Name:_______________________________ Date:__________________

AP Chemistry Period________________

Chapter 5 Gases
5.1 Pressure
A. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases (KMT) (Pulled from Section 5.6)

1. Gas particles move in constant, random, rapid, straight-line motion with frequent collisions between
particles.
• Collisions between particles are “elastic” which means energy can be transferred between
particles but there is no net change in the total energy of the system
2. Gas particles themselves have negligible volume.
• The distances between particles is much larger than the dimension of the actual gas particle
itself, so the actual volume of the gas particles can be ignored.
3. Gas particles neither attract nor repel each other.
4. The average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to the Kelvin temp. of the gas sample.
• Kinetic energy of a molecule, KE = ½ mv2 where m=mass and v=velocity
The average kinetic energy of a molecule in a sample replaces “v 2” with “u2” which is the mean
square speed.

"#$ "&$
urms= ! or ! the average of the square of the speeds of all molecules in the sample
% '

For a derivation of this formula, see the last page of this packet.

4 Main Properties You Can Quantify About a Gas:

1.

2.

3.

4.

B. Pressure:

I. Gas Pressure

1
II. Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric pressure is measured by an instrument called a ______________________

Types: 1. __________________ 2. ___________________
Barometers are used to forecast weather conditions. High atmospheric pressure is
associated with clear, sunny skies. On these days, the atmosphere "pushes" down
harder on the reservoir so the column of Hg is higher inside the tube. Low atmospheric
pressure is associated with cloudy/stormy skies. On these days, the atmosphere
"pushes" down less on the reservoir so the column of Hg inside the tube is lower.

Values for Standard Atmospheric Pressure

1 atm 101,300 Pa
760 mmHg 101.3 kPa
760 torr 14.7 psi
29.92 in Hg 1.01 barr
C. Temperature:

*NOTE: At any given temperature, gas particles in a sample will have a range of kinetic energies.
Some particles will have more energy than the average and some will have less energy than the
average. As the temperature increases, there is a wider range of kinetic
energies, but most particles will move faster.

This range of kinetic energies exists in the liquid phase of matter also and helps
explain why liquids can evaporate below their boiling point temperature
(because even at low temperatures, some particles have enough kinetic
energy to break the intermolecular forces that keep them in the
liquid phase)

Initial Final

The arrows in the

diagram represent velocity
vectors

System 1 System 2 System 1 System 2

350 K 450K 400K 400K

Also, at a given temperature, lighter molecules will

tend to move faster since it takes less energy to
accelerate them.
Gas law problems ALWAYS require temperatures
to be in Kelvin (K = oC + 273)
KEavg = 3/2 RT
2
5.2 Gas Laws: show the relationship between two variables (choose from
pressure, volume, moles and temperature) while the other two are held constant.

A. Boyle’s Law:

B. Charles’ Law:

C. Avogadro’s Law:

D. Gay-Lussac’s Law:

3
 The following chart summarizes the basic gas laws.
Know this chart!
P = Pressure, V = Volume, n = moles, T = Temperature in Kelvin

RELATION TYPE WHAT

MATHEMATICAL
LAW OF OF IS GRAPH FORMULA DEMO
VARIABLES RELATION
RELATION CONSTANT

Marshmallow in a
↑P, ↓V V=k vacuum gets bigger
Boyle's Inverse T, n P1V1=P2V2
↓P, ↑V P

Inflate a balloon on
↑T, ↑V V1 = V2 a flask by heating
Charles' Direct P, n V = kT
↓T, ↓V T1 T2 flask

Inflate a balloon by
↑n, ↑V V, n V1 = V2
Avogadro's Direct V = kn blowing into it
↓n, ↓V n1 n2

Aerosol can explodes

↑T, ↑P P1 = P2
Gay-Lussac Direct P = kT in a campfire
↓T, ↓P T, P T1 T2
In case you were interested…

4
Chapter 5 Gases
5.3 Ideal Gas Law
1. What is an ideal gas?

2. What are the conditions when gases are not “ideal?” Explain why.

3. Under what conditions can real gases behave most "ideally?" Explain why.

Deriving the Ideal Gas Law:

Since:
Boyle’s Law V = k1/P
Avogadro’s Law V = k2n
Charles’ Law V = k3T

We can combine these gas laws into one to show that…

V = (k1k2k3)nT/ P

Combine k1k2k3 into a new constant, “R”(the Universal Gas Law Constant) and with
some algebra, we obtain the Ideal Gas Law:

PV = nRT

5
∗Use the Ideal Gas Law to determine a value (P,V,n, or T) for a gas at one specific set of
conditions.
∗Use the other Gas Laws (Boyle's, Charles, etc..) when you have a gas at an initial set of conditions
and then want to calculate a value (P,V,n, or T) at a different (final) set of conditions.

