MT 21_CAD/CAM 3(1-2)
Lecture: Week 7 Chapter 6 Continued
&
Chapter 7 (Surfaces)
Than Lin, Ph.D.
Instructor, Undergraduate Program
Asian Institute of Technology
CAD/CAM 3(1-2), AIT-UG (January’ 2013)
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NONUNIFORM RATIONAL B-SPLINE (NURBS)
A nonuniform rational B-spline curve, or simply a NURBS curve. It’s similar
t a nonuniform
to if B-spline
B li curve in i that
th t it uses the
th same blending
bl di functions
f ti derived
d i d
from the nonuniform knots as those of nonuniform B-spline curves.
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Properties
- A NURBS curve (Eq 6.51)
6 51) passes through the first and last control
points if nonperiodic knots are used.
-The
The tangent vector at the starting point is in the same direction as
P1 – P0 and at the ending point it is in the same directions as
Pn – Pn-1.
-The NURBS equation is a general form that can represent both
B-spline and Bezier curves.
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Advantages over a B-spline equation
- Increasing the value of the homogenerous coordinate of a control
point has the effect of drawing a curve toward the control point.
-The
The conic curves – circles,
circles ellipses,
ellipses parabolas and hyperbolas can
be exactly represented by NURBS equations.
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Fig 6.8
C
Controll points
i off a
NURBS curve
equivalent to a
circular arc.
To demonstrate how to derive the NURBS representation of conic curves,
An example is shown for presenting order, the coordinates of the control
points (including the homogeneous coordinates), and the knot values of
the NURBS curve equivalent to a circular arc.
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Example 6.6
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Example 6.7
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Mid-Term Exam
-Bring
Bring ID Card
- Open Book
- Textbook, Lecture Notes,
Quizs
- Calculator
- Geometry Set
Chapter 1 to Chapter 6
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Chapter 7
Reading Exercise
Representation and
Manipulation
of Surfaces
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What Is It?
The ways and means to define and manipulate 3D surfaces
surfaces, used by geometric
modeling systems to store surfaces such as faces in a B-Rep.
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Types of Surface Equations
Implicit
Describe a surface by equations relating to the X, Y, Z coordinates.
Advantages:
C
Compact; t EEasy tto check
h k if a point
i tbbelongs
l tto th
the surface.
f
Disadvantages:
· Difficult for surface evaluation.
· Difficult for partial surface definition (1/4 of a sphere).
Parametric
Represent the X, Y, Z coords as a function of two parameter.
Advantages:
· Easy for surface evaluation.
· Convenient for partial surface definition.
· Manyy others such as easy
y for manipulation.
p
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Parametric Surfaces
S(u,v) = [x(u,v), y(u,v), z(u,v)]T with umin
i < u <u
umax and vmin
i < v < vmax
In most surfaces, the intervals for u and v are [0,1].
Surfaces can be modeled by a group of surface patches.
A surface patch has the following boundary conditions:
• 4 corner vectors – S(0,0), S(0,1), S(1,0), S(1,1)
• 8 tangent vectors – 2 at each corner, Su(u,v), Sv(u,v)
• 4 twist vectors at the corners - Suv(u,v)
• 4 boundary curves – u = 0, u = 1, v = 0, v = 1.
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Parametric Surfaces
Basic Terminologies of Parametric Surface S(u,v)
Sv(0,1) S(a,1)
S(u,1) ∂S
Su ( u , v ) =
Corner S(0,1)
S(0 1) ∂u ( u ,v )
Sv(a,b) Corner S(1,1) Sv(1,1)
n
Su(0,1)
S(0,v) Su(a,b) ∂S
Su(1,1)
(1 1) Sv ( u , v ) =
S(1 b)
S(1,b) ∂u ( u ,v )
S(0,b) S(u,b)
S(a,v) S(1,v)
Sv(1,0) Su(1,0)
Su ( a , b ) × S v ( a , b )
Sv(0,0) Su(0,0) n=
Su ( a , b ) × S v ( a , b )
S(a,0) Corner S(1,0)
S(u,0)
Corner S(0,0)
1. S(u,b) and S(a,v) are iso-parametric curves at v=b and u=a respectively.
2. n is the unit normal vector at (u,v) = (a,b).
