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AssignologyNursingSister C. Roy’s Adaptation Model and M. Roger’s Science

Sister C. Roy’s Adaptation

Model and M. Roger’s
Science
Subject: Nursing

Pages: 9

Words: 2273

Reading time:9 min

Study level: College

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Present Purpose and Rationale
3. Similarities of the Theories
4. Dissimilarities of the Theories
5. Philosophical Similarities
6. Two Other Theories
7. Conclusion
8. References

Introduction
Nursing is a noble profession that involves the provision of services to
patients in a holistic manner. Since patients have different illnesses and
conditions, they require varied healthcare services for them to recover well.
Nursing theorists have formulated a number of theories that elucidate the
nursing practice and nature of patients. Elucidation of nursing practice and
natural patients as human beings enables nurses to provide effective
healthcare services that boost recovery and wellbeing of patients.
Recovery of patients is an intricate process that requires application of
theories for nurses to deliver healthcare services and predict the expected
outcomes using certain theoretical models. Modern nursing practice
requires that nurses apply theoretical models in diagnosis and treatment of
patients. According to Jarrin (2012), to improve the nursing practice, nurses
should apply nursing theories that “consider the phenomena holistically,
dynamically, and within the context of nursing discipline and profession”
(p.8). Application of varied nursing theories enables nurses to develop their
intuition and promote patient outcomes. This paper compares and
contrasts two nursing theories: Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model and
Martha Roger’s Science of Unitary Human Beings to enhance
understanding of nursing theories.

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Present Purpose and Rationale

The theory of Adaptation Model by Sister Callista Roy is widely applicable
in nursing practice because it is a versatile model. The Roy’s Adaptation
Model (RAM) has six steps that guide nurses when providing healthcare
services to patients. In the first step, nurses assess behaviors that a patient
manifests in different adaptive modes and then analyze stimuli that cause
observed behaviors in the second step. In the third step, “nurses can make
nursing diagnosis based on observed behaviors before defining a way of
promoting adaptive process in the fourth step” (Shosha & Kalaldeh, 2012,
p.29). After defining the adaptive process, nurses can then apply effective
interventions to manage stimuli in the fifth step and eventually evaluate the
adaptive process in the sixth step. Shosha and Kalaldeh (2012) assert,
“RAM is consistent nursing process that directs nursing practice towards
providing a holistic care for patients” (p.26). Hence, the model enhances
standardization of nursing care.

The rationale for applying RAM in nursing is that it is a flexible and a

versatile model. RAM postulates that a person is a holistic adaptive system,
which interacts continually with both external and internal environments
through an adaptive process that enables patients to regain their health.
According to Roy, the main objective of nursing is to promote health of
patients in four aspects of adaptive modes, viz. “physiological-physical,
self-concept, role function, and interdependence” (Rogers & Keller, 2009,
p.22). The physiological-physical mode depicts physiological and physical
activities that a patient exhibits, while self-concept mode defines
psychosocial aspects of a patient. Moreover, role function and
interdependence modes depict roles that a patient plays in the society and
nature of relationships that exist thereof respectively. Hence, these
adaptive modes provide means of assessing the adaptive process that a
patient undergoes during recovery.

The theory of Science of Unitary Human Beings by Martha Rogers is

applicable in nursing because it postulates that nursing is both science and
art of providing healthcare to patients. The theory demands that nurses
should apply scientific knowledge in an artistic manner to enhance patient
outcomes. Since the theory postulates that human beings and environment
have intricate links, understanding of these links is central in nursing as
nurses help patients to interact mutually with their environments. According
to Jarrin (2012), “in the nursing practice, integrality involves the realization
that the observer is integral to what he or she is observing” (p.14). Hence,
integrality enables nurses to make objective observation in nursing
diagnosis and prognosis.

The rationale for applying Rogers’ theory of Science of Unitary Human

beings in nursing is that it perceives nursing as an art and science. Nursing
is an art in part because it practice entails application of scientific
knowledge in a creative way to improve the wellbeing of patients, and
science in part because it utilizes scientific principles. The concept of
unitary being is paramount in nursing as it contextualizes and defines the
role of patient in nursing care, thus enabling nurses to assist patients to
recover well. According to Jarrin (2012), the concept of health in Rogers’
model postulates that health is a dynamic process, which occurs as an
expression of processes in life following interaction of a human being and
environment. Therefore, the concept of unitary being and health forms the
basis of application of the theory in nursing.

