READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
Nutmeg – a valuable spice
The nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans, is a large evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia.
Until the late 18th century, it only grew in one place in the world: a small group of islands in
the Banda Sea, part of the Moluccas – or Spice Islands – in northeastern Indonesia. The
tree is thickly branched with dense foliage of tough, dark green oval leaves, and produces
small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers and pale yellow pear-shaped fruits. The fruit is encased
in a flesh husk. When the fruit is ripe, this husk splits into two halves along a ridge running
the length of the fruit. Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed, 2-3 cm long by about 2 cm
across, surrounded by a lacy red or crimson covering called an ‘aril’. These are the sources
of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former being produced from the dried seed and the
latter from the aril.
Nutmeg was a highly prized and costly ingredient in European cuisine in the Middle Ages,
and was used as a flavouring, medicinal, and preservative agent. Throughout this period,
the Arabs were the exclusive importers of the spice to Europe. They sold nutmeg for high
prices to merchants based in Venice, but they never revealed the exact location of the
source of this extremely valuable commodity. The Arab-Venetian dominance of the trade
finally ended in 1512, when the Portuguese reached the Banda Islands and began
exploiting its precious resources.
Always in danger of competition from neighbouring Spain, the Portuguese began
subcontracting their spice distribution to Dutch traders. Profits began to flow into the
Netherlands, and the Dutch commercial fleet swiftly grew into one of the largest in the
world. The Dutch quietly gained control of most of the shipping and trading of spices in
Northern Europe. Then, in 1580, Portugal fell under Spanish rule, and by the end of the
16th century the Dutch found themselves locked out of the market. As prices for pepper,
nutmeg, and other spices soared across Europe, they decided to fight back.
In 1602, Dutch merchants founded the VOC, a trading corporation better known as the
Dutch East India Company. By 1617, the VOC was the richest commercial operation in the
world. The company had 50,000 employees worldwide, with a private army of 30,000 men
and a fleet of 200 ships. At the same time, thousands of people across Europe were dying
of the plague, a highly contagious and deadly disease. Doctors were desperate for a way to
stop the spread of this disease, and they decided nutmeg held the cure. Everybody wanted
nutmeg, and many were willing to spare no expense to have it. Nutmeg bought for a few
pennies in Indonesia could be sold for 68,000 times its original cost on the streets of
London. The only problem was the short supply. And that’s where the Dutch found their
opportunity.
The Banda Islands were ruled by local sultans who insisted on maintaining a neutral trading
policy towards foreign powers. This allowed them to avoid the presence of Portuguese or
Spanish troops on their soil, but it also left them unprotected from other invaders. In 1621,

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the Dutch arrived and took over. Once securely in control of the Bandas, the Dutch went to
work protecting their new investment. They concentrated all nutmeg production into a few
easily guarded areas, uprooting and destroying any trees outside the plantation zones.
Anyone caught growing a nutmeg seedling or carrying seeds without the proper authority
was severely punished. In addition, all exported nutmeg was covered with lime to make
sure there was no chance a fertile seed which could be grown elsewhere would leave the
islands. There was only one obstacle to Dutch domination. One of the Banda Islands, a
sliver of land called Run, only 3 km long by less than 1 km wide, was under the control of
the British. After decades of fighting for control of this tiny island, the Dutch and British
arrived at a compromise settlement, the Treaty of Breda, in 1667. Intent on securing their
hold over every nutmeg-producing island, the Dutch offered a trade: if the British would give
them the island of Run, they would in turn give Britain a distant and much less valuable
island in North America. The British agreed. That other island was Manhattan, which is how
New Amsterdam became New York. The Dutch now had a monopoly over the nutmeg trade
which would last for another century.
Then, in 1770, a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre successfully smuggled nutmeg plants to
safety in Mauritius, an island off the coast of Africa. Some of these were later exported to
the Caribbean where they thrived, especially on the island of Grenada. Next, in 1778, a
volcanic eruption in the Banda region caused a tsunami that wiped out half the nutmeg
groves. Finally, in 1809, the British returned to Indonesia and seized the Banda Islands by
force. They returned the islands to the Dutch in 1817, but not before transplanting hundreds
of nutmeg seedlings to plantations in several locations across southern Asia. The Dutch
nutmeg monopoly was over.
Today, nutmeg is grown in Indonesia, the Caribbean, India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea
and Sri Lanka, and world nutmeg production is estimated to average between 10,000 and
12,000 tonnes per year.

Questions 1-4
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
The nutmeg tree and fruit
● the leaves of the tree are 1……………………. in shape
● the 2……………………. surrounds the fruit and breaks open when the fruit is ripe
● the 3……………………. is used to produce the spice nutmeg
● the covering known as the aril is used to produce 4……………………..
● the tree has yellow flowers and fruit