set the audio output pin, Only 14 were used
58 out->SetGain(0.3);//Setting the Volume
59 mp3 = new AudioGeneratorMP3();
60 mp3->begin(id3, out);
61 }
62
63 void loop()
64 {
65 if (mp3->isRunning()) {
66 if (!mp3->loop()) mp3->stop();
67 } else {
68 [Link]("MP3 done\n");
69 delay(1000);
70 }
71 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

216 Chapter 22 Play SD card music [Link] █

Add music decoding header files and SD card drive files.

1 #include <Arduino.h>
2 #include <WiFi.h>
3 #include "FS.h"
4 #include "SD_MMC.h"
5 #include "AudioFileSourceSD_MMC.h"
6 #include "AudioFileSourceID3.h"
7 #include "AudioGeneratorMP3.h"
8 #include "AudioOutputI2SNoDAC.h"
Define the drive pins for SD card. Note that the SD card driver pins cannot be modified.
10 #define SD_MMC_CMD 38 //Please do not modify it.
11 #define SD_MMC_CLK 39 //Please do not modify it.
12 #define SD_MMC_D0 40 //Please do not modify it.
Apply for audio decoding class object.
14 AudioGeneratorMP3 *mp3;
15 AudioFileSourceID3 *id3;
16 AudioOutputI2SNoDAC *out;
17 AudioFileSourceSD_MMC *file = NULL;
Set the audio file source and associate it with the decoder. Initialize the audio output pin and set the
volume to 2.
52 audioLogger = &Serial;
53 file = new AudioFileSourceSD_MMC("/music/01.mp3");
54 id3 = new AudioFileSourceID3(file);
55 id3->RegisterMetadataCB(MDCallback, (void*)"ID3TAG");
56 out = new AudioOutputI2SNoDAC();
57 out->SetPinout(12,13,14);//Set the audio output pin, Only 14 were used
58 out->SetGain(2);//Setting the Volume(0-3.9)
59 mp3 = new AudioGeneratorMP3();
60 mp3->begin(id3, out);
Determine whether the mp3 player is finished. If it is playing, continue playing. If it is finished, print a
message.
65 if (mp3->isRunning()) {
66 if (!mp3->loop()) mp3->stop();
67 } else {
68 [Link]("MP3 done\n");
69 delay(1000);
70 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes 217

Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes

In this chapter, we'll focus on the WiFi infrastructure for ESP32-S3 WROOM.
ESP32-S3 WROOM has 3 different WiFi operating modes: station mode, AP mode and AP+station mode. All
WiFi programming projects must be configured with WiFi operating mode before using WiFi, otherwise WiFi
cannot be used.

Project 23.1 Station mode

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1

or

Component knowledge

Station mode
When ESP32-S3 selects Station mode, it acts as a WiFi client. It can connect to the router network and
communicate with other devices on the router via WiFi connection. As shown below, the PC is connected to
the router, and if ESP32-S3 wants to communicate with the PC, it needs to be connected to the router.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

218 Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes [Link] █

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes 219

Sketch

Sketch_23.1_Station_mode

Enter the correct Router

name and password.

Because the names and passwords of routers in various places are different, before the Sketch runs, users
need to enter the correct router’s name and password in the box as shown in the illustration above.
After making sure the router name and password are entered correctly, compile and upload codes to ESP32-
S3 WROOM, open serial monitor and set baud rate to 115200. And then it will display as follows:

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

220 Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes [Link] █

When ESP32-S3 WROOM successfully connects to “ssid_Router”, serial monitor will print out the IP address
assigned to ESP32-S3 WROOM by the router.
The following is the program code:
1 #include <WiFi.h>
2
3 const char *ssid_Router = "********"; //Enter the router name
4 const char *password_Router = "********"; //Enter the router password
5
6 void setup(){
7 [Link](115200);
8 delay(2000);
9 [Link]("Setup start");
10 [Link](ssid_Router, password_Router);
11 [Link](String("Connecting to ")+ssid_Router);
12 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED){
13 delay(500);
14 [Link](".");
15 }
16 [Link]("\nConnected, IP address: ");
17 [Link]([Link]());
18 [Link]("Setup End");
19 }
20
21 void loop() {
22 }
Include the WiFi Library header file of ESP32-S3.
1 #include <WiFi.h>
Enter correct router name and password.
3 const char *ssid_Router = "********"; //Enter the router name
4 const char *password_Router = "********"; //Enter the router password
Set ESP32-S3 in Station mode and connect it to your router.
10 [Link](ssid_Router, password_Router);
Check whether ESP32-S3 has connected to router successfully every 0.5s.
12 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED){
13 delay(500);
14 [Link](".");
15 }
Serial monitor prints out the IP address assigned to ESP32-S3 WROOM
17 [Link]([Link]());
Reference
Class Station
Every time when using WiFi, you need to include header file "WiFi.h.".
begin(ssid, password,channel, bssid, connect): ESP32-S3 is used as Station to connect hotspot.
ssid: WiFi hotspot name
Any concerns?  support@[Link]
 █ [Link] Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes 221

password: WiFi hotspot password

channel: WiFi hotspot channel number; communicating through specified channel; optional parameter
bssid: mac address of WiFi hotspot, optional parameter
connect: blloean optional parameter, defaulting to true. If set as false, then ESP32-S3 won't connect WiFi.
config(local_ip, gateway, subnet, dns1, dns2): set static local IP address.
local_ip: station fixed IP address.
subnet：subnet mask
dns1,dns2: optional parameter. define IP address of domain name server
status: obtain the connection status of WiFI
local IP(): obtian IP address in Station mode
disconnect(): disconnect wifi
setAutoConnect(boolen): set automatic connection Every time ESP32-S3 is power on, it will connect WiFi
aitomatically.
setAutoReconnect(boolen): set automatic reconnection Every time ESP32-S3 disconnects WiFi, it will
reconnect to WiFi automatically.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

222 Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes [Link] █

Project 23.2 AP mode

Component List & Circuit

Component List & Circuit are the same as in Project 23.1.

Component knowledge

AP mode
When ESP32-S3 selects AP mode, it creates a hotspot network that is separate from the Internet and waits
for other WiFi devices to connect. As shown in the figure below, ESP32-S3 is used as a hotspot. If a mobile
phone or PC wants to communicate with ESP32-S3, it must be connected to the hotspot of ESP32-S3. Only
after a connection is established with ESP32-S3 can they communicate.

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes 223

Sketch

Set a name and a password

for ESP32S3 AP.

Before the Sketch runs, you can make any changes to the AP name and password for ESP32-S3 in the box as
shown in the illustration above. Of course, you can leave it alone by default.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

224 Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes [Link] █

Compile and upload codes to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial monitor and set the baud rate to 115200.
And then it will display as follows.

