McMoonney Simplified Physics 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
STRAND SUB-STRAND PAGE
Mechanics and Matter Introduction to 6–8
Physics
Review questions
8–9
and MCQs
Physical quantities 10 – 18
Matter 18 – 20
Kinematics 21 – 26
Dynamics 26 – 31
Pressure 31 – 34
Review questions 34 – 48
and MCQs
Energy Heat 49 – 53
Waves
55 – 70
Review questions
and MCQs 71 – 83

Electromagnetism Electrostatics 84 – 89

Magnetostatics 90 – 93

Doping of a semi-
conductor 93 – 101

Review questions 101 – 106

and MCQs
Atomic and Nuclear Physics Atomic Physics 107 – 112

Nuclear Physics 113 – 118

Review questions 118 – 126

and MCQs
McMoonney Simplified Physics for Senior High Schools,Simplified indeed
McMoonney 1
 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS SOME PHYSICS-RELATED
Physics is the branch of science that studies CAREERS ACROSS THE VARIOUS
matter, energy and the fundamental forces SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY
of nature. Scientists who study Physics are called 1). Technology: Researching and development in
the area like semiconductors, telecommunications.
Physicists. Physicists seek to understand the 2). Healthcare: Developing Magnetic Resonance
properties and behaviour of the physical universe
Imaging (MRI) and Computer Tomography (CT)
through observation, experimentation.
scans and radiotherapy.
SOME KEY BRANCHES OF 3). Energy: Developing new energy sources by
PHYSICS AND THEIR RELATED installing solar panels and wind turbines. This
CAREERS improves energy efficiency.
4). Education: Teaching Physics at various levels
BRANCH CAREER
(high school, college and university).
a). Optics: Studies Optical Engineers design
lenses and optical 5). Engineering: As explain in the table above.
the behaviour and
properties of light. instruments. Note: Careers such as masonry, carpentry,
Radiologists use
welding and vulcanising also rely on the
electromagnetic radiation to
diagnose medical conditions. principle of Physics. For instance:
b).Thermodynamics: Meteorologists study Masons and Carpenters rely on principle of
Studies the atmospheric phenomena, gravity and equilibrium for structural stability.
relationships between weather patterns, and They ensure that the centre of gravity of a
heat, energy and work climate using principles of structure is within the base to prevent toppling.
heat and pressure. They use simple machines like levers, pulleys
c).Electromagnetism: Electrical Engineers design and inclined planes to lift and position heavy
Studies electricity electrical circuits and power
wood and bricks. Welders rely on heat transfer to
and magnetism and systems.
melt and fuse materials together. Vulcanisers rely
their interaction. Telecommunication
on heat transfer to cross-link rubbers molecules to
Engineers develops
increase their strength and resistance to heat.
communication systems.
Question
d). Geophysics: Geophysicists collect and
Discus how Physics knowledge could help address
Studies the physical analyse data about the
at least economic or social challenge in Ghana.
properties of the earth earth’s interior.
Solution
e). Astrophysics: Astronomers observe and
Ghana faces challenges with energy production
Studies the celestial study celestial bodies.
and access. Physics knowledge in renewable
bodies (stars, moons Cosmologists study the
energy (solar, wind, hydroelectric) could help
galaxies, planets, origin and evolution of the
engineers design and implement sustainable
etc.) in the universe. universe.
energy solutions, reducing dependence on fossil
f). Classical Mechanical Engineers apply
fuels and lowering energy costs for citizens.
mechanics: Studies principles of motion, forces,
2). Ghana faces water scarcity and sanitation
the motion and and energy to design
challenges in rural areas. Physics principles in
behaviour of machines and structures.
fluid mechanics and pressure systems could enable
macroscopic objects.
technicians to design efficient water pumping and
g). Quantum Physics: Material Scientists develop
distribution systems, improving access to clean
Studies the behaviour new materials with specific
water.
of matter and energy properties.
at the atomic level.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
ESSENTIAL MATHEMATICAL Trigonometric ratios are ratios that show the
relationships between the sides and angles of a
TOOLS IN PHYSICS right-angled triangle. They include sine, cosine
Appreciating Physics concepts and principles
and tangent. Mathematically,
requires a strong foundation in Mathematics.
O
The following are some of the essential sin 
mathematical tools in Physics. H
A
SOME RULES OF INDICES cos 
1). L0 = 0. Example 150 = 1 H
2). a m  a n  a mn O
tan 
Examples: i). kg-1m x kgm-2 = m-1 A
ii). kgms-2 x ms-1 = kgm2s-3 A helpful mnemonic to remember them is
r
3). m  ra m ‘SOH CAH TOA’
a
Question
N
Examples : i). 2  Nm -2 A 20.0 m long ladder leans against a wall with its
m foot 12.0 m from the wall. Calculate
J
ii).  Jkg 1K 1 i). how high the ladder reach the wall?
kgK ii). the angle the ladder makes with the wall.
4). (a m ) n  a mn Solution