Similarities of the Theories

The RAM theory and Rogers’ theory have some similarities that underscore
their application in health. The concept of the environment is common in
both theories. In both theories, the environment plays a central role in
influencing human behaviors in relation to health. According to the RAM
theory, environmental stimuli trigger adaptive process of a person. Thus,
nurses can change environmental stimuli as a way of influencing adaptive
process to occur in a person. Similarly, the Rogers’ theory postulates that
the environment is a field that interacts with the human field. The
interaction has significant influence on human health as environment and
human beings constantly interact. According to Jarrin (2012), this
interaction is a concept that “reflects the oneness and unity or wholeness of
humans and their environment” (p.14). Therefore, both theories depict
human beings as an integral component of an environment for environment
influences human health.
The two theories are also similar in the way they describe a human being.
The RAM theory describes a human being as an adaptive system, which
constantly interacts with the environment. Human beings undergo an
adaptive process as they interact with the environment that leads to
wellbeing. Shosha and Kalaldeh (2012) clarify, “an individual is described
as an adaptive system that can respond to different internal and external
environmental stimuli whether positively or negatively” (p.26). As an
adaptive system, a patient can respond to changes in both external and
internal environment. Similarly, the Rogers’ theory regards human being as
unitary and irreducible energy fields that interact with the environment. As
the environment is another energy field, exchange of energies between
these fields occurs, which is similar to the adaptive process of the RAM
theory.

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Dissimilarities of the Theories

While the RAM theory postulates that the relationship between human and
environment is subject to thinking and feeling, Rogers’ theory postulates
that the relationship is a product of energy movement from one field to
another. Stimuli influence the way an individual feel or think in a given
environment. Changing environment stimulus influences human thinking
and feeling and thus triggers adaptive process in an individual. Rogers and
Keller (2009) assert that adaptive process occurs due to stimuli that excite
regulator and cognator in the adaptive system. In contrast, the Rogers’
theory postulates that field energies enable an individual to interact with the
environment. According to Rogers’ theory, energy fields are dynamic in that
they vary in terms of extent, density, and intensity of energies. The
variation in energies causes imbalances leading to energy movement from
one field to another. The concept of openness indicates that energies
between the fields flow constantly without any barriers. Thus, while RAM
deals with sensual stimuli, Rogers’ theory entails field energies.

Another difference between RAM and Rogers’ theory is the process

through which human beings achieve health status. RAM postulates that
human beings undergo an adaptive process as a means of improving their
health status. The adaptive process consists of both innate and acquired
processes. The innate adaptive process emanates from the genetic
makeup of an individual while acquired adaptive process depends on
experiences that an individual has acquired. Combination of innate and
acquired adaptive process determines the ability of an individual to respond
to given stimuli from the environment. In contrast, the Rogers’ theory
elucidates that an individual achieves certain status of health through a life
process driven by the energy field. Fundamentally, energy field is a basic
unit of the nonliving and living with variation in terms of extent, density, and
intensity of energies. Kim (2008) argues that illness and health are in the
same continuum in the energy field; thus, life process depends on the
movement of energies between fields. Therefore, RAM involves how an
adaptive process occurs in response to a given energy exchange while
Rogers’ theory deals with how life process occur in an individual due to
exchange of energy.

Philosophical Similarities
RAM and Rogers’s theories have philosophical similarities that underpin
their application in nursing care. Philosophically, both theories view a
person as an entity in the environment. RAM describes human being as an
adaptive system, which balances in response to environmental stimuli. The
environmental stimulus emanates from external and internal aspects of the
environment thus influences human behaviors in the adaptive process.
Shosha and Kalaldeh (2012) explain that a person is an adaptive system,
which responds to various stimuli through subsystems of cognator and
regulator. Likewise, Rogers’s theory perceives a human being as an entity
in the environment. A human being is a unitary and irreducible object in the
energy field with specific energy field (Kim, 2008). The exchange of energy
between a human being and the environment triggers life processes to
continue. As an irreducible and unitary object, human beings have
distinctive characteristics that require holistic perception to understand the
processes of life that one undergoes.

The philosophical explanation of health is also similar in the two theories.