When observing the print information of the serial monitor, turn on the WiFi scanning function of your phone,
and you can see the ssid_AP on ESP32-S3, which is called "WiFi_Name" in this Sketch. You can enter the
password "12345678" to connect it or change its AP name and password by modifying Sketch.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes 225

Sketch_23.2_AP_mode
The following is the program code:
1 #include <WiFi.h>
2
3 const char *ssid_AP = "WiFi_Name"; //Enter the router name
4 const char *password_AP = "12345678"; //Enter the router password
5
6 IPAddress local_IP(192,168,1,100);//Set the IP address of ESP32-S3 itself
7 IPAddress gateway(192,168,1,10); //Set the gateway of ESP32-S3 itself
8 IPAddress subnet(255,255,255,0); //Set the subnet mask for ESP32-S3 itself
9
10 void setup(){
11 [Link](115200);
12 delay(2000);
13 [Link]("Setting soft-AP configuration ... ");
14 [Link]();
15 [Link](WIFI_AP);
16 [Link]([Link](local_IP, gateway, subnet) ? "Ready" : "Failed!");
17 [Link]("Setting soft-AP ... ");
18 boolean result = [Link](ssid_AP, password_AP);
19 if(result){
20 [Link]("Ready");
21 [Link](String("Soft-AP IP address = ") + [Link]().toString());
22 [Link](String("MAC address = ") + [Link]().c_str());
23 }else{
24 [Link]("Failed!");
25 }
26 [Link]("Setup End");
27 }
28
29 void loop() {
30 }
Include WiFi Library header file of ESP32-S3.
1 #include <WiFi.h>
Enter correct AP name and password.
3 const char *ssid_AP = "WiFi_Name"; //Enter the router name
4 const char *password_AP = "12345678"; //Enter the router password
Set ESP32-S3 in AP mode.
15 [Link](WIFI_AP);
Configure IP address, gateway and subnet mask for ESP32-S3.
16 [Link](local_IP, gateway, subnet)
Turn on an AP in ESP32-S3, whose name is set by ssid_AP and password is set by password_AP.
18 [Link](ssid_AP, password_AP);

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

226 Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes [Link] █

Check whether the AP is turned on successfully. If yes, print out IP and MAC address of AP established by
ESP32-S3. If no, print out the failure prompt.
19 if(result){
20 [Link]("Ready");
21 [Link](String("Soft-AP IP address = ") + [Link]().toString());
22 [Link](String("MAC address = ") + [Link]().c_str());
23 }else{
24 [Link]("Failed!");
25 }
26 [Link]("Setup End");
Reference
Class AP
Every time when using WiFi, you need to include header file "WiFi.h.".
softAP(ssid, password, channel, ssid_hidden, max_connection):
ssid: WiFi hotspot name
password: WiFi hotspot password
channel: Number of WiFi connection channels, range 1-13. The default is 1.
ssid_hidden: Whether to hide WiFi name from scanning by other devices. The default is not hide.
max_connection: Maximum number of WiFi connected devices. The range is 1-4. The default is 4.
softAPConfig(local_ip, gateway, subnet): set static local IP address.
local_ip: station fixed IP address.
Gateway: gateway IP address
subnet：subnet mask
softAP(): obtian IP address in AP mode
softAPdisconnect (): disconnect AP mode.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes 227

Project 23.3 AP+Station mode

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1

or

Component knowledge

AP+Station mode
In addition to AP mode and station mode, ESP32-S3 can also use AP mode and station mode at the same
time. This mode contains the functions of the previous two modes. Turn on ESP32-S3's station mode, connect
it to the router network, and it can communicate with the Internet via the router. At the same time, turn on
its AP mode to create a hotspot network. Other WiFi devices can choose to connect to the router network or
the hotspot network to communicate with ESP32-S3.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

228 Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes [Link] █

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Sketch

Sketch_23.3_AP_Station_mode

Please enter the correct

names and passwords of
Router and AP.

It is analogous to Project 23.1 and Project 23.2. Before running the Sketch, you need to modify ssid_Router,
password_Router, ssid_AP and password_AP shown in the box of the illustration above.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes 229

After making sure that Sketch is modified correctly, compile and upload codes to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open
serial monitor and set baud rate to 115200. And then it will display as follows:

When observing the print information of the serial monitor, turn on the WiFi scanning function of your phone,
and you can see the ssid_AP on ESP32-S3.

The following is the program code:

1 #include <WiFi.h>
2
3 const char *ssid_Router = "********"; //Enter the router name
4 const char *password_Router = "********"; //Enter the router password
5 const char *ssid_AP = "WiFi_Name"; //Enter the AP name
6 const char *password_AP = "12345678"; //Enter the AP password
7
8 void setup(){
9 [Link](115200);
10 [Link]("Setting soft-AP configuration ... ");

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

230 Chapter 23 WiFi Working Modes [Link] █

11 [Link]();
12 [Link](WIFI_AP);
13 [Link]("Setting soft-AP ... ");
14 boolean result = [Link](ssid_AP, password_AP);
15 if(result){
16 [Link]("Ready");
17 [Link](String("Soft-AP IP address = ") + [Link]().toString());
18 [Link](String("MAC address = ") + [Link]().c_str());
19 }else{
20 [Link]("Failed!");
21 }
22
23 [Link]("\nSetting Station configuration ... ");
24 [Link](ssid_Router, password_Router);
25 [Link](String("Connecting to ")+ ssid_Router);
26 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED){
27 delay(500);
28 [Link](".");
29 }
30 [Link]("\nConnected, IP address: ");
31 [Link]([Link]());
32 [Link]("Setup End");
33 }
34
35 void loop() {
36 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 24 TCP/IP 231

Chapter 24 TCP/IP
In this chapter, we will introduce how ESP32-S3 implements network communications based on TCP/IP
protocol. There are two roles in TCP/IP communication, namely Server and Client, which will be implemented
respectively with two projects in this chapter.

Project 24.1 As Client

In this section, ESP32-S3 is used as Client to connect Server on the same LAN and communicate with it.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1

or

Component knowledge

TCP connection
Before transmitting data, TCP needs to establish a logical connection between the sending end and the
receiving end. It provides reliable and error-free data transmission between the two computers. In the TCP
connection, the client and the server must be clarified. The client sends a connection request to the server,
and each time such a request is proposed, a "three-times handshake" is required.

Three-times handshake: In the TCP protocol, during the preparation phase of sending data, the client and the
server interact three times to ensure the reliability of the connection, which is called "three-times handshake".
The first handshake, the client sends a connection request to the server and waits for the server to confirm.
The second handshake, the server sends a response back to the client informing that it has received the
connection request.
The third handshake, the client sends a confirmation message to the server again to confirm the connection.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

232 Chapter 24 TCP/IP [Link] █

the first handshake

the second handshake

the third handshake

TCP is a connection-oriented, low-level transmission control protocol. After TCP establishes a connection, the
client and server can send and receive messages to each other, and the connection will always exist as long
as the client or server does not initiate disconnection. Each time one party sends a message, the other party
will reply with an ack signal.

The client sends a data

message, and the server
replies with a
confirmation signal.

The server sends a data

message, and the client
replies with a
confirmation signal.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 24 TCP/IP 233

Install Processing
In this tutorial, we use Processing to build a simple TCP/IP communication platform.
If you've not installed Processing, you can download it by clicking [Link] You can
choose an appropriate version to download according to your PC system.

Unzip the downloaded file to your computer. Click "[Link]" as the figure below to run this software.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

234 Chapter 24 TCP/IP [Link] █

Use Server mode for communication

Install ControlP5.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 24 TCP/IP 235

Open the “Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3\Sketches\Sketches\Sketch_24.1_WiFiClient\

sketchWiFi\[Link]”, and click "Run".

Stop

Run

The new pop-up interface is as follows. If ESP32-S3 is used as client, select TCP SERVER mode for sketchWiFi.

Server mode

Receiving
Local IP address
box

Local port
number
Clear receive

Send box
Listening
Clear send

Send button

When sketchWiFi selects TCP SERVER mode, ESP32-S3 Sketch needs to be changed according to
sketchWiFi's displaying of LOCAL IP or LOCAL PORT.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

236 Chapter 24 TCP/IP [Link] █

If ESP32-S3 serves as server, select TCP CLIENT mode for sketchWiFi.

