Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design
This study employed a descriptive quantitative research design to investigate
the effects of sleep patterns on the academic performance of San Jose National
High School learners. This design is suitable because it focuses on collecting
numerical data to describe and analyze naturally occurring behaviors without
manipulating variables (George, 2021). Through this approach, the study aims to
identify trends, patterns, and relationships between learners’ sleep habits and their
academic outcomes.
This approach involves using surveys, questionnaires, or sleep logs to
quantify sleep duration, sleep quality, bedtime and wake-up times, and sleep
consistency, providing an objective snapshot of how these patterns relate to
academic metrics such as grade point averages among high school students.
The design's strength lies in its ability to generate reliable statistical
summaries, like means, frequencies, and correlations, which reveal trends in natural
school settings without implying causation, making it ideal for exploratory work on
adolescent learners (Scribbr, 2023). For instance, shorter sleep durations or
inconsistent bedtimes often correlate with lower performance, allowing researchers
to portray prevalent patterns at San Jose National High School for potential
interventions. This method ensures generalizability from the sample while
maintaining ethical, non-intrusive data collection.

Sources of Data
The research was carried out in Barangay San Jose, located in the
Municipality of Caba, Province of La Union. The survey took place at San Jose
National High School, and the respondents were selected using a stratified random
sampling technique. Students were classified into two groups: junior high school,
which included Grade 7 to 10, and senior high school, which covered Grade 11 and
12.
Out of the total population of 386 students from Grades 7 to 11, a sample size
of respondents was computed using the Cochran formula. The selected
respondents were chosen at random through the use of a spinning wheel to ensure
equal chances of participation.
In Grade 7, 40 learners were chosen; in Grade 8, 42 learners were chosen; in
Grade 9, 32 learners were chosen; in Grade 10, 34 learners were chosen; and in
Grade 11, 32 learners were chosen. Overall, this study included 180 sample
respondents.
Table 1. Respondents of the Study

Grade Level Section Gender Population Sample

7 Honesty Male 23 12
Female 15 8
7 Humility Male 25 12
Female 15 8
8 Radiant Male 21 11
Female 18 10
8 Vibrant Male 19 10
Female 21 11
9 Ardent Male 18 10
Female 11 6
9 Valiant Male 16 9
Female 13 7
10 Compassion Male 17 9
Female 16 9
10 Integrity Male 13 7
Female 16 9
11 Democrats Male 16 9
Female 12 6
11 Republicans Male 19 10
Female 13 7

TOTAL 337 180

Instrumentation and Data Collection

This study utilized a structured questionnaire as the primary research
instrument to gather quantitative data on the sleep patterns and academic
performance of learners. A structured questionnaire was chosen to ensure uniformity
of responses, ease of administration, and accuracy in data analysis (Babbie, 2021).
All items were pre-determined and closed-ended, allowing the respondents to select
answers from given options only. This format enabled the researcher to
systematically measure variables related to sleep duration, bedtime and wake-up
time, sleep quality, and academic performance, and to quantify the responses using
appropriate statistical tools.
The questionnaire was divided into five parts. The first part of the
questionnaire focused on the profile of the respondents, including age, gender, and
grade level, which were answered by checking the appropriate category.

The second part measured the sleep duration of the learners using a checklist
(Yes/No) format, allowing respondents to indicate whether specific statements about
their sleeping habits applied to them.
The third part determined the usual bedtime and wake-up time of the learners
through multiple-choice questions with time ranges, enabling respondents to select
the option that best described their daily sleep schedule.
The fourth part assessed the quality of sleep using a four-point Likert scale,
where respondents rated each statement from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree.
The fifth part evaluated the academic performance of the learners based on
their average grades in the first and second quarters and their academic behaviors,
using rating scales and frequency-based responses such as "Always," "Often,"
"Sometimes," and "Never." The varied answering styles were employed to ensure
accurate measurement of each variable and to maintain respondent engagement.
The data collection process began with the construction of a structured questionnaire
based on the objectives of the study. The instrument was reviewed by a research
expert to ensure clarity, validity, and relevance of the items. The recommendations
provided were used to revise the questionnaire prior to its finalization. Approval to
conduct the study was then sought from the school principal. After obtaining
approval, permission and informed consent were secured from the respondents, and
a suitable schedule for data gathering was arranged. The finalized questionnaire was
administered to the respondents, all completed forms were collected, and the
gathered data were organized and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.
The data was collected at San Jose National High School. The questionnaires were
given and answered by the respondents from Grade 7 to Grade 11.
Figure 2 illustrates the process flow for data collection. The data collection
process began with the construction of the survey questionnaire, carefully designed
to address the objectives of the study. Afterward, the questionnaire was validated
through consultation with experts to ensure its accuracy and relevance. Based on
the feedback received, revisions and edits were made to improve clarity and
effectiveness. Once finalized, permission and approval were secured from the
principal, advisers, parents, and respondents to ensure ethical compliance. The
questionnaire was then distributed to the respondents, and interviews were
conducted where necessary. After completion, the researchers gathered and
collected all the responses. Finally, the collected data were systematically analyzed
to draw meaningful conclusions relevant to the study.
 Constructed the Collected
survey Analyzed data.
responses.
questionnaire.

Consulted a Distributed
language expert to questionnaires or
validate and ensure conducted
its reliability. interviews.

Edited Secured approvals

questionnaire based of principal,
on suggestions advisers, parents,
experts'. and respondents.

Fig. 2. Data Collection Process

Analysis of Data
The data gathered from the questionnaire will be analyzed using descriptive
statistics, primarily the weighted mean, frequency counts, and percentages. The first
part, which profiles the respondents, will be analyzed using frequency counts and
percentages to show the distribution of age, gender, and grade level. The second
part, measuring sleep duration, will be summarized using frequency and
percentages to determine common sleep patterns among the learners. The third
part, regarding usual bedtime and wake-up time, will also be analyzed using
frequency counts and percentages for each time range to identify trends in daily
sleep schedules. The fourth part, assessing the quality of sleep through a four-point
Likert scale, will be analyzed using the weighted mean to determine the overall level
of agreement with each statement. Finally, the fifth part, evaluating academic
performance, will use frequency, percentages, and weighted mean to interpret
learners’ academic behaviors and grades. The results will be presented in tables and
charts for clarity and effective interpretation.
The data gathered from the questionnaire will be analyzed using descriptive
statistics, primarily the weighted mean, frequency counts, and percentages. The first
part, which profiles the respondents, will be analyzed using frequency counts and
percentages to show the distribution of age, gender, and grade level. The second
part, measuring sleep duration, will be summarized using frequency and
percentages to determine common sleep patterns among the learners. The third
part, regarding usual bedtime and wake-up time, will also be analyzed using
frequency counts and percentages for each time range to identify trends in daily
sleep schedules. The fourth part, assessing the quality of sleep through a four-point
Likert scale, will be analyzed using the weighted mean to determine the overall level
of agreement with each statement. Finally, the fifth part, evaluating academic
performance, will use frequency, percentages, and weighted mean to interpret
learners’ academic behaviors and grades. The results will be presented in tables and
charts for clarity and effective interpretation.
Additionally, ANOVA will be used to determine whether there are significant
differences in responses across groups, such as different grade levels or gender.
This will help identify if factors like grade or gender have a significant effect on sleep
patterns and academic performance. Results will be presented using tables and
charts for clear interpretation.