24MEC301

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS &

DESIGN

RAJESH KUMAR K
Assistant Professor
Mech/SET/DSU
1
 BASICS
OF
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

2
 What is an Engineering Graphics?
• Engineering Graphics (EG), is the art of
manipulation of designs of a variety of
components, especially those related
to engineering.
• It primarily consists of sketching the actual
component, for example a machine, with its
exact dimensions.

3
What is the Purpose of Engineering
Graphics?
• It is an efficient communication method.
• Graphical Communication of an accurate and
unambiguous description of an object.

4
 Drawing
• The art of representation of an object by
systematic lines on a paper is called drawing.

5
 Classification of Drawing
• Artistic Drawing (Free hand or Model Drawing)
1. painting
2. cinema slide
3. advertisement boards.
• Engineering Drawing (Instrument drawing)
1. geometrical drawing
a. plane geometrical drawing
b. solid geometrical drawing.
2. mechanical engg. drawing
3. civil engg. drawing
4. electrical& electronic engg drawing.

6
 BIS Conventions and applications
• BIS – Bureau of Indian Standards
• ISO – International Standards Organisation
• ISI – Indian Standards Institution

8
9
 Instruments Used in Engineering
Graphics
• Drawing Board • Small Size Compass
• Drawing Sheet • Pro-Circle
• Drawing Pencils • Template
• Scale • Eraser
• Protractor • Drawing Clips (or)
• Mini Drafter Drawing Pins
• Drawing Instruments • Duster
Box
• Large Size Compass

10
 Drawing Board
• Drawing board is rectangular in shape and its
made of strips of well seasoned soft wood
about 25mm thickness.

11
 Drawing Sheet
• The various sizes of drawing sheets are used
for engineering graphics as per ISO:10771 –
983.

12
 Drawing Pencils

1. H – used for making drawings and lettering.

2. 2H – used for drawing construction lines, dimension lines, section lines and
center lines.
3. HB – used for free-hand sketching.

13
 Scale
• Scale is defined as a system or series of marks
used for measuring or registering.

14
 Protractor
• A protractor is a measuring instrument,
typically made of transparent plastic or metal,
for measuring angles.

15
 Mini Drafter
• A Mini Drafter is a tool used in technical
drawing, consisting of a pair of scales mounted
to form a right angle on an articulated
protractor head that allows an angular rotation.

16
 Drawing Instruments Box
• Drawing Instruments are used to prepare neat
and accurate Drawings.

17
 Large Size Compass
• It is a technical drawing instrument that can
be used for draw required size circles or arcs.

18
 Small Size Compass
• It is a technical drawing instrument that can
be used for draw small size circles or arcs.

19
 Pro-Circle
• It is a technical drawing instrument that can
be used for draw small diameter circles.

20
 Template
• Templates have pre-dimensional holes that are
in the right scale, so engineers can accurately
draw a specific symbol or sign.

21
Eraser

22
Drawing Clips (or) Drawing Pins

23
 Duster
• Generally it is made up of smooth plastic
bristles. Otherwise smooth cloths are also
used.

24
Drawing Sheet

25
Drawing Sheet Margin Procedure

A3 SHEET

26
Title Block Construction

27
Types of Lines

28
Thickness of Lines

33
37
38
 Dimensioning
• Dimension is a numerical value expressed in
appropriate units of measurement and marked
on a drawing with lines, symbol and notes.
Elements of Dimensioning
• Projection Line (or) Extension Line
• Arrow Heads

39
 Projection Line (or) Extension Line
• It is a thin, dark and solid line that expands
from a point on the drawing to which a
dimension refers.
• A gap of about 1.5 mm should be left where
the extension line would join the object
outline.

40
Projection Line (or) Extension Line
 Arrow Heads
• Arrow heads are used at end of the dimension
lines.
• They show where a dimension begins and
where it ends.

42
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning
• All dimensions which are necessary to define
an object or component must be clearly
marked on drawing.
• Dimensions are placed on the view that the
corresponding features are shown more
clearly.
• Each units shall use the same unit for all
dimensions. (Should be in mm)

50
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• Each feature of the object shall be
dimensioned only once on a drawing.

51
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• Long extension lines should be avoided.
• Do not cross a dimension line with another
line.
• Dimension lines are placed outside the
drawings except the special case where
marking inside the drawing is readable.

52
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• Do not have a dimension line that extends
from a line of a view.
• In general, dimensions should be placed
outside the view outline.
• Do not use a centre line or a line of drawing
as a dimension line.
• Do not forget to mention scale (1:1) and all
dimensions are in mm.

53
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• Information can be communicated in
dimensioning itself as shown in below fig.

54
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• Dimensions of small radii are to be shown in
below fig.

55
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• Holes on a pitch circle are dimensioned as
below.

56
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• When a dimension is divided into several
equal parts, the sign “//” may be used to
indicate equal distances.

57
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• Dimension markings should have a sufficient
space approximately 10mm away from each
other.

58
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• When an overall dimensions is given one
intermediate dimension shall be omitted.

59
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• Angles are mentioned as shown below.

60
 Points to be Considered in
Dimensioning (Cont…)
• Notes should always be lettered horizontally
on the sheet.
• When dimension is not as per scale, it should
be marked NTS or NOT TO SCALE.
• The numerator and denominator of fraction
should never touch the fraction bar.

⅔
61
Dimensioning Rules

62
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
Dimensioning Rules (Cont…)
 Methods of Dimensioning
1. Chain dimensioning
2. Parallel Dimensioning

80
Chain Dimensioning

81
Parallel Dimensioning

82
 Basic Shapes Used in Engineering
Graphics
Two Dimensional Shapes
• Triangle
• Circle
• Semi-Circle
• Square
• Rectangle
• Parallelogram
• Rhombus
• Polygons (Pentagon, Hexagon, Octagon, Nonagon,
Decagon, etc.)