Client mode

Remote IP
address

Remote port
number

When sketchWiFi selects TCP CLIENT mode, the LOCAL IP and LOCAL PORT of sketchWiFi need to be
changed according to the IP address and port number printed by the serial monitor.

Mode selection: select Server mode/Client mode.

IP address: In server mode, this option does not need to be filled in, and the computer will automatically
obtain the IP address.
In client mode, fill in the remote IP address to be connected.
Port number: In server mode, fill in a port number for client devices to make an access connection.
In client mode, fill in port number given by the Server devices to make an access connection.
Start button: In server mode, push the button, then the computer will serve as server and open a port number
for client to make access connection. During this period, the computer will keep monitoring.
In client mode, before pushing the button, please make sure the server is on, remote IP address
and remote port number is correct; push the button, and the computer will make access
connection to the remote port number of the remote IP as a client.
clear receive: clear out the content in the receiving text box
clear send: clear out the content in the sending text box
Sending button: push the sending button, the computer will send the content in the text box to others.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 24 TCP/IP 237

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Sketch

Before running the Sketch, please open “[Link].” first, and click “Run”.

The newly pop up window will use the computer’s IP address by default and open a data monitor port.

Next, open Sketch_24.1_WiFiClient.ino. Before running it, please change the following information based on
"LOCAL IP" and "LOCAL PORT" in the figure above.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

238 Chapter 24 TCP/IP [Link] █

REMOTE_IP needs to be filled in according to the interface of [Link]. Taking this tutorial as an
example, its REMOTE_IP is “[Link]”. Generally, by default, the ports do not need to change its value.

Click LISTENING, turn on TCP SERVER's data listening function and wait for ESP32-S3 to connect.

Click it

Compile and upload code to ESP32-S3 WROOM, open the serial monitor and set the baud rate to 115200.
ESP32-S3 connects router, obtains IP address and sends access request to server IP address on the same LAN
till the connection is successful. When connect successfully, ESP32-S3 can send messages to server.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 24 TCP/IP 239

ESP32-S3 connects with TCP SERVER, and TCP SERVER receives messages from ESP32-S3, as shown in the
figure below.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

240 Chapter 24 TCP/IP [Link] █

Sketch_24.1_As_Client
The following is the program code:
1 #include <WiFi.h>
2
3 const char *ssid_Router = "********"; //Enter the router name
4 const char *password_Router = "********"; //Enter the router password
5 #define REMOTE_IP "********" //input the remote server which is you want to connect
#define REMOTE_PORT 8888 //input the remote port which is the remote provide
6 WiFiClient client;
7
8 void setup() {
9 [Link](115200);
10 delay(10);
11
12 [Link](ssid_Router, password_Router);
13 [Link]("\nWaiting for WiFi... ");
14 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED) {
15 [Link](".");
16 delay(500);
17 }
18 [Link]("");
19 [Link]("WiFi connected");
20 [Link]("IP address: ");
21 [Link]([Link]());
22 delay(500);
23
24 [Link]("Connecting to ");
25 [Link](REMOTE_IP);
26
27 while () {
28 [Link]("Connection failed.");
29 [Link]("Waiting a moment before retrying...");
30 }
31 [Link]("Connected");
32 [Link]("Hello\n");
33 [Link]("This is my IP.\n");
34 }
35
36 void loop() {
37 if ([Link]() > 0) {
38 delay(20);
39 //read back one line from the server
40 String line = [Link]();
41 [Link](REMOTE_IP + String(":") + line);

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 24 TCP/IP 241

42 }
43 if ([Link]() > 0) {
44 delay(20);
45 String line = [Link]();
46 [Link](line);
47 }
48 if ([Link] () == 0) {
49 [Link]();
50 [Link]();
51 }
52 }
Add WiFi function header file.
1 #include <WiFi.h>
Enter the actual router name, password, remote server IP address, and port number.
3 const char *ssid_Router = "********"; //Enter the router name
4 const char *password_Router = "********"; //Enter the router password
5 #define REMOTE_IP "********" //input the remote server which is you want to connect
6 #define REMOTE_PORT 8888 //input the remote port which is the remote provide
Apply for the method class of WiFiClient.
7 WiFiClient client;
Connect specified WiFi until it is successful. If the name and password of WiFi are correct but it still fails to
connect, please push the reset key.
13 [Link](ssid_Router, password_Router);
14 [Link]("\nWaiting for WiFi... ");
15 while ([Link]() ! = WL_CONNECTED) {
16 [Link](".");
17 delay(500);
18 }
Send connection request to remote server until connect successfully. When connect successfully, print out the
connecting prompt on the serial monitor and send messages to remote server.
28 while () {//Connect to Server
29 [Link]("Connection failed.");
30 [Link]("Waiting a moment before retrying...");
31 }
32 [Link]("Connected");
33 [Link]("Hello\n");
When ESP32-S3 receive messages from servers, it will print them out via serial port; Users can also send
messages to servers from serial port.
37 if ([Link]() > 0) {
38 delay(20);
39 //read back one line from the server
40 String line = [Link]();
41 [Link](REMOTE_IP + String(":") + line);
42 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

242 Chapter 24 TCP/IP [Link] █

43 if ([Link]() > 0) {
44 delay(20);
45 String line = [Link]();
46 [Link](line);
47 }
If the server is disconnected, turn off WiFi of ESP32-S3.
48 if ([Link] () == false) {
49 [Link]();
50 [Link]();
51 }
Reference
Class Client
Every time when using Client, you need to include header file "WiFi.h."
connect(ip, port, timeout)/connect(*host, port, timeout): establish a TCP connection.
ip, *host：ip address of target server
port: port number of target server
timeout: connection timeout
connected(): judge whether client is connecting. If return value is 1, then connect successfully; If return
value is 0, then fail to connect.
stop(): stop tcp connection
print(): send data to server connecting to client
available(): return to the number of bytes readable in receive buffer, if no, return to 0 or -1.
read(): read one byte of data in receive buffer
readString(): read string in receive buffer

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 24 TCP/IP 243

Project 24.2 As Server

In this section, ESP32-S3 is used as a server to wait for the connection and communication of client on the
same LAN.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1

or

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using a USB cable.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

244 Chapter 24 TCP/IP [Link] █

Sketch

Before running Sketch, please modify the contents of the box below first.
Sketch_24.2_As_Server

Compile and upload code to ESP32-S3 WROOM board, open the serial monitor and set the baud rate to
115200. Turn on server mode for ESP32-S3, waiting for the connection of other devices on the same LAN.
Once a device connects to server successfully, they can send messages to each other.
If the ESP32-S3 fails to connect to router, press the reset button as shown below and wait for ESP32-S3 to
run again.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 24 TCP/IP 245

Serial Monitor

IP address and
serial port

Processing：
Open the “Freenove_Super_Starter_Kit_for_ESP32_S3\Sketches\Sketches\Sketch_24.2_WiFiServer\
sketchWiFi\[Link]”.
Based on the messages printed by the serial monitor, enter correct IP address and serial port in Processing to
establish connection and make communication.

