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Intro

The document outlines the purpose and types of earthing, emphasizing the protection of installations, service quality, and personnel safety. It details general requirements, applicable rules and guidelines, and the physiological effects of electrical currents on humans. Additionally, it discusses the criteria for permissible potential differences in accidental ground circuits and the resistance of the human body and foot in grounding system designs.

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Anand Agrawal
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5 views17 pages

Intro

The document outlines the purpose and types of earthing, emphasizing the protection of installations, service quality, and personnel safety. It details general requirements, applicable rules and guidelines, and the physiological effects of electrical currents on humans. Additionally, it discusses the criteria for permissible potential differences in accidental ground circuits and the resistance of the human body and foot in grounding system designs.

Uploaded by

Anand Agrawal
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

M.M.

Babu Narayanan, Additional Director


Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore, India
babu@[Link]
PURPOSE OF EARTHING
PROTECTION OF INSTALLATION
IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF SERVICE
SEFETY OF PERSONNEL

TYPES OF EARTHING
¾ SYSTEM EARTHING
¾ PROTECTIVE EARTHING

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
™ LOW VALUE OF EARTH RESISTANCE
™ ACCEPTABLE SURFACE POTENTIAL GRADIENTS
RULES/GUIDELINES

™ IE ACT 1910 & IE (SUPPLY) ACT 1948 REPLACED BY


ELECTRICITY ACT 2003
™ IE RULES 1956 (FRAMED U/S 37 OF IE ACT 1910)
™ IS: 3043/1966, 1987
™ CBI&P GUIDELINES
™ ANSI/IEEE STD. 80/1961, 1976, 1986, 2000
™ IEC STD. 479-1/2000

IS 3043/ 1987
™ SECTIONS 1& 2: COVER LT, MV & HV INSTALLATIONS

IE RULES 1956
™ RULES APPLICABLE FOR EARTHING:
32,33,61,67,69 & 90
HAZARDS DEPEND ON:
FREQUENCY
OF CURRENT
MAGNITUDE FLOWING
THROUGH
DURATION HUMAN BODY

FREQUENCY
¾ HUMANS MORE VULNERABLE TO EFFECTS OF AC AT
50/60 Hz

¾ SLIGHTLY LARGER CURRENTS AT LOW FREQUENCIES


& DC

¾ HIGHER CURRENTS AT HIGH FREQUENCY (3 – 10 kHz)

¾ HUNDREDS OF AMPERES OF LIGHTNING CURRENTS


MAGNITUDE

MOST COMMON PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN THE ORDER OF


INCREASING MAGNITUDE

¾ PERCEPTION (1mA)
¾ LET-GO CURRENTS (1-6 mA)
¾ MUSCULAR CONTRACTION (9-25 mA)
¾ VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION (100 mA)
¾ BURNING
DURATION
SAFE BODY CURRENTS

DALZIEL’S EQN: (AIEE 80/1961)


I k2 t = 0.0272
IEEE STD. 80/1976

0.116
Ik =
t
IEEE STD. 80/1986 &2000
0.116
I k 50 =
t

0.157
I k 70 =
t
DURATION

CBI&P (INDIA)

0.155
Ik = amps(r .m.s); t : sec onds
t
ACCIDENTAL GROUND CIRCUIT

1. RESISTANCE OF HUMAN BODY: 500 -3000 OHMS

NON-INDUCTIVE AT P.F (50 /60 Hz)

GENERALLY TAKEN AS 1000 OHMS IN DESIGN OF


GROUNDING SYSTEMS

2. RESISTANCE OF HUMAN FOOT

MODELED AS A CONDUCTING METALLIC DISC OF


RADIUS 8 CM
RESISTANCE OF HUMAN FOOT

ρ
R foot = ;b = radius
4b
ρ
R Mfoot =
2πdf

df = Distance between feet, m


Touch voltage Circuit
RESISTANCE OF HUMAN
FOOT IN SWITCH YARDS
For Sub stations spread with a layer of Gravel,
Resistance of the foot derived as:

ρ
R f = C s (h s , K )
4b

Where,

α
C s (h s , K ) = 1 + 2 ∑ Q
n =1

Kn
Q= 1
[1 + ( 2nX ) ]
2 2
ρ − ρs
K=
ρ + ρs

ρs = Gravel Resistivity
ρ = Soil Resistivity

X = h/b
h = Thickness of Gravel layer, m
b = Equivalent radius of foot (0.08 m)
CRITERIA FOR PERMISSIBLE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

¾ SAFETY DEPENDS ON:


NOT EXCEEDING THE CRITICAL AMOUNT OF SHOCK
ENERGY BEING ABSORBED BEFORE FAULT CLEARING

¾ MAXIMUM DRIVING VOLTAGE OF ANY ACCIDENTAL


CIRCUIT NOT TO EXCEED THE LIMITS AS SPECIFIED:

FOR STEP:

E step = (RB + R 2FS ) * Ik volts

0.155
= [1000 + 6Cs (hs , K ) * ρ s ] *
t
CRITERIA FOR PERMISSIBLE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

FOR TOUCH:

E touch = (RB + R 2FP ) * Ik volts

0.155
= [1000 + 1.5Cs (hs , K ) * ρ s ] *
t
BASIC SHOCK SITUATIONS

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