@) SETH ANANDRAM MY JATPURIA SCHOOL é. ¢ PHYSICS investigatory project: STUDY OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE oD NAME: Ansh Kaushik CLASS: XII-F BOARD ROLL 21681685CERTIFICATE This certifies that Ansh Kaushik, student of a student of Class XII-F has successfully completed the project titled “Working & Application of a Wheatstone Bridge”. This achievement was realized under the mentorship of Ms. Ragini Srivastava during the academic year 2025-26. The project is deemed as a suitable endeavour for the final project for the subject of Physics in Class XII. It is further certified that this project is the individual work of the candidate.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to take this opportunity to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Ms. Ragini Srivastava, my esteemed physics mentor, whose unwavering assistance, and guidance were pivotal in the successful completion of this project. His depth of knowledge, patient explanations, and insightful feedback significantly contributed to the project's development. | am truly fortunate to have had the privilege of learning under his expertise. Additionally, | would like to thank my peers for their valuable discussions and feedback that further enriched this endeavour. Finally, | am grateful to my family for their constant encouragement and support throughout this academic journey.TABLE OF CONTENTS $.NO. TITLE PAGE NO. x Aim 5 z Components of Wheatstone Bridge 6 3. Circuit Construction 6 4. Working principle of Wheatstone Bridge ? 5. Equational Form 8 6. Example Circuit 9 a Applications of Wheatstone Bridge 10 8. Limitations of Wheatstone Bridge 11 9. Summary 12 10. Precautions 13. 18. Bibliography 14AIM To explore the structure, operation, and practical application of a Wheatstone Bridge. bMATERIALS REQUIRED & CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS REQUIRED: 1. Two resistors (with known resistance value) 2. variable resistor (a device like rheostat) [Link]/DC source [Link] [Link] wires CONSTRUCTION: The Wheatstone Bridge is a specific bridge-type arrangement comprising four resistors, of which three possess predetermined values, while one retains an undisclosed value. The resistors, denoted as R:, Rx, and Rs, are recognized components, with R; being adjustable, and the resistor Rx signifies the quantity to be determined. In this configuration, a galvanometer (V,) is interposed between points B and D, while a direct current (DC) source is connected between points A and C.WORKING PRINCIPLE OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE As per the Wheatstone Bridge principle, if the ratio of the two resistances (Ri/R2) on one side is. equivalent to the ratio of the two resistances. (R3/Rx) on the opposite side, there will be no flow of current between the midpoints of the two resistance edges. This specific state of the bridge is referred to as the Balanced Bridge Condition. Under this Balanced Bridge Condition, the current passing through the galvanometer becomes zero, and the voltage difference between points B and D also becomes zero. Consequently, the voltage levels at both points are identical.EQUATIONAL FORM When expressing equations for the balanced bridge condition, it would appear as follows: Ry/Rz = R3/Ry Ry, x Ry = Ro x Rs Rx = (Ra x Ra)/Ra The detection of zero current in the galvanometer holds significant precision. Thus, depending on the precision of the known values, the unknown resistance can be determined with the utmost accuracy and precision. In the Wheatstone Bridge experiment, it is essential for one resistor to remain variable to achieve a balanced condition. The circuit operates optimally when a regulated voltage source is utilized, rather than a current source with repelling characteristics.EXAMPLE CIRCUIT Let’s consider the below circuit where the bridge is in an unbalanced condition, and we need to calculate the voltage difference between Q: and Q: that is volt and hence the value of Rg needed to make the bridge balanced. Example of a Wheatstone bridge as per the voltage division law Vqi=(Ra/(Ra+Ry))V., where V, = 100 V (voltage source) Putting values of R3=40 Ohms,R1=50 Ohms and V,=100 Volts, we get Vq, = 44.4 Volts Similarly, Vq2=(Ra/(Ra+Rz2))V; putting the values of R4=50 Ohms,R2=100 Ohms and Vs=100 V we get, Vq2= 33.3 V. Thus, potential difference can be found as; V = Vqi-Vq2= 44.4-33.3V=>V=11.1V For a balanced bridge, we'll now find suitable resistance in Rq: Re = R2 (Ra/R,) = 80 2 Therefore, R, = 80 0 is the resistance of the resistor which should be used to make this bridge balanced.APPLICATIONS OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE Utilized in light-detecting devices, the Wheatstone Bridge proves valuable for measuring changes in pressure and strain within a circuit. It finds application in the sensing of both mechanical and electrical quantities. Photo resistive devices employ this circuit. Moreover, thermometers utilize the Wheatstone Bridge for accurate temperature measurements. Additionally, values such as capacitance, inductance, and impedance can be measured with slight variations in the Wheatstone Bridge circuit.LIMITATIONS OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE Despite its numerous advantages, the Wheatstone Bridge also has a few limitations, including: * Readings may be inaccurate when the bridge is in an unbalanced condition. © The range of measurable resistance varies from a few ohms to megaohms. * It lacks susceptibility to high DC currents.SUMMARY Invented in 1833 and popularized in 1840, the Wheatstone Bridge is considered one of the best methods for measuring resistance due to its reliance on fundamental mathematical ratios. This accurate standard, combined with the sensitivity of modern voltmeters, allows for resistance measurements within a precision of 0.05%. Many calibration laboratories continue to employ this method to this day. While the Wheatstone Bridge can be replaced by newer technologies, its enduring simplicity and versatility make it an indispensable component of modern technology.PRECAUTIONS 1) Thoroughly cleanse the connecting wires. 2) Ensure the jockey is held perpendicular to the wire. 3) Avoid extended periods of jockey-wire connection. 4) Ensure all connections are tidy and securely fastened to guarantee accurate and meticulous outcomes.BIBLOGRAPHY Sites: L[Link] ge [Link]://[Link]/physics/wheatstone-bridge/ Books: 4. NCERT 12th class 2. Physics Practical book