Enter IP address and

serial port of the serial
monitor.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

246 Chapter 24 TCP/IP [Link] █

The following is the program code:

1 #include <WiFi.h>
2
3 #define port 80
4 const char *ssid_Router = "********"; //input your wifi name
5 const char *password_Router = "********"; //input your wifi passwords
6 WiFiServer server(port);
7
8 void setup()
9 {
10 [Link](115200);
11 [Link]("\nConnecting to ");
12 [Link](ssid_Router);
13 [Link]();
14 [Link](ssid_Router, password_Router);
15 delay(1000);
16 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED) {
17 delay(500);
18 [Link](".");
19 }
20 [Link]("");
21 [Link]("WiFi connected.");
22 [Link]("IP address: ");
23 [Link]([Link]());
24 [Link]("IP port: %d\n",port);
25 [Link](port);
26 [Link](true);
27 }
28
29 void loop(){
30 WiFiClient client = [Link](); // listen for incoming clients
31 if (client) { // if you get a client
32 [Link]("Client connected.");
33 while ([Link]()) { // loop while the client's connected
34 if ([Link]()) { // if there's bytes to read from the
client
35 [Link]([Link]('\n')); // print it out the serial monitor
36 while([Link]()>0); // clear the wifi receive area cache
37 }
38 if([Link]()){ // if there's bytes to read from the
serial monitor
39 [Link]([Link]('\n')); // print it out the client.
40 while([Link]()>0); // clear the wifi receive area cache
41 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 24 TCP/IP 247

42 }
43 [Link](); // stop the client connecting.
44 [Link]("Client Disconnected.");
45 }
46 }
Apply for method class of WiFiServer.
6 WiFiServer server(port); //Apply for a Server object whose port number is 80
Connect specified WiFi until it is successful. If the name and password of WiFi are correct but it still fails to
connect, please push the reset key.
13 [Link]();
14 [Link](ssid_Router, password_Router);
15 delay(1000);
16 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED) {
17 delay(500);
18 [Link](".");
19 }
20 [Link]("");
21 [Link]("WiFi connected.");
Print out the IP address and port number of ESP32-S3.
22 [Link]("IP address: ");
23 [Link]([Link]()); //print out IP address of ESP32-S3
24 [Link]("IP port: %d\n",port); //Print out ESP32-S3's port number
Turn on server mode of ESP32-S3, turn on automatic reconnection.
25 [Link](); //Turn ON ESP32-S3 as Server mode
26 [Link](true);
When ESP32-S3 receive messages from servers, it will print them out via serial port; Users can also send
messages to servers from serial port.
34 if ([Link]()) { // if there's bytes to read from the
client
35 [Link]([Link]('\n')); // print it out the serial monitor
36 while([Link]()>0); // clear the wifi receive area cache
37 }
38 if([Link]()){ // if there's bytes to read from the
serial monitor
39 [Link]([Link]('\n')); // print it out the client.
40 while([Link]()>0); // clear the wifi receive area cache
41 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

248 Chapter 24 TCP/IP [Link] █

Reference
Class Server
Every time use Server functionality, we need to include header file"WiFi.h".
WiFiServer(uint16_t port=80, uint8_t max_clients=4): create a TCP Server.
port: ports of Server; range from 0 to 65535 with the default number as 80.
max_clients: maximum number of clients with default number as 4.
begin(port): start the TCP Server.
port: ports of Server; range from 0 to 65535 with the default number as 0.
setNoDelay(bool nodelay): whether to turn off the delay sending functionality.
nodelay: true stands for forbidden Nagle algorithm.
close(): close tcp connection.
stop(): stop tcp connection.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 249

Chapter 25 Camera Web Server

In this section, we'll use ESP32-S3's video function as an example to study.

Project 25.1 Camera Web Server

Connect ESP32-S3 using USB and check its IP address through serial monitor. Use web page to access IP
address to obtain video and image data.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1

or

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

250 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

Sketch

Sketch_25.1_As_CameraWebServer

Before running the program, please modify your router’s name and password in the box shown in the
illustration above to make sure that your Sketch can compile and work successfully.

Compile and upload codes to ESP32-S3, open the serial monitor and set the baud rate to 115200, and the
serial monitor will print out a network link address.

If your ESP32-S3 has been in the process of connecting to router, but the information above has not been
printed out, please re-check whether the router name and password have been entered correctly and press
the reset key on ESP32-S3 WROOM to wait for a successful connection prompt.
Open a web browser, enter the IP address printed by the serial monitor in the address bar, and access it.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 251

Taking the Google browser as an example, here's what the browser prints out after successful access to ESP32-
S3's IP.

enter IP address

select pixel of the picture

adjust camera parameters

set camera left and

right, up and down

crop the picture turn on video

transmission

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

252 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

Click on Start Stream. The effect is shown in the image below.

Note: If sketch compilation fails due to ESP32-S3 support package, follow the steps of the image to
open the CameraWebServer. This sketch is the same as described in the tutorial above.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 253

The following is the main program code. You need include other code files in the same folder when write
your own code.
1 #include "esp_camera.h"
2 #include <WiFi.h>
3
4 // ===================
5 // Select camera model
6 // ===================
7 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_WROVER_KIT // Has PSRAM
8 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP_EYE // Has PSRAM
9 #define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32S3_EYE // Has PSRAM
10 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_M5STACK_PSRAM // Has PSRAM
11 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_M5STACK_V2_PSRAM // M5Camera version B Has PSRAM
12 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_M5STACK_WIDE // Has PSRAM
13 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_M5STACK_ESP32CAM // No PSRAM
14 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_M5STACK_UNITCAM // No PSRAM
15 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_AI_THINKER // Has PSRAM
16 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_TTGO_T_JOURNAL // No PSRAM
17 // ** Espressif Internal Boards **
18 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32_CAM_BOARD
19 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32S2_CAM_BOARD
20 //#define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32S3_CAM_LCD
21
22 #include "camera_pins.h"
23
24 // ===========================
25 // Enter your WiFi credentials
26 // ===========================
27 const char* ssid = "********";
28 const char* password = "********";
29
30 void startCameraServer();
31
32 void setup() {
33 [Link](115200);
34 [Link](true);
35 [Link]();
36
37 camera_config_t config;
38 config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
39 config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
40 config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
41 config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
42 config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

254 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

43 config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
44 config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
45 config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
46 config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
47 config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
48 config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
49 config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
50 config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
51 config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
52 config.pin_sccb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
53 config.pin_sccb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
54 config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
55 config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;
56 config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
57 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;
58 config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG; // for streaming
59 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_WHEN_EMPTY;
60 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_PSRAM;
61 config.jpeg_quality = 12;
62 config.fb_count = 1;
63
64 // if PSRAM IC present, init with UXGA resolution and higher JPEG quality
65 // for larger pre-allocated frame buffer.
66 if(psramFound()){
67 config.jpeg_quality = 10;
68 config.fb_count = 2;
69 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_LATEST;
70 } else {
71 // Limit the frame size when PSRAM is not available
72 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;
73 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_DRAM;
74 }
75
76 // camera init
77 esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);
78 if (err != ESP_OK) {
79 [Link]("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);
80 return;
81 }
82
83 sensor_t * s = esp_camera_sensor_get();
84 // initial sensors are flipped vertically and colors are a bit saturated
85 s->set_vflip(s, 1); // flip it back
86 s->set_brightness(s, 1); // up the brightness just a bit

