Chapter 1.
3 Matrix Operations and their Properties
IRISH C. SIDAYA
Sidaya, Irish C. 1 / 19
Equality of Matrices
Matrices are represented in any one of the following:
1 An uppercase letter such as A, B, or C
Sidaya, Irish C. 2 / 19
Equality of Matrices
Matrices are represented in any one of the following:
1 An uppercase letter such as A, B, or C
2 A representative element enclosed in brackets, such as [aij ] , [bij ] , or [cij ]
Sidaya, Irish C. 2 / 19
Equality of Matrices
Matrices are represented in any one of the following:
1 An uppercase letter such as A, B, or C
2 A representative element enclosed in brackets, such as [aij ] , [bij ] , or [cij ]
3 A rectangular array of numbers
a11 a12 ... a1n
a21 a22 a2n
...
.. .. ..
. . .
am1 am2 ... amn
Sidaya, Irish C. 2 / 19
Equality of Matrices
Matrices are represented in any one of the following:
1 An uppercase letter such as A, B, or C
2 A representative element enclosed in brackets, such as [aij ] , [bij ] , or [cij ]
3 A rectangular array of numbers
a11 a12 ... a1n
a21 a22 a2n
...
.. .. ..
. . .
am1 am2 ... amn
Definition
Two matrices A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are equal when they have the same size
(m × n) and [aij ] = [bij ] for 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
Sidaya, Irish C. 2 / 19
Equality of Matrices
Example
Consider the four matrices
Sidaya, Irish C. 3 / 19
Equality of Matrices
Example
Consider the four matrices
Matrices A and B are not equal because they are of different sizes. Similarly,
B and C are not equal. Matrices A and D are equal if and only if x = 3.
Sidaya, Irish C. 3 / 19
Equality of Matrices
Example
Consider the four matrices
Matrices A and B are not equal because they are of different sizes. Similarly,
B and C are not equal. Matrices A and D are equal if and only if x = 3.
Note: A matrix that has only one column, such as matrix B, is called a
column matrix or column vector.
Sidaya, Irish C. 3 / 19
Equality of Matrices
Example
Consider the four matrices
Matrices A and B are not equal because they are of different sizes. Similarly,
B and C are not equal. Matrices A and D are equal if and only if x = 3.
Note: A matrix that has only one column, such as matrix B, is called a
column matrix or column vector. Similarly, a matrix that has only one
row, such as matrix C, is called a row matrix or row vector.
Sidaya, Irish C. 3 / 19
Equality of Matrices
Example
Consider the four matrices
Matrices A and B are not equal because they are of different sizes. Similarly,
B and C are not equal. Matrices A and D are equal if and only if x = 3.
Note: A matrix that has only one column, such as matrix B, is called a
column matrix or column vector. Similarly, a matrix that has only one
row, such as matrix C, is called a row matrix or row vector.
Boldface lowercase letters often designate column matrices and row
matrix A can
matrices. For instance, be partitioned into the two column
1 2
matrices a1 = and a2 =
3 4
" #
1 2 1 2
=⇒ A = = = [a1 | a2 ]
3 4 3 4
Sidaya, Irish C. 3 / 19
Matrix Addition, Subtraction, and Scalar Multiplication
Sidaya, Irish C. 4 / 19
Matrix Addition, Subtraction, and Scalar Multiplication
Sidaya, Irish C. 4 / 19
Matrix Addition, Subtraction, and Scalar Multiplication
Note: You can use −A to represent the scalar product (−1) A. If A and B are
of the same size, then A − B represents the sum of A and (−1) B.
Sidaya, Irish C. 4 / 19
Matrix Addition, Subtraction, and Scalar Multiplication
Note: You can use −A to represent the scalar product (−1) A. If A and B are
of the same size, then A − B represents the sum of A and (−1) B. That is,
A − B = A + (−1) B.
Sidaya, Irish C. 4 / 19
Matrix Addition, Subtraction, and Scalar Multiplication
Example
Sidaya, Irish C. 5 / 19
Matrix Addition, Subtraction, and Scalar Multiplication
Example
Sidaya, Irish C. 5 / 19
Matrix Multiplication
Sidaya, Irish C. 6 / 19
Matrix Multiplication
This definition means that to find the entry in the ith row and the jth column
of the product AB multiply the entries in the ith row of A by the
corresponding entries in the jth column of B and then add the results.
Sidaya, Irish C. 6 / 19
Matrix Multiplication
This definition means that to find the entry in the ith row and the jth column
of the product AB multiply the entries in the ith row of A by the
corresponding entries in the jth column of B and then add the results.