Example : i). ( x 3 ) 4  x12 

1 2 2 20.0 m
ii). (LT )  L T 2
x
m 1
5). a n  (a n ) m  n a m
12.0 m
4
Examples : i). y 3  3 y 4
5 1
i). 20.02 = 12.02 + x2
ii). t  (t )5  t 5
2 2
400 = 144 + x2
400 – 144 = x2
PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM
x2 = 256
AND TRIGONOMETRIC
x  256
RATIOS
 16.0 m
Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometric ratios are
12.0
obeyed by only right-angled triangle (triangles ii). tan 
with one of the angles being 90 o). Thus: 16.0
 12.0 
  tan 1  
Hypotenuse (H)  16.0 
Opposite (O)
  36.9 o
Adjacent (A) COSINE RULE AND SINE RULE
Pythagoras’ theorem states that in a Cosine rule and sine rule are obeyed by all
right-angled triangle, the square of the triangles. Example:
length of the longest side (Hypotenuse) is equal to C
the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other r
y
two sides (Adjacent and Opposite). Thus: A

H2 = A 2 + O 2 t B

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
The cosine rule can be put as: REVIEW QUESTIONS ON
i). y 2  r 2  t 2  2rtcosA INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
1). Describe the scope of three branches of Physics
ii). r 2  y 2  t 2  2ytcosB and give an example of careers related to each.
iii). t 2  r 2  y 2  2rycosC 2a). Simplify the following:
kgms 2  m 2
The sine rule can also be put as: i).
kg 2
sinA sinB y r
i).  or  kgm 2s 2
y r sinA sinB ii).
s
sinA sinC y t
ii).  or  iii). m 2 s 4
y t sinA sinC
Answers: m3kg-1s-2, kgm2s-3, ms-2
sinB sinC r t
iii).  or  3). Given that m = (m2n-1)a(mn2)-b, What are the
r t sinB sinC values of a and b.
Question 2 1
Answers: 5 , 5
An airplane heading due east with an airspeed of
4). In the diagram below and find the values of:
300 ms-1 is uncounted with a wind blowing in the
i). b
north-east at 50 ms-1. Find the ground speed of the
ii). y
airplane and its direction. 15
Solution y
b
8
o
v vw = 50 ms-1 Answers: 57.8 , 12.7 units
5). A student measures the angle of inclination of a
o 8 cm long ramp to be 35 o. Determine the
 135 o 45
a). vertical height of the ramp.
-1
α vp = 300 ms
b). horizontal distance covered by the ramp.
Answers: 4.59 cm, 6.55 cm
From the cosine rule,
6). An equilateral triangle has sides each of length
v2  vp  v w  2vp v w cos135o
2 2
2 units. Evaluate
v2  (300)2  (50)2  2(300)(50)cos135 o i). the vertical height of the triangle.
ii). sin 30 o, cos 30 o, tan 30 o, sin 60 o, cos 60 o and
v2  113713.2 tan 60 o.
v  113713.2 1 3 3 3
Answers: 3 units , 2
, 2
, 3
, 2
, 12 , 3
 337.2 ms -1
7). A square has sides each of length 2 units. Find
From the sine rule, i). the length of the diagonal of the square.
337.2 50 ii). sin 45 o, cos 45 o, tan 45 o.

sin 135 o
sin  Answers: 2 2 units, 2
2
, 2
2
, 1
o
50sin135 8). In the diagram below, determine the values of:
sin 
337.2 i). x
sin  0.1048 ii). a
x
  sin1 (0.1048) a
12 m 100 o
6o 5m
Answers:, 13.8 m, 20.9 o