You try:
4. What mass of SO2(g) will be in a 4.0 L container at a pressure of 2.02 atm and a temp. of 198 K?

5. Calculate the volume of 0.50 mol of SO2 at STP. (What does STP represent?)

5.4 Ideal Gas Law with Molar Mass and Density

The ideal gas law can be rearranged to solve for molar mass (MM) and density (m/V)
PV = nRT
n= moles = mass = grams
molar mass g/mol

therefore, PV = grams(RT)
g/mol

g/mol = gramsRT
PV

Molar Mass = gRT

PV

And……. mass = density

volume

MM = gRT to show that Molar Mass = dRT and d = (MM)P

PV
P RT

o
6. The density of an unknown gas was measured at 1.50 atm and 27 C and found to be 1.95 g/L.
Calculate the MM and identify the gas.

o
7. Calculate the density of CO2 in g/L at 0.990 atm and 55 C.

6
 Gas Stoichiometry
The molar volume of a gas is ________________________. This is true at conditions of

_________pressure and ________temperature. This condition is abbreviated as _______.

This molar volume can be used as a conversion factor to be used with dimensional analysis in
solving stoichiometry problems. It can be expressed as

The biggest difference between the

stoichiometry problems that we have already
covered and “gas” stoichiometry problems is how
you convert the given information to moles at the
beginning and from moles to desired units at the
end since the amounts of gases are often reported
in liters rather than grams.

Some things to keep in mind...

1. Molarities are NOT involved when converting gases between moles and liters.

2. How you convert between moles and liters of a gas depends if the gas is at STP
conditions or not. IF it is at STP, then the molar volume will serve as the conversion factor. If it is
NOT at STP, then PV = nRT must be used to determine the gas volume.

3. The given information for gases could be grams or molecules too, so read the questions
carefully and pay attention to units and phases so you know how to start the problem.

Try this:
Nitrogen and hydrogen gas react to form ammonia gas as shown:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

8. What volume of ammonia gas will be produced when 5.25L of nitrogen reacts with 3.00 g of
hydrogen at 25.0oC and 1.05 atm pressure?

7
 Chapter 5 Gases
5.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures:

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is simply the sum of all the
partial pressures of the gases present

(Ptotal = Pgas1 + Pgas2 + Pgas3 + …)

• Since pressure is directly proportional to moles, each partial pressure in a mixture of gases can
be found by using the Ideal Gas Law to solve for Pressure:

*You could then add all these partial pressures together to get the total pressure or use the
technique shown on the next page

8
• Since all the gases in a mixture are at the same temperature and volume and pressure is
directly proportional to moles, the total pressure can be found by adding up the moles of the
different gases to get the total moles and then solving the Ideal Gas Law:

Ptot= ntotRT So the total pressure is determined

V by the total number of moles

1. A gaseous mixture made from 6.00 g O2 and 9.00 g CH4 is placed in a 15.0 L vessel at 0oC.
What is the partial pressure of each gas, and what is the total pressure in the vessel?

Or try it this way:

Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions

• Remember pressure is directly proportional to moles, so a rather simple relationship exists for
obtaining partial pressures when you have information about the moles of each gas in a
mixture

For example, if 80% of the moles in the mixture are gas A, then the partial pressure of gas A will be
80% of the total pressure.

These calculations involve a quantity called the “mole fraction”

Mole Fraction (X) = moles of one gas in the mixture

total moles of all gases in mixture

Partial Pressure = Mole Fraction x Total Pressure

(PA = XAPtot)

2. A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of methane (CH4), 0.421 mole of ethane (C2H6),
and 0.116 mole of propane (C3H8). If the total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the partial
pressure of methane?

9
3. What is the partial pressure of O2 in a dry mixture of air that is 78.08% N2, 20.95% O2, 0.93% Ar,
and 0.04% CO2 at 1.00 atm?

Collecting Gases Over Water

Since water evaporates at all temperatures, any gas you “collect over
water” will be contaminated with water vapor. The total pressure of
gas above the water will be the pressure of the gas you collected
PLUS the pressure due to water vapor.