Example
Find the product AB where
−1 3
−3 2
A= 4 −2 and B =
−4 1
5 0
Sidaya, Irish C. 6 / 19
Matrix Multiplication
Sidaya, Irish C. 7 / 19
Matrix Multiplication
Examples: Find the product of the following matrices
1.
Sidaya, Irish C. 8 / 19
Matrix Multiplication
Examples: Find the product of the following matrices
1.
2.
Sidaya, Irish C. 8 / 19
Matrix Multiplication
Examples: Find the product of the following matrices
1.
2.
3.
Sidaya, Irish C. 8 / 19
Systems of Linear Equations
One practical application of matrix multiplication is representing a system of
linear equations. The system
can be written as the matrix equation Ax = b, where A is the coefficient
matrix of the system, and x and b are column matrices.
Sidaya, Irish C. 9 / 19
Systems of Linear Equations
One practical application of matrix multiplication is representing a system of
linear equations. The system
can be written as the matrix equation Ax = b, where A is the coefficient
matrix of the system, and x and b are column matrices.
Example:
Sidaya, Irish C. 9 / 19
Systems of Linear Equations
Solution: The matrix equation
has infinitely many solutions represented by
1
That is, any scalar multiple of the column matrix 4 is a solution.
7
Sidaya, Irish C. 10 / 19
Partitioned Matrices
The system Ax = b can be represented in a more convenient way by
partitioning the matrices A and x in the following manner.
Sidaya, Irish C. 11 / 19
Partitioned Matrices
The system Ax = b can be represented in a more convenient way by
partitioning the matrices A and x in the following manner. If
are the coefficient matrix, the column matrix of unknowns, and the right-hand
side, respectively, of the m × n linear system Ax = b,
Sidaya, Irish C. 11 / 19
Partitioned Matrices
The system Ax = b can be represented in a more convenient way by
partitioning the matrices A and x in the following manner. If
are the coefficient matrix, the column matrix of unknowns, and the right-hand
side, respectively, of the m × n linear system Ax = b, then
Sidaya, Irish C. 11 / 19
Partitioned Matrices
The system Ax = b can be represented in a more convenient way by
partitioning the matrices A and x in the following manner. If
are the coefficient matrix, the column matrix of unknowns, and the right-hand
side, respectively, of the m × n linear system Ax = b, then
Sidaya, Irish C. 11 / 19
Partitioned Matrices
The system Ax = b can be represented in a more convenient way by
partitioning the matrices A and x in the following manner. If
are the coefficient matrix, the column matrix of unknowns, and the right-hand
side, respectively, of the m × n linear system Ax = b, then
Sidaya, Irish C. 11 / 19
Linear Combinations of Column Vectors
Sidaya, Irish C. 12 / 19
Linear Combinations of Column Vectors
Sidaya, Irish C. 13 / 19
Linear Combinations of Column Vectors
Sidaya, Irish C. 13 / 19
Linear Combinations of Column Vectors
Example: Write the column matrix b as a linear combination of the columns
of A
Sidaya, Irish C. 14 / 19
Matrices
Definition
A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix when all entries that are not on
the main diagonal are zero.
Sidaya, Irish C. 15 / 19
Matrices
Definition
A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix when all entries that are not on
the main diagonal are zero.
Definition
The trace of an n × n matrix A is the sum of the main diagonal entries.
Sidaya, Irish C. 15 / 19
Matrices
Definition
A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix when all entries that are not on
the main diagonal are zero.
Definition
The trace of an n × n matrix A is the sum of the main diagonal entries. That
is,
T r (A) = a11 + a22 + ... + ann
Sidaya, Irish C. 15 / 19
Matrices
Exercises:
1. Find the products AB and BA for the diagonal matrices
Sidaya, Irish C. 16 / 19
Matrices
Exercises:
1. Find the products AB and BA for the diagonal matrices
2. Find the trace of the matrix
Sidaya, Irish C. 16 / 19
Matrices
Note: If matrices A and B are each partitioned into four submatrices
A11 A12 B11 B12
A= and B =
A21 A22 B21 B22
then you can block multiply A and B, provided the sizes of the submatrices
are such that the matrix multiplications and additions are defined.
A11 A12 B11 B12
AB =
A21 A22 B21 B22
A11 B11 + A12 B21 A11 B12 + A12 B22
=
A21 B11 + A22 B21 A21 B12 + A22 B22
Sidaya, Irish C. 17 / 19
Matrices
3. Perform the indicated block multiplication of matrices A and B
Sidaya, Irish C. 18 / 19
Practice Exercises
Find, if possible, (a) AB and (b) BA.
Sidaya, Irish C. 19 / 19