COEP Technological University Pune
Differential Equations
Tutorial 1
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First order differential equations
1. Define Ordinary differential equation, General solution, Particular solution, Singular
solution of an ODE, Exact differential equation and Linear differential equation.
2. Verify that the given function is a solution of corresponding differential equation.
(a, b, c are arbitrary constants.)
a) y = a cos πx + b sin πx, y ′′ + π 2 y = 0
b) y = 5 e−2x + 2 x2 + 2x + 1, y ′ + 2y = 4 (x + 1)2
c) y = −sin x + ax2 + bx + c, y ′′′ = cos x
′ ′√
d) y = sin−1 xy, xy + y = y 1 − x2 y 2
′
e) x2 + y 2 = 1, x + yy = 0
Z x
2 2
f) y = ex e−t dt, y ′ = 2 xy + 1
0
3. Obtain the general solution (or particular solution) of the following differential equations.
′
a) y = 2 sec 2y
′
b) x = cos(x + y) (Put x + y = u)
q
c) x dy − y dx = x x2 + y 2 dx, y(1) = 1
′
d) y = (y + 9x)2
q
′
e) x2 y + xy + 1 − x2 y 2 = 0
y−x
f) y ′ =
y−x+2
2
g) y y ′ = (x − 1) e−y ,y(0) = 1
−1 y
2 ′ 2 2
h) x y = 3 (x + y ) tan + xy
x
y+2
i) y ′ =
x+y+1
q
j) (y/x) y ′ = 1 + x2 + y 2 + x2 y 2
′ π
k) x3 (sin y) y = 2, y(x) → as x → ∞
2
y
′
l) xy = y + 4x5 cos2 , y(2) = 0
x
4. If in a culture of yeast the rate of growth y ′ (t) is proportional to the amount y(t) present
at time t, and if y(t) doubles in 1 day, how much yeast can be expected after 3 days at
the same rate of growth ? After 1 week ? (Ans: 8 y0 , 128 y0 )
1
5. If the growth rate of the amount of yeast at any time t is proportional to the amount
present at that time and doubles in 1 week, how much yeast can be expected after
2 weeks? After 4 weeks?
6. Experiments show the rate of inversion of cane sugar in dilute solution is proportional to
the the concentration y(t) of unaltered sugar. Let the concentration be 1/100 at t = 0
and 1/300 at t = 4 hrs. Find y(t). (Ans: 0.01 e−0.275 t )
7. A thermometer, reading 100 C, is brought into a room whose temperature is 230 C. Two
minutes later the thermometer reading is 180 C. How long will it take until the reading
is 22.80 C. (Ans : 8.73 mins.)
8. A body originally at 800 C cools down to 600 C in 20 minutes, the temperature of the
air being 400 C. What will be the temperature of the body after 40 minutes from the
original ? (Ans: 500 C)
9. A tank contains 5000 liters of fresh water. Salt water which contains 100 gms of salt
per liter flows into it at the rate of 10 liters per minute and the mixture kept uniform
by stirring, runs out at the same rate. When will the tank contain 200, 000 gms of salt?
10. A tank contains 1000 gallons of water in which 200 lb of salt, are dissolved. Fifty gallons
of brine, each containing (1 + cos t) lb of dissolved salt, runs into the tank per minute,
the mixture kept uniform by stirring, runs out at the same rate. Find the amount of
salt y(t) in the tank at any time t.
(Ans: y(t) = 1000 + 2.494 cos t + 49.88 sin t − 802.5 e−0.05t )
11. State and prove the necessary and sufficient condition of exactness for
M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0.
12. Define an integrating factor and prove the following theorem:
Q x − Py R
If is a function of y alone, say ϕ(y), then e ϕ(y) dy is an integrating factor of a
P
differential equation P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = 0.
y+1
13. Verify that is an integrating factor of the differential equation 3(y +1) dx = 2x dy,
x4
and then solve using this I.F and otherwise.
14. Find the constant n such that y n is an integrating factor of
y(2x2 y + ex ) dx − (ex + y 3 ) dy = 0.
15. Test for exactness, if exact then solve. If not so, then find the I.F and then solve. Given
the initial conditions, find the particular solution.
!
cos y 1
a) dx − sin y ln(5x + 15) − dy = 0
x+3 y
b) 3x(xy − 2) dx + (x3 + 2y) dy = 0
c) (cos x cos y − cot x) dx − sin x sin y dy = 0
2 2
d) (y 2 exy + 4x3 ) dx + (2xy exy − 3y 2 ) dy = 0
e) (sin x cosh y) dx − (cos x sinh y) dy = 0
2
f) e−y dx + e−x (1 − e−y ) dy = 0
2
g) (2xy dx + dy) ex = 0, y(0) = 2
h) (2x ln x − xy) dy + 2y dx = 0
16. Solve the following linear / non-linear differential equations:
dy
a) x(1 − x2 ) + (2x2 − 1) y = x3
dx
b) e−y 2
sec y dy = dx + x dy
dy
c) = x3 y 3 − xy
dx
17. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the following family of curves:
x3
a) y 2 =
c−x
b) x + y 2 = 2ax
2
18. Show that the family of curves x2 + 4y 2 = c1 and y = c2 x4 are orthogonal to each other.
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