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ON 8). A Civil engineer uses the principle of Physics
to design building. Which branch of Physics is
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS most relevant to this work?
1). Physics is best defined as A). Optics
A). The study of physical and chemical B). Electromagnetism
compositions of the earth. C). Mechanics
B). The study of the earth and its universe. D). Thermodynamics
C). The study of matter, energy and the 9). A student measures the angle of inclination of a
fundamental forces of nature. 8 m long ramp to be 35 o. Determine the
D). The study of living organisms. horizontal distance covered by the ramp.
2). Which of the following is not a career related A). 4.59 m
to Physics? B). 6.55 m
A). Mechanical Engineer C). 5.40 m
B). Zoologist D). 3.52 m
C). Carpenter
D). Geophysicist
3). Designing and testing airplane is most likely
associated with which field of Physics
A). Nuclear Physics
B). Astrophysics
C). Aerodynamics
D). Relativity
4). Which career below uses Physics principles to
study earthquake?
A). Chemist
B). Geophysicist
C). Meteorologist
D). Gynaecologist
5). A Physicist working in the energy sector is
involved in
A). Writing computer programs
B). Developing renewable natural resources
C). Treating patients
D). Researching chemical compositions
6). The career of Physics which requires
knowledge of analysing celestial objects and
phenomena is
A). Botanist
B). Sociologist
C). Meteorologist
D). Astronomer
7). Which is not the result of technological
development in the study of Physics?
A). Televisions
B). Paint manufacturing
C). Fibre optics
D). Scanning machines

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES ii). DERIVED QUANTITIES
These are physical quantities that are obtained
OF A SUBSTANCE from combination of fundamental quantities
Physics as a practical subject, involves conducting through mathematical relationships. This
experiments to measure some properties (such as relationship may be:
mass, length, time, speed, force, density, volume,  Direct. Examples:
temperature etc.) of a substance. a). Area = Length x Breadth
These properties of a substance are scientifically b). Electric charge = Electric current x Time
known as physical quantities. c). Linear momentum = Mass x Velocity
Definition: d). Force = Mass x Acceleration
A physical quantity is any property of a substance e). Work done = Net force x Displacement
that can be measured or expressed numerically. f). Kinetic energy = ½ x Mass x (Velocity)2
SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL (S. I.)  Inverse. Example:
UNIT OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 1
g). Frequency 
S. I. Unit is an international unit of measurement Period
of physical quantities. The system was adopted in Joint. Examples:
1960 at Paris, France to assign units to quantities.
Mass
RULES GOVERNING THE S. I. h). Linear density 
Length
UNIT OF A QUANTITY Distance
1). A unit must be separated from its numerical i). Speed 
Time
value.
Displaceme nt
2). A unit must be in lowercases except those j). Velocity 
named after a famous scientist. Time
Examples: 1 m, 4 mol, 7 Pa, 5  , 120 Hz, 10 ms-2. Change in velocity
k). Acceleration 
Note: A spelt-out unit must be in lowercase no Time
matter what. Force
l ). Pressure 
TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES Area
There are two types of physical quantities. Namely Work done
i). FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES m). Power 
Time
These are independent physical quantities that
 Partial. Examples:
cannot be defined in terms of other quantities.
They form the basis of all other quantities. n). v = u + at
The units of fundamental quantities are called o). s = ut + ½at2
fundamental units or base units. There are DETERMINATION OF THE UNIT
seven known fundamental quantities. They are: OF SOME DERIVED QUANTITIES
Fundamental S. I unit Symbol of unit 1). Volume = Length x Breadth x Height.
quantity The S. I. unit of length, breadth and height are
Mass kilogram kg ‘m’, ‘m’ and ‘m’ respectively. Hence S. I unit of
Length metre m volume = m x m x m = m3 (read as metre cube).
Time second s Distance
Temperature kelvin K 2). Speed 
Time
Electric current ampere A
The S. I. unit of distance and time are ‘m’ and ‘s’
Luminous intensity candela cd
respectively. Hence S. I unit of speed = m/s or
Amount of substance mole mol -1
better still ms . It is read as metre per second.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
Below are some derived quantities and their units: Solution
i). [Circumference of a circle] = 2 π [Radius]
Quantity Symbol of Unit Name
=L
Frequency s-1 or Hz hertz ii). [Electric charge] = [Electric current] x [Time]
Force kgms-2 or N newton = IT
2 -2
Work done kgm s or Nm or J joule [Force]
Power kgm2s-3 or Js-1 or W watt iii). [Pressure] 
-1 -2 -2 [Area]
Pressure kgm s or Nm or Pa pascal
MLT  2
Charge As or C coulomb 
DIMENSION OF A QUANTITY L2
AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS  ML-1T  2
2). The time rate of change of linear momentum of
Dimension of a physical quantity is an expression
a body in motion is referred to as the net force.
that shows how the quantity is related to the a).Write an expression of the net force.
fundamental quantities. The dimensions of the 7 b). Determine the dimension of net force.
fundamental quantities are: Solution
Change of momentum
QUANTITY DIMENSION a). F 
Time
Mass M [Momentum]
Length L b). [F] 
[Time]
Time T
MLT 1
Temperature θ 
T
Electric current I
Luminous intensity J  MLT 2
Amount of substance N DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
The symbol of dimension is square bracket, [ ]. Dimensional analysis is a powerful tool in
Example: The dimension of mass = [Mass] = M. Physics and Engineering that helps to develop
Any quantity which has dimension is called a understanding of physical relationships and units
of quantities.
dimensional quantity. E.g.: Mass, Speed,
Force, Momentum, Time, Gravitational constant USES OF DIMENSIONAL
and Planck’s constant etc. Quantities such as
ANALYSIS
A). To check the fundamental unit of a quantity.
Angle, Mechanical advantage, Relative density, B). To show the dimensional consistency of an
Angular displacement, Refractive index, Strain are equation.
all dimensionless or non-dimensional. C). To derive an equation of a quantity.
Quantities like Length, distance, displacement, Note: B and C will be discussed in SHS 2.
breadth, circumference, radius, height, perimeter Below are dimensions of some quantities and
have the same dimension of L and S. I. unit of m. their corresponding fundamental or base units.

