Lesson 1

Parameter, Statistic,
and Sampling Plan
Population
group where members have something in common,
that is, the total set of observations that can be made

Examples:
• the population of senior citizens in Metro Manila
• the population of students in the senior high school
program
Sample
a smaller group or subset of the population in
question
Examples:
• a sample of 500 senior citizens from Metro
Manila
• a sample of 1000 grade 11 students from Metro
Manila
Parameter
describes an entire population
Example:
45% of the senior citizens in Metro Manila
are male.
Statistic
describes only the sample

Example:

Twenty-five out of the 100 randomly chosen

grade 11 students belong to STEM strand.
Simple Random Sampling
The simplest way of getting random sample where each member of the
population has an equal chance of being chosen as the sample.

Example:
To choose the sample, arrange the elements of the
population in order, and then use a computer or a
scientific calculator to generate as many random
numbers as required. The sample will be composed
of those elements which correspond to the random
numbers.
Stratified Random Sampling
This involves selecting a simple random sample from each of a given
number of subpopulations. Each subpopulation is called a stratum
(plural: strata),

Example:
If a study is taking senior citizens into
consideration, the population may need to be
subdivided into subgroups like 60-69 years old,
70-79 years old, etc. The sample will be chosen
from each subgroups.
Cluster Sampling
The population is first divided into separate groups called clusters.
Then, a simple random sample of clusters from the available clusters in
the population is selected.

Example:
If the population is composed of all the senior
citizens from Metro Manila, the clusters could be
senior citizens from the different municipalities and
cities in Metro Manila.
Data is then gathered from selected clusters, like 5
cities.
1-in-𝒌 Systematic Random Sampling
This involves the random selection of one of the first 𝑘 elements in an ordered
population, and then the systematic selection of every 𝑘th element thereafter.
The value of 𝑘 is first calculated by dividing the population size by the sample size.

Example:
Suppose there are 500 grade 5 students and
you need to select 50 students as your sample.
Dividing the population size 500 by the sample
size 50, we get 10. That means, every 10th
student will be included in the sample.
Multistage Sampling
Two or more probability techniques are combined. It can be
described as sampling within the sample.
Example:
If the population is compose of all the senior
citizens from Metro Manila, we can use
clustered sampling where the clusters are the
municipalities and cities in Metro manila.
Then from the selected clusters, we can use
stratified sampling and divide into different
age groups.
Example 1: Suppose the quality manager wants to know the average life of the
battery they manufacture. He asked his employees to obtain 100 random sample of
batteries and test how long the batteries will last. From the sample, it was found out
that the average life of the battery is 1 100 hours. Identify the parameter and
statistic.
Solution:
In the study, 100 batteries are chosen as sample and it was found out that the
average life is 1 100 hours.
The statistic describes the sample. Therefore, 1 100 hours is the statistic in the
study.
The parameter is the average life of the battery they manufacture.
Example 2: The Marketing Department of a certain university is doing a satisfaction
survey. To do this, the staff takes an alphabetized list of student names and picks a
random starting point. Then every 15th student is given a survey form. Determine
whether the survey employs simple random sampling, stratified random sampling,
cluster sampling, or 1-in-𝑘 systematic random sampling.

Solution:
Since this survey chooses every 𝑘th element as member of the sample, it employs a
1-in-𝑘 systematic random sampling.
Individual Practice:
1. Ms. Cruz wants to know the average weekly allowance of the grade 10 students.
She randomly asked 50 students how much their weekly allowance is. She found
out that the average weekly allowance of these 50 students is ₱375. Identify the
parameter and statistic.

2. The school canteen is doing a survey on the food preferences of the students.
They printed 100 survey forms and they randomly select 10 students from each
grade level from grade 1 to grade 10. What type of random sampling is used?
Sampling
Distribution
Sampling Distribution
a probability distribution of a statistic obtained from all possible samples of a
particular size from a population

Example:

Population: {1, 2, 3}
Sample size: 𝑛 = 2
Statistic: sample mean
Information From Repeated Random Sampling
What values of the statistic that can occur?
How often each of these values occurs?
Example:
From the previous example,
• The values of the sample mean are {1.5, 2, 2.5}.
• Each of the value of the sample mean occurs once
only.
Three Ways of Determining the Sampling Distribution of a
Statistic
To determine the sampling distribution of a statistic, we can use (1) laws of
probability; (2) simulation; or (3) statistical theorems.

1. Derive the distribution mathematically using the laws of probability.

2. Use a simulation to approximate the distribution. Draw a large number of
samples of size 𝑛, calculate the value of the statistic for each sample, and
tabulate the results in a relative frequency histogram. When the number of
samples is large, the histogram will be very close to the theoretical sampling
distribution.
3. Use statistical theorems to derive exact or approximate sampling distribution.
Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean
the distribution of the infinite number of sample
means
Example:
The larger the sample size, the closer the sampling
distribution of the mean would be to a normal
distribution.
Example 1: A population consists of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. List all the
possible samples of size 2 and construct the sampling distribution of the sample
mean.
Solution:
1. List all the possible samples of size 2
and compute for the sample mean.
Solution:
2. Construct the sampling distribution of the
sample mean using a probability distribution
table.

Recall that the probability of each sample mean

is computed by dividing its frequency by the total
frequency of all possible sample means.
Example 2: Using the same experiment in Example 1, construct the
sampling distribution of the sample range.

Solution:
1. List all the possible samples of size 2
and compute for the sample range.
2. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample range using a probability
distribution table.
Individual Practice:

1. Samples of three cards are drawn at random from a

population of six cards numbered from 1 to 6.
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample
mean.

2. Let “max” be the highest value in a set. Using the

above experiment, construct the sampling
distribution of the sample max.