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SUB Math

The document explains mappings and functions, defining mappings as relationships between sets and categorizing them into one-to-one, many-to-one, and one-to-many types. It clarifies that a function is a specific type of mapping where each domain element corresponds to exactly one range element, and introduces the vertical line test for determining if a graph represents a function. Additionally, it discusses one-to-one functions and provides examples and exercises to determine the one-to-one nature of various functions.

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3 views7 pages

SUB Math

The document explains mappings and functions, defining mappings as relationships between sets and categorizing them into one-to-one, many-to-one, and one-to-many types. It clarifies that a function is a specific type of mapping where each domain element corresponds to exactly one range element, and introduces the vertical line test for determining if a graph represents a function. Additionally, it discusses one-to-one functions and provides examples and exercises to determine the one-to-one nature of various functions.

Uploaded by

husnaabdullai18
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MAPPINGS AND FUNCTIONS

March 2, 2024

Mappings

A mapping is a relationship between the elements of a set or of two different sets. The set of elements for
which the mapping is defined is called the DOMAIN of the mapping, and the corresponding set on to which
the elements of the domain are mapped is called the RANGE or the CO-DOMAIN of the mapping.

Types of Mappings

A mapping can be one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many. The diagrams below illustrate the following;

1
Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation of a One to One Mapping.

Figure 2: Diagrammatic representation of a One to Many Mapping.

2
Figure 3: Diagrammatic representation of a Many to One Mapping.

Functions

A function is a mapping in which each element of the domain is mapped to exactly one element of the range
or the co-domain.

All functions are mapping but not all mappings are functions. Functions are either one-to-one (in-
jective), many-to-one, onto (surjective), bijective(both injective and surjective)

Vertical Line Test

The vertical line test is used to determine whether or not a graph is a function. To determine if a graph is a
function using this test, a vertical line is drawn across the graph and if it cuts the graph at only one point, the
graph is said to be a function otherwise the graph is not a function.

3
Figure 4: Diagrammatic representation of a Vertical line test.

One-to-One Functions

A function F : X7→Y is one-to-one if for any values in the domain (X) of f, f (a) ̸= f (b)

4
1 Horizontal Line Test

If every horizontal line intersects the graph of a function f at most once, then f is one-to-one

The functions above are not one-to-one since the horizontal line cuts more than one points of the
graphs.

The functions above are one-to-one since the horizontal line at any point, cuts only one side of the
graph.
Examples of one-to-one functions

5
1. f (x) = 2x + 3
Let x1 and x2 be contained in the domain of f, then for f to be one to one, f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) =⇒ x1 = x2

f (x1 ) = f (x2 )

=⇒ 2x1 + 3 = 2x2 + 3

=⇒ 2x1 = 2x2 + 3 − 3

=⇒ 2x1 = 2x2

=⇒ x1 = x2

Thus f (x) = 2x + 3 is one-to-one

√
2. f (x) = x 2
f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
√ √
=⇒ x1 2 = x2 2

=⇒ x1 = x2
√
Thus f (x) = x 2 is one-to-one

3. f (x) = x2 + 1
Let x1 = 2 and x2 = −2

f (x1 ) = 22 + 1 =5

f (x2 ) = (−2)2 + 1 =5

Now f(2)=f(-2) but 2̸=-2 so the function f (x) = x2 + 1 is not one-to-one.

6
2 Exercise

Determine whether or not the following are one-to-one

1. f (x) = 2x3 + 3x + 4

√
2. f (x) = x2 + 1

3. f (x) = x2

4. (2,0), (3,1), (4,4), (7,3)

5. (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4)

6. (1,1) (2,3), (5,1)

7. f (x) = 2x + 5|

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