History of computer:
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BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
presented by: GROUP 1
Objectives
at the end of the chapter, students must be able to:
Gain Familiarity of the different discoveries during the different
periods.
Learn different inventions and discoveries during electro-
mechanical age that lead to the inventions of today’s
technology.
Identify different technologies and their improvements during
the different generations.
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Computer is a programmable machine.
Definition Computer is an electronic device that
manipulates information, data. It has the
ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
of computer Computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to a list of instructions (program).
Computer is any device which aids humans
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in performing various kinds of computations
or calculations.
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Three principle
characteristics
of computer
01 02 03
It can quickly STORE AND
It RESPONDS to a specific It can EXECUTE a pre-
RETRIEVE large amounts of
set of instructions in a well- recorded list of instructions.
data.
defined manner.
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Applications 01 Business
of ICT in our Almost every business uses computers
daily lives
nowadays. They can be employed to store and
maintain accounts, personnel records, manage
projects, track inventory, create presentation
and reports.
02 education
Computers can be used to give learners audio-
visual packages, interactive exercises, and
remote learning, including tutoring over the
internet.
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03 Healthcare 04 Reatail and trade
Healthcare continues to be revolutionized b
computers. As well as digitized medical Computers can be used to buy and sell
information making it easier to store and products online - this enables sellers to reach
access patient data complex information can
a wider market with low overheads, and buyers
also be analyzed by software to aid discovery f
diagnoses, as well as search for risks to compare prices, read reviews, and choose
diseases. delivery preferences.
05 government 06 marketing
Various government depatments use Computers enable marketing campaigns to be
computers to improve the quality and efficiency more precise through the analysis and
of their services. manipulation of data.
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07 science 08 publishing
Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt Computers can be used to design pretty much
computers as a work tool. In science, any type of publication. These might include
computers can be used for research, sharing newsletters, marketing materials, fashion
information with other specialist both locally magazines, novels, or newspapers.
and internationally, as well as collecting,
categorizing, analyzing, adn storing data.
09 arts & entertainment 10 communication
Computers are now used in virtually every Computers have made real time communication
branch of the arts, as well as in the wider over the internet easy, thanks to software and
entertainment industry. Computers can be used videoconferencing services such as Skype.
to create drawings, graphic designs, and
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paintings.
11 banking & finance 12 transport
Most banking in advanced countries now takes Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are
place online. You can use computers to check increasinngly automated with computers being
your account balance, transfer money, or pay used to maintain safety and navigation
off credit cards. systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or steer.
13 navigation 14 working from home
Computers have made working from home and
Navigation has become increasingly other forms of remote working increasingly
computerized, especially since computer common. Workers can access necessary data,
technology has been combined with GPS communicate, and share information without
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technology. commuting to traditional office.
15 military 16 social & romance
Computers are used extensively by the military. Computers have opened up many ways of
They are use for training purposes. They are socializing that didn’t previously exist. Social
used for analyzing intelligence data. media enables people to chat in text or audio in
real time across large distances, as well as
exchange photographs, videos, and memes.
17 booking vacations 18 security & surveillance
Computers can be used by travelers to study Computers are increasingly being combined
timetables, examine route options, and buy with other technologies to monitor people and
plane, train, or bus tickets. goods. Computers combined with biometric
passports make it harder for people to
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fraudently enter a country or gain access to a
passenger airplane.
Applications 19 weather forecasting
of ICT in our The world’s weather is complex and depends
daily lives
upon a multitude of factors that are constantly
changing.
20 robotics
Robotics is an expanding area of technology
which combines computers with science and
engineering to produce machines that can
either replace humans, or do specific jobs that
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humans are unable to do.
Earliest Computers originally calculations were
Basic computed by humans, whose job title was computers.
Computing
periods These human computers were typically engaged in
the calculation of a mathematical expression.
These calculations of this period were specialized
and expensive, requiring years of training in
mathematics.
The first use of the word “computer was recorded in
1613, referring to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word
continued to be used in that sense until the middle
of te 20th century
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History of
computer: basic
computing periods
Tally sticks
an ancient memory aid device to record and document
numbers, quantities, or even messages.
Abacus
a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.
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Napier’ s Bones
Invented by John Napier in 1614.
Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate
square and cube roots by moving the rods around and
placing them in specially constructed boards
Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
Used primarily for multipications, division, rooots,
logarithms, Trigonometry.
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Pascaline
Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
It was its limitation to addition and substraction.
It is too expensive.
Stepped Reckoner
Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
The machine that can add, substract, multiply and
divide automatically.
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Jacquard Loom
The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by
Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1881.
It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Arithmometer
A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in
1820.
The first reliable, useful and commercially successful
calculating machinne.
The machine could perform the four basic mathematic
functions.
The first mass produced calculating machine
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Difference Engine and
Analytical Engine
an automatic, mechanical calculator
designed to tabulate polynomial
functions.
First mechanical computer.
Invented by Charles Babbage in
1822 and 1834.
First Computer Programmer
She writes programs for the
Analytical Engine.
In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron
suggests to Babbage that he use
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the binary system. Learn More
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in
1843.
Based on Charles Babbage’s
difference engine.
The first printing calculator.
Tabulating Machine
Invented by Herman Hollerith in
1890.
To assist in summarizing
information and accounting.
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Harvard Mark 1
Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943.
The first electro mechanical computer.
Also know as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator.
Z1
The first programmable computer.
Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape
reader and all output was also generated through punch
tape.
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Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC)
The first Electronic digital computing device.
Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate
student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between
1939 and 1942.
ENIAC
stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
It was the first electronic general purpose computer.
Completed in 1946.
Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
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UNIVAC 1
Universal Automatic Computer 1 - the first commercial
computer.
Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
EDVAC
stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer
The First Stored Program Computer
Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
It has memory to hold both stored program as well as data.
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The First Portable Computer
Osborne 1 - the first portable computer.
Released in 1981 by Osborne Computer Corporation.
The First Computer Company
The first computer company was the Electronic Controls
Company.
Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.
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Basic The premechanical age is the earliest age of information
technology. It can be defined as the
Computing time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about
a long time ago. When humans
Periods - AGEs first started communicating they would try to use
language or simple picture drawings known
as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early
alphabets were developed such as
a. Premechanical
the Phoenician alphabet.
The mechanical age is when we first start to see
connections between our current technology
and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as
b. Mechanical the time between 1450 and 1840.
A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as
there is a large explosion in interest
with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog
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computer used for multiplying and
dividing) were invented.
Basic Now we are finally getting close to some technologies
Computing that resemble our modern-day
technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as
the time between 1840 and 1940.
Periods - AGEs These are the beginnings of telecommunication.
c. Electromechanical
The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be
defined as the time between 1940
and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital
d. Electronic computer capable of being
reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing
problems. This computer was designed to
be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables.
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History of computer:
Generations of
computer
These are the five generations of computer:
First generation - 1946 to 1958
Second generation - 1959 to 1964
Third generation - 1965 to 1970
Fourth generation - 1971 to Today
Fifth generation - Today to future
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The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory, and
were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They
were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated
a lot of heat, which was often the cause
of malfunctions.
The first
generation
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The second
generation
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the
second generation of computers. One
transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
Allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable.
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the third
generation
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark
of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
computers. It could carry out instructions in
billionths of a second. Much smaller and cheaper compare
to the second-generation computers.
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the fourth
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these
small computers became more powerful,
they could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the
Internet.
generation
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Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development.
The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence
a reality. The goal is to develop devices
that respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization. There
are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today.
the fifth
generation
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Quick RECAP
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thank you
For Your Attention
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