According to RAM, health exists in a continuum of adaptive process that
recognizes that a person’s health is dynamic. The dynamism of health
stems from the fact that wellbeing and illness of a person exists in the
same continuum. It is through adaptive process that a patient regains
health. Therefore, health is a process where an adaptive system balances
illness and wellbeing simultaneously. In the same view, Rogers’ theory
views wellbeing and illness as part of the same continuum as an individual
expresses life through exchange of energies with the environment. The
energy field enables an individual to exchange energies as a process of
gaining health. Hence, both theories philosophically agree that wellbeing
and illness exist in the same continuum.

Additionally, RAM and Rogers’ theory ideally concur that human beings
intricately link with their external environment. The environment influences
how human beings behave and attain a given health status. According to
Shosha and Kalaldeh (2012), there is a mutual interaction between human
beings and environment, which results into adaptive process. Hence, the
environment provides stimuli that trigger adaptive process in a person.
Comparatively, Rogers’ theory perceives the environment as an entity with
the energy field and intricately links with human energy field. Kim (2008)
argues that a human being and the environment are two energy fields that
intricately link with one another and coexist in nature. One cannot separate
the two forms of energy fields because the openness that exists between
them allows continual exchange of energies. Therefore, both theories
concur that human beings and the environment are inseparable.

Two Other Theories

The behavioral system model for nursing by Dorothy Johnson is one of the
theories that relate to the RAM and Rogers’ theories. The theory postulates
that a person is a behavioral system made of subsystems such as
affiliative, ingestive, achievement, aggressive, dependence, eliminative,
sexual, and role identity. Hence, a person is struggling to achieve balance
of external and internal forces of the social environment in the process of
learning. In the case of a patient, the theory postulates that a patient is
struggling to achieve a balanced behavior relative to social demands. The
theory “conceptualizes nursing client as a behavioral system with behaviors
of interest to nursing organized into seven subsystems of behavior”
(Meleis, 2011, p.280). As a system of behavior, nurses need to modify
forces that affect a patient to influence behavior development. Therefore,
the theory relates to the RAM and Rogers’ theory because it perceives an
individual as a behavioral system, which is under the influence of many
forces in the environment.

The theory of goal attainment by Imogene King is another theory that

relates with the two theories discussed. According to the theory, there are
three interacting systems, which are dynamic in nature. These systems
include the “social system, personal system, and the interpersonal system”
(Alligood, 2010, p.101). In this context, the personal system represents an
individual, who in turn interacts with two or more individuals in various
interpersonal systems within the social system. Personal system involves
individuals in a unified manner perceiving, identifying, and deciding
achievable goals. Personal system supposes that individuals are social,
rational, and reacting beings. The system also presumes that individuals
have a domineering effect. Interpersonal system involves individuals or
groups reacting against each other. Some of the concepts “associated with
interpersonal include communication, transaction, interaction, and stress”
(Alligood, 2010, p.103). Social system in King’s theory includes individuals
that come together to form a society. Hence, the social elements in the
theory make this theory relate with RAM and Rogers’s theories.

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Conclusion
Nursing theories provide a framework through which nurses can adopt and
apply in the process of providing care. RAM and Rogers’ theories give an
insight into how human beings interact with their environment and attain a
given health status. Both theories are similar in the manner in which they
describe human beings and the environment. However, their differences lie
in the interaction of human beings and environment and the process of
achieving good health. The philosophical similarities of the two theories
occur in aspects of health, environment, and definition of human beings.
Since there are many theories in nursing, the theory of behavioral system
model by Dorothy Johnson and theory of goal attainment by Imogene King
relate to the RAM and Rogers’ theories.

References
Alligood, M. (2010). Family healthcare with King’s theory of goal
attainment. Nursing Science Quarterly, 23 (2), 99-104.

Jarrin, O. (2012). The integrality of situated caring in nursing and the

environment. Advances in Nursing Science, 35 (1), 14-24.

Kim, T. (2008). Science of Unitary Human Beings: an update on

research. Nursing Science Quarterly, 21 (4), 294-299.

Meleis, A. (2011). Theoretical nursing: Development and progress. London,

UK: Lippincott & Wilkins.

Rogers, C., & Keller, C. (2009). Roy’s Adaptation Model to promote

physical activity among sedentary older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 30 (2),
21-26.

Shosha, G., & Kalaldeh, M. (2012). A critical analysis of using Roy’s

adaptation model in nursing research. International Journal of Academic
Research, 4 (4), 26-31.

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