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 255

87 s->set_saturation(s, -1); // lower the saturation

88
89 [Link](ssid, password);
90 [Link](false);
91
92 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED) {
93 delay(500);
94 [Link](".");
95 }
96 while ([Link]() != true) {
97 delay(500);
98 [Link](".");
99 }
100
101 [Link]("");
102 [Link]("WiFi connected");
103
104 startCameraServer();
105
106 [Link]("Camera Ready! Use '[Link]
107 [Link]([Link]());
108 [Link]("' to connect");
109 }
110
111 void loop() {
112 // Do nothing. Everything is done in another task by the web server
113 delay(10000);
114 }
Add procedure files and API interface files related to ESP32-S3 camera.
1 #include "esp_camera.h"
2 #include <WiFi.h>
…
9 #define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32S3_EYE // Has PSRAM
…
11 #include "camera_pins.h"
Enter the name and password of the router
13 const char *ssid = "********"; //input your wifi name
14 const char *password = "********"; //input your wifi passwords
Initialize serial port, set baud rate to 115200; open the debug and output function of the serial.
21 [Link](115200);
22 [Link](true);
23 [Link]();

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

256 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

Configure parameters including interface pins of the camera. Note: It is generally not recommended to change
them.
37 camera_config_t config;
38 config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
39 config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
40 config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
41 config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
42 config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
43 config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
44 config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
45 config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
46 config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
47 config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
48 config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
49 config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
50 config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
51 config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
52 config.pin_sccb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
53 config.pin_sccb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
54 config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
55 config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;
56 config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
57 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;
58 config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG; // for streaming
59 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_WHEN_EMPTY;
60 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_PSRAM;
61 config.jpeg_quality = 12;
62 config.fb_count = 1;
ESP32-S3 connects to the router and prints a successful connection prompt. If it has not been successfully
connected, press the reset key on the ESP32-S3 WROOM.
89 [Link](ssid, password);
90 [Link](false);
91
92 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED) {
93 delay(500);
94 [Link](".");
95 }
96 while ([Link]() != true) {
97 delay(500);
98 [Link](".");
99 }
100
101 [Link]("");
102 [Link]("WiFi connected");

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 257

Open the video streams server function of the camera and print its IP address via serial port.
99 startCameraServer();
100
101 [Link]("Camera Ready! Use '[Link]
102 [Link]([Link]());
103 [Link]("' to connect");
Configure the display image information of the camera.
The set_vflip() function sets whether the image is flipped 180°, with 0 for no flip and 1 for flip 180°.
The set_brightness() function sets the brightness of the image, with values ranging from -2 to 2.
The set_saturation() function sets the color saturation of the image, with values ranging from -2 to 2.
36 sensor_t * s = esp_camera_sensor_get();
37 s->set_vflip(s, 1); //flip it back
38 s->set_brightness(s, 1); //up the blightness just a bit
39 s->set_saturation(s, -1); //lower the saturation
Modify the resolution and sharpness of the images captured by the camera. The sharpness ranges from 10 to
63, and the smaller the number, the sharper the picture. The larger the number, the blurrier the picture. Please
refer to the table below.
26 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_VGA;
27 config.jpeg_quality = 10;
Reference
Image resolution Sharpness Image resolution Sharpness
FRAMESIZE_96x96 96x96 FRAMESIZE_HVGA 480x320
FRAMESIZE_QQVGA 160x120 FRAMESIZE_VGA 640x480
FRAMESIZE_QCIF 176x144 FRAMESIZE_SVGA 800x600
FRAMESIZE_HQVGA 240x176 FRAMESIZE_XGA 1024x768
FRAMESIZE_240x240 240x240 FRAMESIZE_HD 1280x720
FRAMESIZE_QVGA 320x240 FRAMESIZE_SXGA 1280x1024
FRAMESIZE_CIF 400x296 FRAMESIZE_UXGA 1600x1200
We recommend that the resolution not exceed VGA(640x480).

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

258 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

Project 25.2 Video Web Server

Connect to ESP32-S3 using USB and view its IP address through a serial monitor. Access IP addresses through
web pages to obtain real-time video data.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1 SDcard x1

or

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 259

Sketch

Sketch_25.2_As_VideoWebServer

Before running the program, please modify your router’s name and password in the box shown in the
illustration above to make sure that your Sketch can compile and work successfully.

Compile and upload codes to ESP32-S3, open the serial monitor and set the baud rate to 115200, and the
serial monitor will print out a network link address.

If your ESP32-S3 has been in the process of connecting to router, but the information above has not been
printed out, please re-check whether the router name and password have been entered correctly and press
the reset key on ESP32-S3 WROOM to wait for a successful connection prompt.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

260 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

Open a web browser, enter the IP address printed by the serial monitor in the address bar, and access it.
Taking the Google browser as an example, here's what the browser prints out after successful access to ESP32-
S3's IP.

The effect is shown in the image below.

Enter IP address.

Save it to SDcard.

The following is the main program code. You need include other code files in the same folder when write
your own code.
1 #include "esp_camera.h"
2 #include <WiFi.h>
3
4 // Select camera model
5 #define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32S3_EYE // Has PSRAM
6 #include "camera_pins.h"
7

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 261

8 const char* ssid = "********"; //input your wifi name

9 const char* password = "********"; //input your wifi passwords
10 void startCameraServer();
11
12 void setup() {
13 [Link](115200);
14 [Link](true);
15 [Link]();
16
17 camera_config_t config;
18 config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
19 config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
20 config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
21 config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
22 config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
23 config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
24 config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
25 config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
26 config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
27 config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
28 config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
29 config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
30 config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
31 config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
32 config.pin_sccb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
33 config.pin_sccb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
34 config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
35 config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;
36 config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
37 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;
38 config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG; // for streaming
39 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_WHEN_EMPTY;
40 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_PSRAM;
41 config.jpeg_quality = 12;
42 config.fb_count = 1;
43
44 // if PSRAM IC present, init with UXGA resolution and higher JPEG quality
45 // for larger pre-allocated frame buffer.
46 if(psramFound()){
47 config.jpeg_quality = 10;
48 config.fb_count = 2;
49 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_LATEST;
50 } else {
51 // Limit the frame size when PSRAM is not available

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

262 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

52 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;
53 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_DRAM;
54 }
55
56 // camera init
57 esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);
58 if (err != ESP_OK) {
59 [Link]("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);
60 return;
61 }
62
63 sensor_t * s = esp_camera_sensor_get();
64 // initial sensors are flipped vertically and colors are a bit saturated
65 s->set_vflip(s, 1); // flip it back
66 s->set_brightness(s, 1); // up the brightness just a bit
67 s->set_saturation(s, 0); // lower the saturation
68
69 [Link](ssid, password);
70
71 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED) {
72 delay(500);
73 [Link](".");
74 }
75 [Link]("");
76 [Link]("WiFi connected");
77
78 startCameraServer();
79
80 [Link]("Camera Ready! Use '[Link]
81 [Link]([Link]());
82 [Link]("' to connect");
83 }
84
85 void loop() {
86 // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
87 delay(10000);
88 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 263

Configure parameters including interface pins of the camera. Note: It is generally not recommended to change
them.
17 camera_config_t config;
18 config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
19 config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
20 config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
21 config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
22 config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
23 config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
24 config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
25 config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
26 config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
27 config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
28 config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
29 config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
30 config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
31 config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
32 config.pin_sccb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
33 config.pin_sccb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
34 config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
35 config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;
36 config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
37 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;
38 config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG; // for streaming
39 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_WHEN_EMPTY;
40 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_PSRAM;
41 config.jpeg_quality = 12;
42 config.fb_count = 1;
ESP32-S3 connects to the router and prints a successful connection prompt. If it has not been successfully
connected, press the reset key on the ESP32-S3 WROOM.
69 [Link](ssid, password);
70
71 while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED) {
72 delay(500);
73 [Link](".");
74 }
75 [Link]("");
76 [Link]("WiFi connected");
Open the video streams server function of the camera and print its IP address via serial port.
82 startCameraServer();
79
80 [Link]("Camera Ready! Use '[Link]
81 [Link]([Link]());
82 [Link]("' to connect");

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

264 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

Project 25.3 Camera and SDcard

In this chapter, we continue to use the camera and SD card. We will use the onboard button as the shutter.
When the button is pressed, the ESP32-S3 takes a photo and stores the photo in the SD folder.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1 SDcard x1

or

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 265

Sketch

This code uses a library named "Freenove_WS2812_Lib_for_ESP32", if you have not installed it, please do so
first.
Library is an important feature of the open source world, and we know that Arduino is an open source platform
that everyone can contribute to. Libraries are generally licensed under the LGPL, which means you can use
them for free to apply to your creations.
How to install the library
There are two ways to add libraries.
The first way, open the Arduino IDE, click Sketch → Include Library → Manager Libraries.

