COEP Technological University Pune
Differential Equations
Tutorial 2
Second and higher order differential equations
1. Define Linear independence and dependence of functions.
2. Apply the given operator to the given function (show all the steps in detail).
x
a) 8D2 + 2D − I, cosh x2 , sinh x2 , e 2
b) (D + 5I)(D − I), e−3x sin x , e3x , x2
c) (D − 4I)(D + 3I), x3 − x2 , sin 4x , e−3x
3. Find Linear ODE for which the following functions are linearly independent solutions:
a) 1 , e−2x b) e−(s+it)x , e−(s−it)x c) 1 , x , cos 2x , sin 2x
x x
d) e , xe , cos x , sin x , x cos x , x sin x e) x2 , x3 f) x , x ln x
4. State and prove the Fundamental theorem for the homogeneous linear ODE,
′′ ′
y + P (x)y + Q(x)y = 0.
5. Obtain the general solution of following homogeneous linear ODEs.
′′ ′
a) 100y + 20y − 99y = 0
′′ ′
b) y − y + 2.5y = 0
′′ ′
c) 9y + 18y − 16y = 0
′′′ ′′ ′
d) y iv + 5y + 5y − 5y − 6y = 0
′′′
e) y + y = 0
′′
f) y iv − 18y + 18y = 0
′′′ ′′ ′
g) y − y − y − y = 0
′′
h) y iv + 3y − 4y = 0
′′ ′
i) x2 y + 3xy + y = 0
′′ ′
j) x2 y − xy + 2y = 0
6. Solve the following homogeneous linear ODEs:
a) (D + 2I)2 y = 0
b) (D4 + k 4 )y = 0
c) (D3 − 3D2 + 9D − 27I)y = 0
d) (D − I)2 (D2 + I)y = 0
e) (D4 + 8D2 + 16I)y = 0
!2
d 1
f) + y=0
dx x
1
g) (10x2 D2 − 20xD + 22.4 I)y = 0
h) x2 D2 + 5xD + 3I)y = 0
7. Solve the following IVP:
′′ ′ ′
a) y + πy = 0, y(0) = 3 , y (0) = −π
′′ ′ ′
b) y + 18y + 5.6y = 0, y(0) = 4 , y (0) = −3.8
′′ ′ ′
c) y − 2y − 24y = 0, y(0) = 0 , y (0) = −24
′′′ ′′ ′ ′ ′′
d) y + 3.2y + 4.81y = 0, y(0) = 3.4 , y (0) = −4.6 , y (0) = 9.91
′′ ′ ′′ ′′′
e) y iv −9y −400y = 0, y(0) = 3.4 , y (0) = 0 , y (0)2.5 , y (0) = 3.5
8. If the roots of the auxillary equation of 2nd order homogeneous linear ODE
′′ ′
y + by + cy = 0 are real and equal then find the first solution, and the second
solution using the method of reduction of order, and hence write the basis.
9. Using the method of undetermined coefficients, obtain a real general solution of following
non-homogeneous differential equations:
′′ ′
a) y − y − 2y = 3ex
′′ ′
b) 3y + 10y + 3y = 9x + 5 cos x
′′ ′
c) y + 6y + 9y = 50e−x cos x
′′ ′
d) y + 2y + 10y = 25x2 + 3
′′ ′
e) y + 4y + 4y = 18 cosh x
′′ ′
f) y + y = 2 + 2x + x2
′′ ′
g) y + y − 6y = 6x3 − 3x2 + 12x
′′ ′
h) y + 10y + 25y = 100 sinh x
′′ ′
i) y − 2y = 12e2x − 8e−2x
′′ ′
j) y − 9y = x3 + e2x − sin 3x
′′′ ′
k) y + y = 3x2 + 4 sin x − 2 cos x
10. Using the method of variation of parameters, obtain a real general solution of following
non-homogeneous differential equations:
′′ ′ e2x
a) y − 4y + 4y =
x
′′
b) y + 9y = sec 3x
′′ ′
c) y − 4y + 5y = e2x cosec x
16e−3x
d) (D2 + 6D + 9)y =
x2 + 1
′′ e−2x
′
e) y + 4y + 4y =
x2
f) (x2 D2 − 2xD + 2)y = x3 cos x
2
′′ ′
g) y − y = (3 + x)x2 ex
′′ ′
h) x2 y − xy + y = x ln x
i) (D2 + I)y = cot x
j) (D3 + D)y = cosec x
11. For the following non-homogeneous equation, a solution y1 of the corresponding homo-
geneous equation is given. Find a second solution y2 of the corresponding homogeneous
equation and the general solution of the non-homogeneous equation using the method
of variation of parameters.
′′ ′
(1 + x2 )y − 2xy + 2y = x3 + x, y1 (x) = x
⋄⋄⋄⋄⋄ ⋄