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Classification of Surfaces
Bi-linear
Bi linear Patch
Ruled Patch
Hermite Patch
Bezier Patch
B-Spline Patch
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Bi-linear Patch
The simplest surface defined by 4 points in space
Input
Four points P0,0, P0,1, P1,0, P1,1
Output
A surface S(u,v) with four corners S(0,0), S(0,1), S(1,0), and
S(1 1) att th
S(1,1) the ffour given
i points
i t
Definition
Each of the X, Y, and Z components is a bi-linear function of u and v
Example
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Ruled Surface
The simplest surface defined by two curves
Input
Two curves Q0(u) and Q1(u) (0≤u≤1)
Output
A surface S(u,v) with its two boundary curves S(u,0) and S(u,1)
identical to Q0(u) and Q1(u) respectively.
Definition
Example
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Hermite Patch
Similar to Hermite curve, non-intuitive algebraic coefficients aij need to be replaced by
geometric coefficients like corner points and tangents. There are 16 unknowns aij,
so we need 16 boundary vectors in order to find them.
12 intuitive vectors
4 more boundary vectors (twist vectors)
((usually
y set to zero vectors if difficult to decide))
Compute the Hermite form
1. Compute the derivatives of the bicubic surface
2. Plug in the 16 boundary vectors and solve the linear equations for aij
3. Rearrange into the Hermite Form
Major properties
– Boundary curves are Hermite
– Iso-parametric curves are Hermite
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Drawbacks of Hermite Patch
It is not easy and not intuitive to predict surface shape according to changes in
magnitude of the tangents (partial derivatives) at the four corners. In addition,
the four cross-derivatives Suv(0, 0), Suv(0, 1) and Suv(1, 0) most of time are not
known.
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Bezier Surface
Definition
Pij: the control points that form a (n+1) by (m+1) control mesh
n: the degree of the surface in u direction
m: the degree of the surface in v direction
Properties
How to evaluate
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Drawbacks of Bezier Surface
High degree
The degree is determined by the number of control points which tend to be large
for complicated surfaces. This causes oscillation as well as increases the
p
computation burden.
Non-local modification control
When modifying a control point, the designer wants to see the shape change
locally around the moved control point. In Bezier patch case, moving a control
point affects the shape of the entire surface, and thus the portions on the surface
not intended to change
change.
Intractable linear equations
If we are iinterested
t t d iin iinterpolation
t l ti rather
th than
th jjustt approximating
i ti a shape,
h we
will have to compute control points from points on the surface. This leads to
systems of linear equations, and solving such systems can be impractical when the
degree of the surface is large.
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B-Spline
p Surface
Definition
Pij: the control points that form a (n+1) by (m+1) control mesh
k: the order of the basis functions in u direction
l: the order of the basis functions in v direction
U = {s
{ 0, …, sn+k} iis the knots vector in
i u-direction
i i
V = {t0, …, tn+l} is the knots vector in v-direction
Examples
a 6 by 6 patch
Properties
– Local-modification property
– Degrees k and l independent of n and m
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Implicit Surface Representations
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Parametric Surface Representations
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Bi-Linear Surface
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Example of a Bi-linear Surface
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Bi-linear Function
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Ruled Surface
S(u v) = (1
S(u,v) (1-v)•Q
v)•Q0(u) + v•Q1(u)
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Example
p of a Ruled Surface ((Helicoid))
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Coons Patch
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Defining a Coons Patch: Step 1 and Step 2
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Example of Coons Patch
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First 12 Boundary Conditions in a Patch
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Four more boundary conditions in a patch
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Derivatives of Bi-cubic Patch
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Definition of Hermite Patch
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Example of Hermite Patch
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Boundary Curves of a Hermite Patch are Hermite C
urves
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Iso-parametric Curves of a Hermite Patch are Hermite Curves
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Control Points of a Bezier Surface
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Properties of Bezier Surface
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Evaluation of Bezier Surface
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Pictorial Illustration of Evaluating a Cubic Bezier Surface
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Control Mesh of a B-Spline Surface
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A 6x6 B-Spline Surface
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Properties of B-Spline Surface
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Local-modification Control of B-Spline Surface
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