In the pop-up window, Library Manager, search for the name of the Library, “Freenove WS2812 Lib for ESP32”.
Then click Install.

The second way，open Arduino IDE，click Sketch→Include Library→Add .ZIP Library，In the pop-up window,
find the file named “./Libraries/Freenove_WS2812_Lib_for_ESP32.Zip” which locates in this directory，and
click OPEN.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

266 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

Sketch_25.3_Camera_SDcard

Compile and upload the code to the ESP32-S3.

If your camera is not installed properly, causing the camera to fail to initialize, or you have not inserted the
SD card into the ESP32-S3 in advance, the on-board colored lights will turn on red as a reminder. If all is well,
the onboard colored light will light up green. When the onboard BOOT button is pressed, the ESP32-S3 will
capture the current camera image and save it in the "Camera" folder of the SD card. At the same time, the
onboard LED lights up blue, and returns to green after taking a photo.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 267

As shown in the image below, after uploading the code to the ESP32-S3, the ESP32-S3 will automatically
create a folder named "camera" in the SD card. Every time the BOOT button is pressed, the on-board colored
light turns on blue, and ESP32-S3 collects a photo information and stores it in the "camera" folder. Press the
button once to take a photo.
When we press the RST button to reset the ESP32-S3, we can see that there are some photo files in the SD
card folder. These photos you can read directly through the card reader.

The SD card information when press RST button.

The information when press BOOT

button to takge a picture.

Information when click RST button again.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

268 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

The following is the main program code. You need include other code files in the same folder when write
your own code.
1 #include "esp_camera.h"
2 #define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32S3_EYE
3 #include "camera_pins.h"
4 #include "ws2812.h"
5 #include "sd_read_write.h"
6
7 #define BUTTON_PIN 0
8
9 void setup() {
10 [Link](115200);
11 [Link](false);
12 [Link]();
13 pinMode(BUTTON_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP);
14 ws2812Init();
15 sdmmcInit();
16 //removeDir(SD_MMC, "/camera");
17 createDir(SD_MMC, "/camera");
18 listDir(SD_MMC, "/camera", 0);
19 if(cameraSetup()==1){
20 ws2812SetColor(2);
21 }
22 else{
23 ws2812SetColor(1);
24 return;
25 }
26 }
27
28 void loop() {
29 if(digitalRead(BUTTON_PIN)==LOW){
30 delay(20);
31 if(digitalRead(BUTTON_PIN)==LOW){
32 ws2812SetColor(3);
33 while(digitalRead(BUTTON_PIN)==LOW);
34 camera_fb_t * fb = NULL;
35 fb = esp_camera_fb_get();
36 if (fb != NULL) {
37 int photo_index = readFileNum(SD_MMC, "/camera");
38 if(photo_index!=-1)
39 {
40 String path = "/camera/" + String(photo_index) +".jpg";
41 writejpg(SD_MMC, path.c_str(), fb->buf, fb->len);
42 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 269

43 esp_camera_fb_return(fb);
44 }
45 else {
46 [Link]("Camera capture failed.");
47 }
48 ws2812SetColor(2);
49 }
50 }
51 }
52
53 int cameraSetup(void) {
54 camera_config_t config;
55 config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
56 config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
57 config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
58 config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
59 config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
60 config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
61 config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
62 config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
63 config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
64 config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
65 config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
66 config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
67 config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
68 config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
69 config.pin_sccb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
70 config.pin_sccb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
71 config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
72 config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;
73 config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
74 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;
75 config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG; // for streaming
76 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_WHEN_EMPTY;
77 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_PSRAM;
78 config.jpeg_quality = 12;
79 config.fb_count = 1;
80
81 // if PSRAM IC present, init with UXGA resolution and higher JPEG quality
82 // for larger pre-allocated frame buffer.
83 if(psramFound()){
84 config.jpeg_quality = 10;
85 config.fb_count = 2;
86 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_LATEST;

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

270 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

87 } else {
88 // Limit the frame size when PSRAM is not available
89 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;
90 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_DRAM;
91 }
92
93 // camera init
94 esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);
95 if (err != ESP_OK) {
96 [Link]("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);
97 return 0;
98 }
99
100 sensor_t * s = esp_camera_sensor_get();
101 // initial sensors are flipped vertically and colors are a bit saturated
102 s->set_vflip(s, 1); // flip it back
103 s->set_brightness(s, 1); // up the brightness just a bit
104 s->set_saturation(s, 0); // lower the saturation
105
106 [Link]("Camera configuration complete!");
107 return 1;
108 }
Configure camera parameters, including camera interface pins and other information. Altering them is
generally not recommended. Returns 1 if the camera is initialized successfully, and returns 0 if it fails.
53 int cameraSetup(void) {
54 camera_config_t config;
55 config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
56 config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
57 config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
58 config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
59 config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
60 config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
61 config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
62 config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
63 config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
64 config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
65 config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
66 config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
67 config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
68 config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
69 config.pin_sccb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
70 config.pin_sccb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
71 config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
72 config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 25 Camera Web Server 271

73 config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
74 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;
75 config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG; // for streaming
76 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_WHEN_EMPTY;
77 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_PSRAM;
78 config.jpeg_quality = 12;
79 config.fb_count = 1;
80
81 // if PSRAM IC present, init with UXGA resolution and higher JPEG quality
82 // for larger pre-allocated frame buffer.
83 if(psramFound()){
84 config.jpeg_quality = 10;
85 config.fb_count = 2;
86 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_LATEST;
87 } else {
88 // Limit the frame size when PSRAM is not available
89 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;
90 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_DRAM;
91 }
92
93 // camera init
94 esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);
95 if (err != ESP_OK) {
96 [Link]("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);
97 return 0;
98 }
99
100 sensor_t * s = esp_camera_sensor_get();
101 // initial sensors are flipped vertically and colors are a bit saturated
102 s->set_vflip(s, 1); // flip it back
103 s->set_brightness(s, 1); // up the brightness just a bit
104 s->set_saturation(s, 0); // lower the saturation
105
106 [Link]("Camera configuration complete!");
107 return 1;
108 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

272 Chapter 25 Camera Web Server [Link] █

Initialize the serial port, buttons, lights and SD card.

