I/O Devices: I/O Ports of a Desk Top Computer, Device Controller, Device Driver.
Input Devices:
classification and use, keyboard, pointing devices - mouse, touch pad and track ball, joystick, magnetic
stripes, scanner, digital camera, and microphone Output Devices: speaker, monitor, printers:
classification, laser, ink jet, dot-matrix. Plotter. Introduction to Operating System: Definition, Functions,
Features of Operating System, Icon, Folder, File, Start Button, Task Bar, Status Buttons, Folders, Shortcuts,
Recycle Bin, Desktop, My Computer, My Documents, Windows Explorer, Control Panel.
1. Input-output ports
Input output ports are the physical interface on a desktop computer that allows peripheral
devices to communicate with the computer motherboard and CPU . They serve as a gateway
between external devices and the computer.
Types of input output ports
*USB(Universal Serial Bus ): For devices like keyboard , mouse , external storage and printers.
*HDMI( High Definition Multimedia Interface): for devices like television and monitors , for audio
and video output .
*Ethernet Port: For wired internet connection .
*Audio port :for connecting microphones, headphones or Speakers.
*Serial and parallel ports: older types of ports used for devices like printers and modems.
What is the Difference between Serial Port and Parallel port?
A serial port is used to connect serial lines for serial communication. Common serial port
communication methods, such as serial to Ethernet converters, can transparently transfer serial
port data to Ethernet devices to achieve the wired network transmission of data. These output
serial ports can be used to connect 9-pin D-type connectors which are connected to
transmission lines, known as DB-9 connectors. In serial communication obtained over a single
wire, only a single data stream is transmitted from one end to the other. Therefore, data speed
mismatch is not a problem in serial transmission, as in parallel transmission. The length of the
wire can be increased as needed.
Compared with a parallel port, the transmission speed of a serial port is relatively low. Serial
ports are usually implemented in modems, connecting devices, controllers, mice, and security
cameras. The figure of the pin connector for DB-9 is shown below.
Unlike a serial port, a parallel port can move a set of 8 bits on eight different lines at once. That's
why it's faster than serial communication. Unlike a serial port, it uses a 25-pin connector called a
DB-25 connector. To eliminate crosstalk and errors, all bit streams need to transmit data at the
same speed in parallel communication. However, this is unrealistic. For this reason, in parallel
communication, transmission lines are preferred to be short. Therefore, for this reason, in
parallel communication, transmission lines are preferred to be short.
Parallel ports are usually implemented in ZIP drives, printers, hard drives, CD-ROM drives, and so
on. The figure of the pin connector for DB-25 is shown below.
A comparison of the differences between the serial and parallel port
Number Serial ports Parallel ports
Serial ports are used to implement serial While parallel ports are used to
1
transmission. implement parallel transmission.
Compared with a parallel port, the The transmission speed of parallel
2 .speed transmission speed of serial ports is ports is higher than that of serial
relatively low. ports.
In serial port communication, a small In parallel port communication, more
3
number of wires are used. wires are used than serial ports.
A serial port can transfer a single data At the same time, a parallel port can
4
stream. transfer multiple data streams.
The serial port sends data over and over Parallel ports send more than one bit
5
again. at a time.
In parallel ports, female ports are
6 In serial ports, male ports are involved.
involved。
Serial ports are usually implemented in Parallel ports are usually implemented
7 modems, connecting devices, in ZIP drives, printers, hard drives, CD-
controllers, mice, and security cameras. ROM drives and so on.
With the continuous development of the Industrial
Internet of Things, traditional serial devices are facing the
challenge of how to communicate efficiently and stably
with network devices. The serial server is the key to
solving this problem. It converts the serial signal of the
serial device into a network packet and transmits it
through the network, enabling the serial device to
seamlessly access the modern network system and
achieve remote monitoring, control, and management.
[Link] controllers
A device controller is a piece of hardware (an electronic circuit or a chip) responsible for managing the
connection between the computer and a specific type of devices. It acts as an intermediary between the
CPU and input-output devices.
Functions of device controllers
*Communication handling: the controller manages the flow of data between CPU and the devices.
*Buffering: it temporarily stores the information that is to be send between the CPU and device.
* Error detection: it can detect and correct transmission errors:
Examples
*Disk controller
*Network controller
*USB controllers
3. Device Driver: A device driver is a software program that allows the operating system and other
software to communicate with the hardware devices. It acts as a translator between application,
hardware devices or the operating system.
Functions
*Communication interface: The drivers allow the OS to send and receive data from hardware devices.
*Command translation: Translate high level command from the operating system into low level hardware
specific instructions.
*Error Handling: Device drivers often manage error detection and correction.
Examples
[Link] driver: control a printer
[Link] driver: use of graphics card
[Link] driver: NIC network interface card to communicate with operating system.
[Link] devise:
The inputs devices are those devices with which the help of user input data into the computer. The input
can be in text , images, videos ,audios etc.
The various type of input devices
*Text input: Keyboard
*Graphical input devices: Scanner , OCR ,OMR ,MICR ,Barcode readers, Digitizers etc.
*Cursor Control input devices: Mouse , joystick ,trackball , light pen.
*Sound input devices: microphone.
[Link]:
A keyboard is an input device that is used to take text input to the computer. It has different types of
keys which are categorized on their different works.
Types of keys
*Alphanumeric keys: it include alphabetic keys from (A-Z) and digits from 1-9 and punctuation marks.
*Function keys: located at the top of keyboard , these keys perform specific tasks . ( like F1 open help ,
F5 refreshes ).
*control keys: keys like ctrl, alt and shift are used in combination with other keys to perform shortcuts
and other operations.
*Navigate keys: include arrow keys , page up , page down , used to move the cursor and navigate
documents.
*Special keys: these include enter, backspace, tab, Esc and spacebar.
*Numeric keypad: on the right side of the most keyboard it allows quick entry of number arithmetic
operations.
*modifier: shift , caps lock , Num lock modifies the output of other keys.
Keyboard output : qwerty
Azerty
Dvorak
Working of keyboard
Change in current
Microprocessor
Scan code
Operating system
CPU
Monitor
6. mouse :
Mouse is a very popular cursor control device . a mouse is a small box
With a round ball at the bottom . there are two to three depressions
Switches on the top. A mouse is used to manipulate signal on the screen.
A mouse is rolled on the surface , the movement along x axis is horizontal
Movement and along y axis is vertical movement . mouse can not be used to enter text data.
This is easy to use , not very expensive , manipulate text as well as graphics on the screen.
Types of mouses
[Link] mouses
Mechanical mouses has a rubber or metal base on its underside that can roll in all directions. Mechanical
sensors in the mouse detect the direction in which the mouse is Rollin and move the screen pointer
accordingly.
[Link] mechanical mouse
Opto mechanical mouse is same as mechanical mouse but it contains opto mechanical sensors to detect
the movement of metal ball.
[Link] mouse
Optical mouses uses laser to detect the mouse movement . you must also move the mouse on a special
mat to have a frame of reference . it has no moving parts . they respond more quickly than mechanical
mouse and opto mechanical mouse , but they are also more expensive.
4. Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device used to move cursor position on a monitor screen .Joystick is a stik
having a spherical ball at its upper and lower end . the lower spherical ball moves in a socket . It has
function same as that of mouse . it is mainly used in computer aided designing and playing computer
games.