Ptot = Pgas + PH2O

To determine Pgas, you must

subtract PH2O from Ptot

Pgas = Ptot - PH2O

*The vapor pressure due to water is very predictable and depends upon temperature. The
following data table contains the vapor pressures of water at various temperatures.
NOTE that the temperatures are in Celsius and the pressures are in kPa
(convert as needed).
Temp(oC) Press(kPa) Temp(oC) Press(kPa) Temp(oC) Press(kPa) Temp(oC) Press(kPa)
0 0.6 18 2.1 26 3.4 50 12.3
5 0.9 20 2.3 27 3.6 60 19.9
8 1.1 21 2.5 28 3.8 70 31.2
10 1.2 22 2.6 29 4.0 80 47.3
12 1.4 23 2.8 30 4.2 90 70.1
14 1.6 24 3.0 35 5.6 100 101.3
16 1.8 25 3.2 40 7.4

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4. A sample of KClO3 is decomposed, producing O2 gas that is collected over water.
The volume of O2 gas collected is 0.250 L at 26oC and 765 torr total pressure.
How many moles of O2 are collected?

*So, when you see the phrase “collected over water” you will have to correct for the
water’s vapor pressure in the problem.

5.6 Kinetic Molecular Theory

The postulates of the KMT were introduced in the 5.1-5.2 packet. You can refer to them to refresh
your memory.

Now we will try to use the KMT to explain the properties and behaviors of gases as stated in the
rest of the chapter.

1. Relationship between Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)

The KMT can be used to explain this relationship in the following way: If the volume on a gas is
decreased and the temperature and number of moles of the gas remains constant, the particles
will collide with the walls of the container more often, thus increasing the pressure of the gas.

2. Relationship between Pressure and Temperature (Gay-Lussac’s Law)

The KMT can be used to explain this relationship in the following way: If the temperature of a
gas is increased, and the volume and number of moles of the gas remains constant, the
increased kinetic energy of the particles will bring about more collisions and more forceful
collisions with the walls of the container, thus increasing pressure.

3. Relationship between Volume and Temperature (Charles’ Law)

The KMT can be used to explain this relationship in the following way: If the temperature of a
gas is increased, and the pressure and the number of moles of gas remains constant, the
increased kinetic energy of the particles will bring about more collisions and more forceful
collisions with the walls of the container. The only way to maintain a constant pressure is for
the volume of the gas to increase.

4. Relationship between Volume and Number of Moles (Avogadro’s Law)

The KMT can be used to explain this relationship in the following way: If the number of moles
of a gas is increased, and the temperature and pressure of the gas remains constant, the
increased number of particles will bring about more collisions with the walls of the container.
To maintain the constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases. This is true for any gas—
the identity of the gas does not matter—it doesn’t matter how big the actual gas particles are,
because the actual particles have a volume that is negligible compared to the overall volume of
the gas.

5. Gas Mixtures (Dalton’s Law)

The KMT can be used to explain this law in the following way: When a mixture of different
gases is in the same container, each gas exerts a pressure in the container as if it was the only
gas in the container. This is consistent with the KMT which states that gas particles have no
attractive or repulsive forces with one another and that the actual sizes (volumes) of the gas
particles is insignificant compared to the overall volume that the gas occupies. It doesn’t matter
what the gases are in the mixture. They act as if they are in there alone.

11
6. Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT)
There is a LOVELY, detailed derivation of this based on the movement of gas particles in
Appendix 2 of your textbook page A13. Basically what this is telling us is that if you compare
the Ideal Gas Law Equation which is derived experimentally, with the expression that is derived
based on the KMT, you end up with the same relationships. This is good news! It means that
we can feel a sense of confidence in relying on this model.

7. Understanding Temperature (Significance of Kelvin)

The KMT states that average KE of the gas particles is expressed by the Kelvin temperature of
() .
the gas. Mathematically this can be expressed as: = 𝑅𝑇 = 𝐾𝐸123
* "
"
This gives us 𝐾𝐸123 = 𝑅𝑇 . This relationship shows us that the average KE of the particles is
.
directly related to the Kelvin Temperature—Higher temperature leads to more molecular
motion.

8. Root Mean Square Velocity (𝒖𝒓𝒎𝒔 )

We know the relationship between KE and particle movement to be represented by the
8
following equation: 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 . With respect to the KMT, the average velocity is expressed
.
8
by a slightly different variable. The symbol 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝒖𝟐 is used instead. 𝒖𝟐 is referred to as
.
the “mean square speed” and is the average of the squares of the velocities of the particles.
The square root of this value is 𝑢 . = 𝒖𝒓𝒎𝒔 , which is called the “root mean square speed.” If
we rearrange the equation for the KE of particles above and the equation relating KE to Kelvin
Temperature, we end

𝟑𝑹𝑻
up with the following equation : 𝒖𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝑴

In order to get units of velocity as the answer (m/s), the “R” value must be given as 8.315 J/mol
K because a Joule can also be expressed as kg m2/s2.

