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Amplifier Configurations and Differential Amplifier

The document outlines three basic transistor amplifier configurations: Common Base (CB), Common Emitter (CE), and Common Collector (CC), each with distinct input/output characteristics and applications. It also describes the MOSFET differential amplifier, which amplifies the difference between two input signals while rejecting common signals, and includes key equations and applications. Overall, it highlights the importance of these configurations in electronic circuits, particularly in operational amplifiers.

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4 views3 pages

Amplifier Configurations and Differential Amplifier

The document outlines three basic transistor amplifier configurations: Common Base (CB), Common Emitter (CE), and Common Collector (CC), each with distinct input/output characteristics and applications. It also describes the MOSFET differential amplifier, which amplifies the difference between two input signals while rejecting common signals, and includes key equations and applications. Overall, it highlights the importance of these configurations in electronic circuits, particularly in operational amplifiers.

Uploaded by

abhisheksingh77771
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Transistor Amplifier Configurations & MOSFET Differential Amplifier

1. Basic Amplifier Configurations


An amplifier is an electronic circuit that increases the magnitude of a signal.
A transistor can act as an amplifier in three configurations: Common Base (CB), Common Emitter
(CE), and Common Collector (CC).

1. Common Base (CB) Amplifier:


- Base terminal is common for input and output.
- Input: Emitter-Base; Output: Collector-Base.
- Current gain < 1, Voltage gain high.
- Input impedance: Low; Output impedance: High.
- Phase shift: 0 degrees.
- Used in high-frequency amplifiers.

2. Common Emitter (CE) Amplifier:


- Emitter terminal is common.
- Input: Base-Emitter; Output: Collector-Emitter.
- Provides both voltage and current gain.
- Input impedance: Moderate; Output impedance: Moderate-High.
- Phase shift: 180 degrees.
- Most widely used general-purpose amplifier configuration.

3. Common Collector (CC) Amplifier (Emitter Follower):


- Collector terminal is common.
- Input: Base-Collector; Output: Emitter-Collector.
- Voltage gain ~ 1, Current gain high.
- Input impedance: High; Output impedance: Low.
- Phase shift: 0 degrees.
- Used as buffer and for impedance matching.

2. Comparison Table
| Config | Input Z | Output Z | Voltage Gain | Current Gain | Phase | Use |
|---------|----------|-----------|---------------|---------------|--------|------|
| CB | Low | High | High | ~1 | 0 deg | RF/High-freq |
| CE | Medium | High | High | High | 180 deg | General-purpose |
| CC | High | Low | ~1 | High | 0 deg | Buffer/Impedance match |

3. MOSFET Differential Amplifier


A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input signals and rejects any common
signal.

Circuit:
- Two matched NMOS transistors M1, M2 with a constant current source at the tail.
- Drain resistors RD connect to VDD.
- Inputs: Vin1 and Vin2 applied to gates of M1 and M2 respectively.
- Outputs taken at drains (Vout1, Vout2).

Operation:
- For Vin1 = Vin2: ID1 = ID2 = Itail/2.
- For Vin1 > Vin2: M1 conducts more, M2 less, causing differential output.

Small Signal Analysis:


Let Vid = Vin1 - Vin2, transconductance gm.
id1 = gm/2 * Vid, id2 = -gm/2 * Vid
Vout differential = Vod = gm * RD * Vid
Hence, Differential gain Ad = gm * RD
Single-ended gain Av = -(gm * RD)/2

Common Mode Operation:


For Vin1 = Vin2 = Vcm, ideal output = 0 (CMRR is infinite ideally).

Frequency Response:
At high frequency, parasitic capacitances (Cgs, Cgd) cause roll-off.
Cut-off frequency fH = 1 / (2 * pi * Rout * Ceq)

Key Equations:
id1 = Itail/2 + (gm/2)Vid
id2 = Itail/2 - (gm/2)Vid
Vod = gm * RD * Vid
Ad = gm * RD
Acm = RD / (2 * RSS)
CMRR = Ad / Acm

Applications:
- Input stage of Operational Amplifiers
- Instrumentation amplifiers
- Sensor signal conditioning

4. Summary
Amplifier configurations (CB, CE, CC) define how a transistor amplifies voltage, current or both.
The differential amplifier, especially MOSFET-based, forms the heart of op-amps, allowing
differential signal amplification and common-mode rejection.

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