NAME: MUSA MORENIKEJI C.
MATRIC NO.: E018451
DEPARTMENT: LINGUISTICS
LEVEL: 500 LEVEL
COURSE: ENTHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION
QUESTIONS
1. With adequate examples, how will you differentiate between.
Communicative competence and linguistics competences.
2. Discuss the contextual variables that affect speaking.
3. Examine, using any language the relationship between language the
relationship between language and culture.
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE:-
These is a term in linguistics which refers to a language users grammatical
knowledge of syntax, morphonology, phonology, and the like as well as social
knowledge about how and when to use utterance appropriately.
Why have so many scholars from so many fields, studied communicative
competences within so many relational, institutional and cultural contexts? Our
hunch most live aid work, widely accept the following tasit beliefs.
Examples of communicative competence are:-
a. Within any situation not all things that can be said and done are equally
competent
b. Success in personal and professional relationship depends, in no small part on
communicative competences; and.
c. Most people display incompetence in at list a few situations aid the smaller
number are judged in competent across many situations.
We have then according to times that a normal child acquires knowledge of
sentence not only as grammatical but also has appropriate.
He or She acquires competence as to went to speak when not, and has to what to
talk about with, whom, when, where and in what manner.
LINGUISTIC COMPETENCES:-
The unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and
understand a language or innate linguistic knowledge that allows a person to match
sounds and meanings is called linguistic competences.
Linguistic competences constitute knowledge of language, but that knowledge
is tasit, implicit. This means that people do not have conscious access to the
principles and rules that govern the combination of sounds, words and sentences;
however, they do recognize when does rules and principles have been violated
Example:- when a person judge that the sentence “Jude said that Juilet helped
himself” these is ungrammatical, it is because the person has tasit knowledge of the
grammatical principle that reflexive pronoun must refer to as Noun Phrase (NP) in
the same clause
2 “How do you do my name is tasan and I believe you are known has Jane”
You must be Jane I am tasan is a pleasure to meet you.
Question 2 DISCUSS THE CONTEXTUAL VARIABLES THAT AFFECT SPEAKING.
How does one acquire good English speaking
Skills? A lot of people aim to have an American or British ascent in other to impress
other people and for others to say that they are indeed good in English. Actually
there are several contextual factors that affect our English Speaking skills.
There are:-
1. Listening Comprehension:- Listening comprehension is a very basic skill one
must have in other to be a good speaker. Why, one of the most common and
critical mistake known native speakers make is focusing there time and effort
in improving their speaking skills without first accessing and practicing their
listening comprehension skills. Surprisingly, just when you taught they can
communicate well, they suddenly come to a hurt when asked question.
2. Understand pronunciation:- It is quite common for non-native speaker to miss
pronounce words. However, it is not something we have to be ashamed of but
something we have to understand.
3. Grammatical accuracy:- some people wonder why there is a need to have
grammatical accuracy for example in english, when even some native English
speakers commit grammatical mistake themselves.
Native language speaker can say what they want without much
difficulty due to their familiarity of the language if they have difficulty
expressing a certain concept/taught in a certain way, they can just use other
ways of saying those things.
4. Ascent neutralization:- everyone has an ascent. Ascent usually reflect the
place where a person comes from, that’s why it is easy if someone his Korean,
American, British e.t.c., even if they all speak in English. Ascent is also one of
the main reasons why people have a hard time understanding each other, and
does many people strive to change their ascent.
5. Vocabularies:- many people are miss understood because of using words or
expression inappropriately after change/neutralize our ascent we still need to
work on our vocabulary.
6. Organizing and idea:- At time, we encounter people who will talk about topic
A and go to topic B then go back to topic A and after words move to topic C.
They have no focus on what they will like to talk about, so the people they
want to talk to get dizzy talking to them. Try to talk about topic A first and try
to finish everything you have to say about it before moving unto another
topic.
3. Examine, using any language the relationship between language the
relationship between language and culture.
Language is a body of words aid the system for their used, common to a people who
are of the same community or nation, the same geographical area, or the same
cultural tradition. In other words.
Language is the ability t acquires and uses complex systems of
communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any
specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called
linguistics.
Culture can be define as all behaviour ways of life, arts, beliefs and institutions of a
population that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has been
called “the way of life for an entire society.”
- Knowledge and beliefs it refers to a people’s prevailing nations of readily.
- Ideas- it refers to the societal norms which defined what is expected.
- Preference-it refers to the society’s definitions of those things in life which
are attractive or unattractive as objects of desire.
One long-standing claim with respect to the relationship between language and
culture is that the structure of a language determines how he speakers of that
language view the world and also the relationship between languages and is a
deterministic one.
Another claim is that the culture of the people finds reflection in their
languages, because they value certain things and do them in a certain way. They
come to use their language in ways that show what they value and do.
Let examine the relationship between Yoruba Language and its culture.
The relationship between language and culture is deeply rooted language is
used to maintain and convey culture and cultural ties. Different ideas stem from
differing language use within Yoruba’s Culture and the whole inter-twining of these
relationships starts at once birth.
When an infant is born in Yoruba land; it is not until the child is expose to his
surroundings that he becomes individual in aid of his cultural group. From birth, the
childs life, opinions, and language are Sharped by what it comes in contact with.
Behaviours which are acceptable will vary from location to location in Yoruba land.
Thus, forming the basis of different cultures are found in Yoruba land. Therefore
everyone views are depend on the culture which has influence them has well has
been described using the Yoruba language which has been shaped by that culture.
The understanding of Yoruba culture and its people can be enhanced by the
knowledge of their language one is limited by the language use to express ones
ideas.
Different languages in Yoruba land will create different limitations, therefore a
Yoruba people who share a culture but speak different dilate will have different
world view.
Also Yoruba culture reflects on the language used. Just like everyone belief that
Yoruba are highly respected people. They talk with respect to the elderly onces.
They bend down to greet, and greet an elderly person always. Example is when a
child is talking to his/her parents, he uses expression like
Son: mummy mi, e kaabo mar
my mummy, you are welcome mar
Son: Bawo ni ise lenii?
How is work today?
Also when there is a transaction between a buyer and a seller the culture
reflect on the language use.
Buyer – A
Seller – B
A – Ekaro o
Good Morning
B - Ekaro o
Good Morning
A- Elo ni ponmo
How much is ponmo
B- A po meji ni o
They are N200 each
A- E je kin mele yii ni muri marun
Let me take this for N100
Therefore, the Yoruba culture deals with respect and it reflect in the language use
for one another. Nevertheless, there is a relationship between language and culture.
So language policy must be used to create awareness and understanding of cultural
differences and written to incorporate and cultural values of those been taught.