A.
B.
C.
D.
YES, TWO
Cd – (change directory) perform change directory.
cd / - perform change directory to main catalogue.
cd – perform change directory to home catalogue.
cd / - perform change directory to main catalogue
PART 2: FIND COMMAND
PART 3: Users & Group Management
We should perform create operation by using a mkdir command.
PART 4: Permissions
~
PART 5: Alias
PART 6: System update and apt usage
PART 7: Ifconfing and address settings
PART 8: Remote control and Telnet Services
PART 9: SSH Connection
Connection established via Teminus app.
We can observe connection between my phone (IP [Link]) and ssh server [Link]
PART 10: Apache Web Server
PART 11: VSFTPD
~
FTP doesn’t have encryption so it’s always plaintext.
PART 12: Gzip
PART 13: Questions
It’s a bunch of directories where are storage all system files. For example in directories such an as:
- Home – we can find all users catalouges
- Etc – configuration files (“everything to configure”)
- Srv – data of services running on the system
• Encoding - process of converting data, information or an instruction into a particular form.
• Hashing - process of transforming and assigning a numeric string to a piece of data by
applying a function whose output values are all the same number of bits in length.
• Symmetric Encryption – an algorithm that encrypt and decrypt plaintext by using the same
keys.
• Asymmetric Encryption – process that uses a pair of related keys -- one public key and one
private key -- to encrypt and decrypt a message and protect it from unauthorized access or
use.
• Why?
Security Settings: SSH configuration files allow administrators to specify security settings such as
which users are allowed to connect, what authentication methods are permitted (passwords, public
keys, etc.), and which IP addresses or ranges are allowed to connect.
Port Configuration: Administrators can modify the configuration file to specify a different port for SSH
connections. It’s recommended to change SSH port from 22 to another.
Protocol Versions: Administrators can configure the SSH server to only accept SSH2 connections by
modifying the configuration file. SSH2 is more secure and recommended over SSH1 due to various
vulnerabilities found in SSH1.
Logging and Monitoring: Modifying these settings helps in auditing and troubleshooting SSH
connections. Configuration files allow administrators to specify logging and monitoring settings for
SSH connections.
Customization and Optimization: Administrators can tweak parameters such as connection timeouts,
encryption algorithms, compression settings, and more to optimize SSH performance and security.
SSH configuration files offer a range of options for customization and optimization based on specific
system requirements and preferences.
The kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system and generally has
complete control over every task in the system.
• Set Network Setting in both machines to Bridge – it allows those two machines to “see” each
other.
• Display IP addresses of those machines and ping them. To check if they can communicate.
• Run on one of the machine, server service, for example SSH and configurate it.
• Check service status
• Check open ports. For SSH by default it’s 22
• Connect client machine with server machine by using command ssh
username@IP_address_of_the_server.
• Server will ask for password to log in to user account.
• Connection supposed to be established between particular user and the server.
A ping is a basic Internet program that allows a user to test and verify if a particular destination IP
address exists and respond.
Each number is assigned to particular permission as follows:
-rwx – 7 permission to read, write and execute
- r – 4 permission to read;
- w – 2 permission to write
- x – 1 permission to execute
In total those three permissions give 7 the highest type.
During granting permissions we have to define what kind of mentioned permission we want to assing
to user / group /others. For example if we want to grant all permissions to user/ group / and other
then we define it as 777.
Yes, we can
• Telnet - a network protocol that allows a user on one computer to log into another computer
that is part of the same network.
• SSH - The Secure Shell Protocol (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating
network services securely over an unsecured network. Its most notable applications are
remote login and command-line execution.
• Crontab - Crontab, which is short for cron table, is a file containing the schedule of various
cron entries that should be run at specified times.
• FTP - standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server
to a client on a computer network.
• SFTP - a network protocol that provides file access, file transfer, and file management over
any reliable data stream.
• Gzip tar - gzip compresses only a single file and is therefore often used in combination with
the Unix tar utility when more than one file must be compressed. Tar combines multiple files
into one archive, and gzip compresses that single archive, creating a file with the extension
.tar.
• Bash - command processor that typically runs in a text window where the user types
commands that cause actions. Bash can also read and execute commands from a file, called a
shell script.
• Apache - HTTP Server is a free and open-source web server that delivers web content
through the internet. It is commonly referred to as Apache and after development, it quickly
became the most popular HTTP client on the web.