83
 Triangle
• Triangle is a polygon, which is made of three
sides and consists of three edges and three
vertices. Also, the sum of its internal angles
equals to 180o.

84
85
 Circle
• Locus of all points at a fixed distance from a
reference central point is called a Circle.

86
 Semi-Circle

• Half a circle is called as Semi-Circle.

87
 Square
• Square is a quadrilateral where all the four
sides and angles are equal and the angles at all
the vertices equal to 90° each.

88
 Rectangle
• A quadrilateral which has its two pairs of
opposite sides equal in length and interior
angles are at the right angles.

89
 Parallelogram
• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two
pairs of parallel sides and opposite angles are
equal in measures.

90
 Rhombus
• Rhombus is a special type of a parallelogram
whose all sides are equal.

91
 Polygons
• These are made up of line segments and no
curves. They are enclosed structure based on
different length of sides and different angles.
• Examples are Pentagon, Hexagon, Heptagon,
Octagon, Nonagon, Decagon.

92
 Pentagon
• Pentagon is a polygon having five angles and
five sides.

93
 Hexagon
• Hexagon is a polygon having six angles and
six sides.

94
 Heptagon
• Heptagon is a polygon having seven angles
and seven sides.

95
 Octagon
• Octagon is a polygon having eight angles and
eight sides.

96
 Nonagon
• Nonagon is a polygon having nine angles and
nine sides.

97
 Decagon
• Decagon is a polygon having ten angles and
ten sides.

98
 Basic Shapes Used in Engineering
Graphics
Cont…..
Three Dimensional Shapes
• Sphere
• Cube
• Cuboid
• Cone
• Cylinder

101
 Sphere
• A sphere is a round shape in 3d plane, whose
radius is extended to three-dimensions (x-axis,
y-axis and z-axis).

102
 Cube
• A cube is a three-dimensional shape which
has 6 faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges. The faces
of the cube are square.

103
 Cuboid
• A cuboid is also three dimensional solid
having 6 faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges but the
faces of the cuboid are in a rectangular shape.

104
 Cone
•A cone is a solid which has a circular base
and narrows smoothly from surface to the top
at a point called apex or vertex.

105
 Cylinder
•A cylinder is a 3d solid shape that has two
parallel circular bases connected by a curved
surface. It has no vertex.

106
SYLLABUS

107
 UNIT – I
CONIC SECTIONS
• Basic Geometrical constructions, drawing and
dimensioning – Curves used in engineering
practices: Conics – Construction of ellipse,
parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method
– Construction of cycloid –Drawing of
tangents and normal to the above curves.

108
109
 UNIT – II
PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES &
PLANES
• Orthographic projection- principles-Principal
planes-First angle projection-projection of points.
Projection of straight lines (only First angle
projections) inclined to both the principal planes -
Determination of true lengths and true
inclinations by rotating line method.
• Traces Projection of planes (polygonal and
circular surfaces) inclined to both the principal
planes by rotating object method.
110
111
 UNIT – III
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS AND
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

• Projection of simple solids like prisms,

pyramids, cylinder, cone and truncated solids
when the axis is inclined to one of the
principal planes by rotating object method.
• Orthographic projection - Representation of
Three Dimensional objects – Layout of views.

112
113
114
115
116
 UNIT – IV
PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS &
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
• Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical
position when the cutting plane is inclined to
the one of the principal planes and
perpendicular to the other – obtaining true
shape of section.
• Development of lateral surfaces of simple and
sectioned solids – Prisms, pyramids cylinders
and cones.

117
118
119
120
121
 UNIT – V
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS

• Principles of isometric projection – isometric

scale –Isometric projections of simple solids
and truncated solids - Prisms, pyramids,
cylinders, cones- combination of two solid
objects in simple vertical positions .

122
123
124
 UNIT – I
CONIC SECTIONS
• Basic Geometrical constructions, drawing and
dimensioning – Curves used in engineering
practices: Conics – Construction of ellipse,
parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method
– Construction of cycloid –Drawing of
tangents and normal to the above curves.

125
 Basic Shapes Used in Engineering
Graphics
Cont…..
Plane Curves
• Ellipse
• Parabola
• Hyperbola

126
 Ellipse
• It is a conic section formed by the intersection
of a right circular cone by a plane that cuts the
axis and the surface of the cone.

127
 Parabola
• Parabola is a plane curve which is mirror-
symmetrical and is approximately U-shaped.

128
 Hyperbola
• A hyperbola is an open curve with two
branches, the intersection of a plane with both
halves of a double cone.

129
 The Glass Box Method
• How do we create the 6 principal views?

The Glass Box Method

 Glass Box Method
• The object is
placed in a glass
box.

• The sides of the

box represent
the 6 principal
planes.
 Glass Box Method
• The image of the
object is
projected on the
sides of the box.
 Glass Box Method
• Things to notice!
– The projection
planes.
– The projectors.
– How surfaces A
and B are
projected.
 Glass Box Method
• The box is unfolded
creating the 6
principal views.
Exercise 1-1

Principal Views
 Exercise 1-1
• Label the 5 remaining principal views with the
appropriate view name.
Name
each
view.

Top
Name
each
view.

Top

Right Side
Name
each
view.

Top

Right Side Rear

Name
each
view.

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

Name
each
view.

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

Bottom
 What are the differences between
the Right Side and Left Side views?

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

They are mirror images

with one different line
type.
Bottom
 What are the differences between
the Top and Bottom, and Front and
Rear views?

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

They are mirror images

with different line types.
Bottom
 Which view(s) have the least
amount of hidden or dashed lines?

Front and top views.

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

Bottom