10 [Link](115200);
11 [Link](false);
12 [Link]();
13 pinMode(BUTTON_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP);
14 ws2812Init();
15 sdmmcInit();
Call ws2812SetColor() to set the color of the LED. When the parameter is 0, the LED is turned off, when the
parameter is 1, the red light is displayed, when the parameter is 2, the green light is displayed, and when the
parameter is 3, the blue light is displayed.
20 ws2812SetColor(2);
Get the camera data once, then read the file number in the camera folder of the SD card, and create a new
file based on this, write the camera data into it, and finally return the camera structure pointer. If the camera
data cannot be obtained, the prompt information will be printed directly.
34 camera_fb_t * fb = NULL;
35 fb = esp_camera_fb_get();
36 if (fb != NULL) {
37 int photo_index = readFileNum(SD_MMC, "/camera");
38 if(photo_index!=-1)
39 {
40 String path = "/camera/" + String(photo_index) +".jpg";
41 writejpg(SD_MMC, path.c_str(), fb->buf, fb->len);
42 }
43 esp_camera_fb_return(fb);
44 }
45 else {
46 [Link]("Camera capture failed.");
47 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server 273

Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server

In the previous section, we used web page to display the video data captured by ESP32-S3, and in this section,
we will use a mobile phone to display it.

Project 26.1 Camera Tcp Server

Connect ESP32-S3 using USB and check its IP address through serial monitor. Use a mobile phone to obtain
video and image data.

Component List

ESP32-S3(N16R8)/ESP32-S3(N8R8) USB cable x1

or

Install Freenove app

There are three ways to install app, you can choose any one.
Method 1
Use Google play to search “Freenove”, download and install.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

274 Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server [Link] █

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server 275

Method 2
Visit [Link] and click install.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

276 Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server [Link] █

Method 3
Visit [Link] download the files in this library, and install
[Link] to your Android phone manually.

Click here to
download.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server 277

Menu
Open application “Freenove”, as shown below:

MENU

Device
Selection
Area

Home Page Store

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

278 Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server [Link] █

Freenove 4WD Car for Raspberry Pi

In this chapter, we use Freenove 4WD Car for Raspberry Pi, so it is necessary to understand the interface of
this mode.

IP address Take photos Buzzer RGB led

Connect

Set

Control Car moving. Control camera angle and position.

Drag the middle dot to The ring in the middle is use to reset.
anywhere in the area.

Circuit

Connect Freenove ESP32-S3 to the computer using the USB cable.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server 279

Sketch

After making sure the Tools is configured correctly, don’t run Sketch. Due to WiFi, we need to modify Sketch
a little bit based on physical situation.

In the box in the figure above, ssid_Router and password_Router are the user's Router name and password,
which need to be modified according to the actual name and password. ssid_AP and password_AP are name
and password of a AP created by ESP32-S3, and they are freely set by the user. When all settings are correct,
compile and upload the code to ESP32-S3, turn on the serial port monitor, and set the baud rate to 115200.
The serial monitor will print out two IP addresses.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

280 Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server [Link] █

There are two methods for you to check camera data of ESP32-S3 via mobile phone APP.

Method 1:
Using your phone's WiFi function, select the WiFi name represented by ssid_AP in Sketch and enter the
password “password_AP” to connect.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server 281

Next, open Freenove app and select 4WD Car for Raspberry Pi mode.

Enter the IP address printed by serial port in the new interface, which generally is “[Link]”

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

282 Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server [Link] █

Click “Connect”.

Method 2:
Using your phone's WiFi function, select the router named ssid_Router and enter the password “ssid_password”
to connect. And then open Freenove app and select 4WD Car for Raspberry Pi mode. The operation is similar
to Method 1.

Enter the IP address printed by serial port in the new interface, which generally is not “[Link]” but
another one. The IP address in this example is “[Link]”. After entering the IP address, click “Connect”.

The following is the main program code. You need include other code files in the same folder when write
your own code.
Sketch_26.1_Camera_Tcp_Server
1 #include "esp_camera.h"
2 #include <WiFi.h>
3 #include <WiFiClient.h>
4 #include <WiFiAP.h>
5
6 #define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32S3_EYE

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server 283

7 #include "camera_pins.h"
8 #define LED_BUILT_IN 2
9
10 const char *ssid_Router = "********";
11 const char *password_Router = "********";
12 const char *ssid_AP = "********";
13 const char *password_AP = "********";
14
15 WiFiServer server_Cmd(5000);
16 WiFiServer server_Camera(8000);
17 extern TaskHandle_t loopTaskHandle;
18
19 void setup() {
20 [Link](115200);
21 [Link](false);
22 [Link]();
23 pinMode(LED_BUILT_IN, OUTPUT);
24 cameraSetup();
25
26 [Link](ssid_AP, password_AP);
27 IPAddress myIP = [Link]();
28 [Link]("AP IP address: ");
29 [Link](myIP);
30 server_Camera.begin(8000);
31 server_Cmd.begin(5000);
32 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////
33 [Link](ssid_Router, password_Router);
34 [Link]("Connecting ");
35 [Link](ssid_Router);
36 while ([Link]() != true) {
37 delay(500);
38 [Link](".");
39 }
40 while ([Link]() != true) {
41 [Link](".");
42 delay(500);
43 }
44 [Link]("");
45 [Link]("WiFi connected");
46 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////
47 [Link]("Camera Ready! Use '");
48 [Link]([Link]());
49 [Link](" or ");
50 [Link]([Link]());

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

284 Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server [Link] █

51 [Link]("' to connect in Freenove app.");

52
53 disableCore0WDT();
54 xTaskCreateUniversal(loopTask_Cmd, "loopTask_Cmd", 8192, NULL, 1, &loopTaskHandle,
0);//loopTask_Cmd uses core 0.
55 xTaskCreateUniversal(loopTask_Blink, "loopTask_Blink", 8192, NULL, 1, &loopTaskHandle,
0);//loopTask_Blink uses core 0.
56 }
57 //task loop uses core 1.
58 void loop() {
59 WiFiClient client = server_Camera.available(); // listen for incoming clients
60 if (client) { // if you get a client,
61 [Link]("Camera Server connected to a client.");// print a message out the serial
port
62 String currentLine = ""; // make a String to hold incoming data from the client
63 while ([Link]()) { // loop while the client's connected
64 camera_fb_t * fb = NULL;
65 while ([Link]()) {
66 fb = esp_camera_fb_get();
67 if (fb != NULL) {
68 uint8_t slen[4];
69 slen[0] = fb->len >> 0;
70 slen[1] = fb->len >> 8;
71 slen[2] = fb->len >> 16;
72 slen[3] = fb->len >> 24;
73 [Link](slen, 4);
74 [Link](fb->buf, fb->len);
75 esp_camera_fb_return(fb);
76 }
77 else {
78 [Link]("Camera Error");
79 }
80 }
81 }
82 // close the connection:
83 [Link]();
84 [Link]("Camera Client Disconnected.");
85 }
86 }
87
88 void loopTask_Cmd(void *pvParameters) {
89 [Link]("Task Cmd_Server is starting ... ");
90 while (1) {
91 WiFiClient client = server_Cmd.available(); // listen for incoming clients

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server 285

92 if (client) { // if you get a client,

93 [Link]("Command Server connected to a client.");// print a message out the
serial port
94 String currentLine = ""; // make a String to hold incoming data from the client
95 while ([Link]()) { // loop while the client's connected
96 if ([Link]()) { // if there's bytes to read from the client,
97 char c = [Link](); // read a byte, then
98 [Link](c);
99 [Link](c); // print it out the serial monitor
100 if (c == '\n') { // if the byte is a newline character
101 currentLine = "";
102 }
103 else {
104 currentLine += c; // add it to the end of the currentLine
105 }
106 }
107 }
108 // close the connection:
109 [Link]();
110 [Link]("Command Client Disconnected.");
111 }
112 }
113 }
114 void loopTask_Blink(void *pvParameters) {
115 [Link]("Task Blink is starting ... ");
116 while (1) {
117 digitalWrite(LED_BUILT_IN, !digitalRead(LED_BUILT_IN));
118 delay(1000);
119 }
120 }
121
122 void cameraSetup() {
123 camera_config_t config;
124 config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
125 config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
126 config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
127 config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
128 config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
129 config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
130 config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
131 config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
132 config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
133 config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
134 config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

