Lecture #3
D-wall, Caisson & Well foundation
Types of deep foundations
Deep
foundations
Caisson &
Diaphragm
Pile well
wall
foundation
Soil Soil Well Caisson
Other
displacement replacement foundation fondation
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall (Slurry wall)
Diaphragm wall (D-wall): Fields of application:
A wall is created under the
ground level Retaining structure of
(deep) excavations
Construction sequences: Side wall of underground
Soil excavation levels of buildings
Temporary support of Deep foundation
trench („panel”) is provided (deep groundwater barrier)
by bentonite slurry
Placement of
reinforcement
Concreting
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall > Excavation
Guide wall is built in
advance
Trench excavation
(under bentonite
slurry)
Removal of previous
„end stop”
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall > Conreteing
Inserting „end stop”
placement of
reinforcement
Concreteing (under
bentonite slurry, using
tremie pipe)
Excavation of
subsequent panel
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall > Excavation
Excavation techniques:
mechanical grab (clamshell)
cable hung
kelly bar
hydraulic grab (clamshell)
hydromill or hydrofraise
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall > Cable hung clam
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall > Hydraulic grab
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall > Excavation
> Hydrofraise (for hard soils or rock)
Rotary drum cutters excavate the soil
(or rock).
The cuttings (and slurry) are removed
through reverse circulation pumps.
The cuttings are removed from the
slurry in a desanding plant.
Fresh (clean) slurry is added at the top
of the trench.
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall > Excavation
> Hydrofraise
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall > Excavation
> Hydrofraise
1. Fraiser 6. Soil
2. Pump 7. Pump
3. Desanding 8. Slurry mixer
4. Tank 9. Bentonite
5. Pump 10. Water supply
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall > Excavation
> Hydrofraise
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall
> Bentonite slurry
Bentonite slurry: Role:
Mixture of water and Protection against
bentonite (very fine groundwater inflow
particles, mostly Trench wall support
montmorillonite)
Density: 1.03-1.12
g/cm3
sin 2φ
L ⋅γ − ⋅z c
σx = ⋅ K a ⋅ (1 − e L
)− ⋅ (1 − K a )
sin 2φ tgφ
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall
> Reinforcment
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall
> Connection of panels
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall
> Advantages - limitations
Advantages: Limitations:
flexible geometry Very stiff rock
high bearing capacity Very soft soils (trench
small settlements stability problem; e.g.
horizontal + vertical
soft clay, organic
bearing capacity material, liquefiable
sand)
can be constructed
Cavities
under groundwater
Remains of old buildings
minimal dynamic effect
Public utilities
multiple function
(retaining structure
during construction +
foundation + side wall
Deep foundation > Diaphragm wall
Types of deep foundations
Deep
foundations
Caisson &
Diaphragm
Pile well
wall
foundation
Soil Soil Well Caisson
Other
displacement replacement foundation fondation
Deep foundation > Well foundation
WELL FOUNDATION
Footing beam
GWL
Soft
Well soil
foundation layer
Stiff soil layer
Deep foundation > Well foundation
WELL FOUNDATION
Superstructure
Footing
beam
Well foundations
Deep foundation > Well foundation
Deep foundation > Well foundation
> construction sequences
Placement of
precast Sinking and Bottom Conreting
segments excavation slab (plug)
Superstructure
Well foundation
Deep foundation > Well foundation – types
Skin friction reduction
Cylindrical Cylindrical with Conical Conical with
enlarged base enlarged base
CUTTING EDGE TYPES
Reinforced With outer steel edge
concrete Geometry of enlarged base
Deep foundation > Well foundation > Advantages
Advantages:
large diameter
similar to piles, but shorter
if large bearing capacity soil (rock) is between 3-7 m,
it can be very effective
if loads are not too large, but the upper 3-7 m of the
soil is not appropriate, can be applied effectively
Types of deep foundations
Deep
foundations
Caisson &
Diaphragm
Pile well
wall
foundation
Soil Soil Well Caisson
Other
displacement replacement foundation fondation
Deep foundation > Caisson foundation
Deep foundation > Caisson foundation
Deep foundation > Caisson foundation
Deep foundation > Caisson foundation
Deep foundation > Caisson foundation
Deep foundation
> Caisson foundation