Category for hurricane
Windspeed
119-153
Pressure(mb or hPa)
>950
Category for hurricane
Windspeed
154-177
Storm surge
1.2-1.5
Pressure(mb or hPa)
>979-965
Storm surge
1.8-2.4
Category for hurricane
Windspeed
178-208
Pressure(mb or hPa)
>964-945
1.8-2.4
Storm surge
2.7-3.8
Category for hurricane
Windspeed
209-251
Storm surge
3.9-5.6
Pressure(mb or hPa)
>944-920
Category for hurricane
Windspeed
>252
Pressure(mb or hPa)
Less than 920
Storm surge
Greater than 5.7
Short term impact of topical cyclones
Physical the damage to property caused by high winds heavy rainfall and
storm surges along coast
2 social the number of people killed or injured the disruption of communities
and their normal way of life any decline in the quality of life
3economic the disruption and destruction of businesses transport links and
services
4 environment landslides soil erosion upset ecosystem prolonged flooding
n.b primary impact are direct and immediate result of physical impacts and
killing injured of people whereas the secondary impacts are due to social
importants
quality and efficient recovery management in the storm hit areas
-having a fair amount of warning time
-a management strategy that suits local circumstances
-effective managers who direct relief operation
Tectonic plates and their movement
What are plates
They are rigid lithospheric blocks composed of earth crust very thin layer of
upper mantle
The convection currents
They are constantling moving
Three types of plates
Major
Minor
Micro
Major plates an area greater than 20 million kmsquare
Minor plates an area less than 20 million kmsquare but greater than 1
million kmsquare
Micro plate with an area less than 1 million kmsquare
Tectonic plate movement
-two plates are moving apart
Two plates are moving towards each other
Types of plates margin or boundary
Plate tectonic margins are the plates where plates meet
The plates movement create four different types of plate margin
Constructive boundary
Convergent boundary (destructive)
Convergent boundary (collision)
Conservative boundary
Rift valley
Can form where earth tectonic plates move apart or rift
Can form both on land and at the bottom
Destructive or convergent margin
Two plates moving toward each other
The edges of one plate margin is being destroy as it beneath the other plate
that is meeting this is called subduction
Molten rocks rise to the surface to form volcano
Collison margin
Two contental plates which equal density and strength meet head on
The sediment between them are squeezed upwards and form folded
mountain
Conservative or transfom margin
Two plates are moving sideway past each other or are moving in the same
direction but at different speed
There is neither rising magma here nor subduction so there is no volcano
The friction between the plates gives rises to earthquake
Volcanic eruption
Tectonic plates
They shape the landscape
By creating new rocks and forming mountains and rift valleys
By processes of volcanic activity earthquake and folding and faulting
Volcanic region and hot spot
They are location beneath the earth crust where strong and rising current of
magma (known as plumes) occur
Where the crust above a plume is weak volcanic activity occurs as in the
Hawaiian islands
Distribution
Volcanoes and earthquake occur along the tectonic plate boundaries
Along the destructive plate margins that fringe the pacific ocean(pacific ring
of fire)
Along the Africa rift valley which coincides with the constructive plate margin
The shores of the pacific ocean
Volcanic eruption
Volcanoes formed at the constructive margin have more gentle regular and
frequent eruption
Volcanoes forms at destructive margins are much more violent infrequent
and irregular
Lava flows
Destroy everything they move over but they rarely extend for more than 10
km from a volcano
Ash can be carried hundreds of miles in the atmosphere close to a volcano
where ash is thickest it can choke people and animals and form uch thick
layers that can cause roofs to collapse
Gas sulphur carbon dioxide and cyanide emited during eruption can kill
people and animals
Pyroclastic flows are super heated clouds of gas rock that come out from
eruption of volcano are extremely hazardous
Tsunamis can caused by submarine volcanic eruption
Measurement of the intensity of volcanic eruption volcanic explosivity
index(vei)
Vei based on erupted volume of material
1 up on the index = 10x as large
Myanmar has some volcanoes which
Is related to subduction of the indo Australian plate ender the eurasian
tectonic plate
Are either extinct or domant type
Has generally three volcanic lines trending north south
Jade mones area in myitkyina district wuntho area in katha distant lower
Chindwin, monywa ,
Impacts of volcanic eruption
Primary impacts bulding roads and crops are destroyed by lava flows
Death and injuries resulting directly from the outpouring of lava ash and gas
Contiamination of water supplies by ash falling on them
Secondary impacts
Lahars created by mixing of volcanc ash and mud with rainwater or melting
snow
Fires started by lava and pyroclastic flows
The phychological truma of losing family members and friends
Earthquake
It is sudden and brief period of intense ground shaking that can be both
verticaladhorzintal
The centre of the earthquake underground is called the focus ( hypocenter)
The point on the surface above the focus is the epicentre
Shockwaves travek outward from the focus
Causes
Earthquake are associated with all types of plate margin but they are more
frequent at
-destructive margin
-conservative or transform margin
Characteristics
The strength of the earthquake are the strongest close to epicentre
The amount of damage depends on the depth of focus and the type of rock
[Link] the are a affected isc lose to the focus(epicetre) and the underlain rock
is soft (weak)the damage will be worst
Shock waves “liquefy(behaving like a liquid) soft rocks which lose their
capacityofload bearing and the foundation of structures will be collapse
If the design of structure is poor the damage is worse than it shouls be and
people will be killed due to the failure of building
Earthquake rupture gas pipes and breakes electricity cables
Earthquakes under ser can generate very large and destrusitive wave todal
waves called “tsunamis”
Measurement of earthquake
Three different are used to measure the earthquake strength
[Link] Mercalli scale(introduced by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902
2Richter scale(introduced by Charles richter in 1935)
[Link] magnitude scale(introduced by hiroo anamori and thamos C
hantle 1979)
Factors that influence the amount of damager and destruction caused by
natural disater
-scale and destructive energy of natural diaster
-the size of the area affected
-the density of population in the area affected
-how long the event last
-the degree to which people are warned in advance of the event
-the degree to which people are prepared for a possible natura hazard
The ability of a country or region to cope with the aftermath of a hazard both
immediately and in a longer term(a lack of capital / technology)why natural
often have the worse impact on developing countries
Impact of earthquake
Primary impacts(immediate effects)
Are due to the direct result of ground shaking
Collapsed building and people killed or injured by falling masonry
Broken water, gas and sewage pipelines
Down electric power lines
Secondary impact(effect that happen later on)
Tsunamis
Aftershocks
Fires due to ruptured gas mains
Earthquake hazards in Myanmar
Myanmar is an earthquake prone country
It lies in a major earthquake belt of the world called mediterranean
Himalayan belt that accounts for 15% of the word earthquake
Three region of earthquake epicentre concentration(regional seismic zones
The first one lies along the eastern foorhills of Rakhine yoma
January project
Describe the location of your hazard
How is it fromed
What is the strength of it
Which scale and device are used
What are the social environmental and economic impacts
How can they resist recover and renovate their damage