286 Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server [Link] █

135 config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;

136 config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
137 config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
138 config.pin_sccb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
139 config.pin_sccb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
140 config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
141 config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;
142 config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
143 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;
144 config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG; // for streaming
145 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_WHEN_EMPTY;
146 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_PSRAM;
147 config.jpeg_quality = 12;
148 config.fb_count = 1;
149
150 // if PSRAM IC present, init with UXGA resolution and higher JPEG quality
151 // for larger pre-allocated frame buffer.
152 if(psramFound()){
153 config.jpeg_quality = 10;
154 config.fb_count = 2;
155 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_LATEST;
156 } else {
157 // Limit the frame size when PSRAM is not available
158 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;
159 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_DRAM;
160 }
161
162 // camera init
163 esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);
164 if (err != ESP_OK) {
165 [Link]("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);
166 return;
167 }
168
169 sensor_t * s = esp_camera_sensor_get();
170 // initial sensors are flipped vertically and colors are a bit saturated
171 s->set_vflip(s, 1); // flip it back
172 s->set_brightness(s, 1); // up the brightness just a bit
173 s->set_saturation(s, 0); // lower the saturation
174
175 [Link]("Camera configuration complete!");
176 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server 287

Include header files that drive camera and WiFi.

1 #include "esp_camera.h"
2 #include <WiFi.h>
3 #include <WiFiClient.h>
4 #include <WiFiAP.h>
5
6 #define CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32S3_EYE
7 #include "camera_pins.h"
Set name and password for router that ESP32-S3 needs to connect to. And set ESP32-S3 to open two servers,
whose port are 8000 and 5000 respectively.
10 const char *ssid_Router = "********";
11 const char *password_Router = "********";
12 const char *ssid_AP = "********";
13 const char *password_AP = "********";
Enable ESP32-S3’s server function and set two monitor ports as 5000 and 8000. In general, the two port
numbers do not require modifications.
15 WiFiServer server_Cmd(5000);
16 WiFiServer server_Camera(8000);
17 extern TaskHandle_t loopTaskHandle;
Initialize serial port, set baud rate to 115200; open the debug and output function of the serial.
20 [Link](115200);
21 [Link](true);
22 [Link]();
Define a variable for camera interface and initialize it.
119 void cameraSetup() {
120 camera_config_t config;
121 config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
122 config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
123 config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
124 config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
125 config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
126 config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
127 config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
128 config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
129 config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
130 config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
131 config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
132 config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
133 config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
134 config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
135 config.pin_sccb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
136 config.pin_sccb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
137 config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
138 config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

288 Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server [Link] █

139 config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;

140 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;
141 config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG; // for streaming
142 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_WHEN_EMPTY;
143 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_PSRAM;
144 config.jpeg_quality = 12;
145 config.fb_count = 1;
146
147 // if PSRAM IC present, init with UXGA resolution and higher JPEG quality
148 // for larger pre-allocated frame buffer.
149 if(psramFound()){
150 config.jpeg_quality = 10;
151 config.fb_count = 2;
152 config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_LATEST;
153 } else {
154 // Limit the frame size when PSRAM is not available
155 config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;
156 config.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_DRAM;
157 }
158
159 // camera init
160 esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);
161 if (err != ESP_OK) {
162 [Link]("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);
163 return;
164 }
165
166 sensor_t * s = esp_camera_sensor_get();
167 // initial sensors are flipped vertically and colors are a bit saturated
168 s->set_vflip(s, 1); // flip it back
169 s->set_brightness(s, 1); // up the brightness just a bit
170 s->set_saturation(s, 0); // lower the saturation
171
172 [Link]("Camera configuration complete!");
173 }

Loop function will constantly send camera data obtained to mobile phone APP.
60 while ([Link]()) {
61 fb = esp_camera_fb_get();
62 if (fb != NULL) {
63 uint8_t slen[4];
64 slen[0] = fb->len >> 0;
65 slen[1] = fb->len >> 8;
66 slen[2] = fb->len >> 16;

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server 289

67 slen[3] = fb->len >> 24;

68 [Link](slen, 4);
69 [Link](fb->buf, fb->len);
70 esp_camera_fb_return(fb);
71 }
72 else {
73 [Link]("Camera Error");
74 }
75 }

The loopTask_Cmd() function sends the received instruction back to the phone app and prints it out through
a serial port.
85 void loopTask_Cmd(void *pvParameters) {
86 [Link]("Task Cmd_Server is starting ... ");
87 while (1) {
88 WiFiClient client = server_Cmd.available(); // listen for incoming clients
89 if (client) { // if you get a client,
90 [Link]("Command Server connected to a client.");// print a message out the
serial port
91 String currentLine = ""; // make a String to hold incoming data from the client
92 while ([Link]()) { // loop while the client's connected
93 if ([Link]()) { // if there's bytes to read from the client,
94 char c = [Link](); // read a byte, then
95 [Link](c);
96 [Link](c); // print it out the serial monitor
97 if (c == '\n') { // if the byte is a newline character
98 currentLine = "";
99 }
100 else {
101 currentLine += c; // add it to the end of the currentLine
102 }
103 }
104 }
105 // close the connection:
106 [Link]();
107 [Link]("Command Client Disconnected.");
108 }
109 }
110 }

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

290 Chapter 26 Camera Tcp Server [Link] █

loopTask_ Blink()function will control the blinking of LED. When you see LED blinking, it indicates that ESP32-
S3 has been configured and starts working.
112 void loopTask_Blink(void *pvParameters) {
113 [Link]("Task Blink is starting ... ");
114 while (1) {
115 digitalWrite(LED_BUILT_IN, !digitalRead(LED_BUILT_IN));
116 delay(1000);
117 }
118 }

If you do not have a router near you, or if you are outdoors, you can annotate the following code, and then
compile and upload it to ESP32-S3. And you can display the video images on your phone by Method 1.
32 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////
33 [Link](ssid_Router, password_Router);
34 [Link]("Connecting ");
35 [Link](ssid_Router);
36 while ([Link]() != true) {
37 delay(500);
38 [Link](".");
39 }
40 while ([Link]() != true) {
41 [Link](".");
42 delay(500);
43 }
44 [Link]("");
45 [Link]("WiFi connected");
46 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Any concerns?  support@[Link]

 █ [Link] What’s next? 291

What’s next?
Thanks for your reading. This tutorial is all over here. If you find any mistakes, omissions or you have other
ideas and questions about contents of this tutorial or the kit and etc., please feel free to contact us:

support@[Link]
We will check and correct it as soon as possible.

If you want learn more about ESP32-S3, you view our ultimate tutorial:
[Link]

If you want to learn more about Arduino, Raspberry Pi, smart cars, robots and other interesting products in
science and technology, please continue to focus on our website. We will continue to launch cost-effective,
innovative and exciting products.

[Link]

End of the Tutorial

Thank you again for choosing Freenove products.

Any concerns?  support@[Link]