5.7 Graham’s Law of Effusion

5. Diffusion:

6. Effusion:

Smaller particles tend to effuse faster because...

1. smaller particles move faster (at a given

temperature) so they bounce around more and have
more chances to “hit” the hole and leave.

2. smaller particles can fit through the hole easier.

Graham’s Law:
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒔𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒂𝒔𝟐
= G
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒔𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒂𝒔𝟏 12
7. How much faster does hydrogen effuse compared to helium?

8. The rate of effusion of CO2 is 3.3 m/s. What is the rate of effusion of NH3?

Special Note**
Effusion describes particles that pass from a highly concentrated situation through a pinhole into an
evacuated container.
Diffusion, however is a bit more complicated because it involves molecules travelling through the
air. One must take into consideration the gas particles colliding with the oxygen and nitrogen
molecules that are in the air, slowing down their rate of diffusion.

An alternate approach…

It is possible to rearrange Graham’s Law to solve for molar masses when given effusion times.

One important consideration must be made though!

Rate of effusion refers to the number of particles passing through the hole per unit time. Rates are
inversely proportional to times. For example, if only a few particles pass through a hole per unit
time (the value for rate is small), but the amount of time it takes for all the gas particles to effuse will
be long (the value for time is large) so rate and time are inversely proportional and the equation
must be changed as shown below:

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟐

= =
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟐 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟏

Example:
9. It takes 1.50 minutes for an unknown gas containing only hydrogen and carbon to effuse
through a porous barrier. It takes 4.73 minutes for bromine gas to effuse under the same
temperature and pressure conditions. What is the molar mass of the unknown gas?

13
 5.8 Real Gases

• Ideal gases don’t truly exist. Real gases can approach the
behavior of ideal gases at certain conditions of pressure and
temperature. What conditions?___________________

()
• For an ideal gas, PV=nRT. So that means that = 1 at
*#$
any conditions. The graph to the right demonstrates how
()
is dependent upon P of a gas. What analysis can you
*#$
make?

• This graph to the right demonstrates how ideal behavior is

affected by temperature. What analysis can you make?

• What conclusions can be drawn about the effect of T and P

on ideal behavior of real gases?

• The van der Waals equation corrects the Ideal gas law for the behavior of real gases.

*O 1
𝑃KLM + 𝑥 𝑉 − 𝑛𝒃 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
)O

corrected P corrected V

Where 𝒂 and 𝒃 are the van der Waals constants.

5.9 Relationship between IMF’s and Ideal Gas Behavior

The stronger the intermolecular attractions are between the molecules in a gas, the more the gas will
deviate from ideal behavior under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

You should brush up on the different types of IMF’s that can exist between molecules (Chapter 10)
and what factors affect their strengths.

14
 Chapter 5 Gas Laws Key Equations
Equation
Boyle’s law. For calculating pressure or
P1V1=P2V2
volume changes.
𝑉8 𝑉. Charles’s law. For calculating
=
𝑇8 𝑇. temperature or volume changes
𝑃8 𝑃. Gay Lussac’s law. For calculating
=
𝑇8 𝑇. temperature or pressure changes.
V=kn Avogradro’s Law. Constant P and T.
PV=nRT Ideal gas equation.
𝑃8 𝑉8 𝑃. 𝑉. For calculating changes in pressure,
=
𝑛8 𝑇8 𝑛. 𝑇. temperature, volume, or amount of gas.
𝑃8 𝑉8 𝑃. 𝑉. For calculating changes in pressure,
= temperature, or volume when n (moles)
𝑇8 𝑇.
is constant.
%%( For calculating density or molar mass of
d=
#$ a gas.
𝑛V Definition of mole fraction.
𝑋V =
𝑛$
Dalton’s law of partial pressures. For
Pi =XiPT
calculating partial pressures.
Relating the average kinetic energy of a
KE =1/2mv2
particle or object to its mass and speed.
Relating the average kinetic energy of a
KE =3/2RT
gas sample to its absolute temperature.
"#$ For calculating the root-mean-square
urms =
% speed of gas molecules
WX %O Graham’s law of diffusion and effusion.
=
WO %X
1*O van der Waals equation. For calculating
(P + O )(V-nb)=nRT
) the pressure of a non-ideal gas.

15