STEPS TO FIND THE DIMENSION DIMENSION UNIT

OF A DERIVED QUANTITY LT -1
ms-1
a). Express the derived quantity mathematically LT-2 ms-2
and quickly take the dimension of all dimensional
quantities on both sides of the equation. MLT-2 kgms-2
b). Put in the required dimensions and Simplify. MLT-3 θ 1 kgms-3K-1
Question
Find the dimension of
Questions
1). Dimensional analysis is a useful tool to
i). Circumference of a circle
ii). Electric charge determine the fundamental unit of a quantity. Use
iii). Pressure this claim to justify to fundamental unit of speed.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
Solution
[Distance]
1). SYSTEMATIC ERROR
[Speed]  Systematic error is an error that consistently
[Time]
L
deviates from the true value of a quantity in
 the same trend or direction.
T
Example: if the true value of a quantity is 2.0 and
 LT 1
the measured values are 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 and 3.2.
The fundamental unit of speed is ms-1.
SOURCES OF SYSTEMATIC
2). Find the dimension and the base unit of R in
the equation ‘PV = nRT’. ERRORS
Where: P = Pressure, V = Volume, n = Amount a). Error arises due to Zero-errors in equipment.
of substance and T = Temperature. E.g. A stop watch reading 0.05 s after reset.
Solution b). Improper calibration of equipment (scale error).
PV = nRT c). Consistently high or low temperature.
[P][V] = [n][R][T] To eliminate this error, ensure that all measuring
ML-1T-2L3 = N[R] θ instruments are properly calibrated before use.
ML2T-2 = N[R] θ
ML2T 2 2). RANDOM ERROR
[R] =
Nθ Random error is an error that is unpredictable
2 2 -1 1 and scatters around the true value of a quantity.
[R] = ML T N θ
2 -2 -1 -1 Example: If the true value of a quantity is 2.0 and
Hence the base unit of R is kgm s mol K
MEASUREMENT, ACCURACY the measured value are 1.8, 2.1, 1.7, 2.2 and 1.9.

AND PRECISION SOURCES OF RANDOM ERRORS

a). Inaccurate reading of instrument.
Measurement is the process of assigning a
b). Fluctuations in temperature, pressure, humidity
numerical value and a unit to a physical quantity.
or voltage supply.
Accuracy is the closeness of a measured value
To minimise random errors, repeat measurements
or repeated measured values of a quantity to the
and find their average.
true value.
Precision is the closeness of repeated measured 3). PARALLAX ERROR
values of a quantity to each other. Parallax error is an error that occurs due to
For illustration, the diagrams below give the incorrect positioning of the eyes when reading on
outcomes of four students A, B, C and D tasked to analogue instruments. Examples of analogue
throw an arrow five times through a given circle. instruments are rulers, protractors, analogue
thermometers, analogue ammeters etc.
Eyes (Parallax error)
A B C D
Eyes (Correct position)
The conclusion is that student:
1). ‘A’ has a good accuracy and a good precision. Eyes (Parallax error)
2). ‘B’ has a good accuracy and a poor precision. To prevent parallax error the eye must be
3). ‘C’ has a poor accuracy and a good precision. positioned perpendicular to the measuring scale.
4). ‘D’ has a poor accuracy and a poor precision. Question
ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT A working balance reads 2.0 g with nothing on it
and reads 154.0 g when a rock is placed on it.
Errors is the discrepancies (or the uncertainties)
a). What type of error has occurred?
that occur when making measurements.
b). Determine the true mass of the rock.
TYPES OF ERRORS c). Find the percentage error in the mass of the
There are three types of errors in measurements. rock.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
Solution STOP WATCH
a). Systematic error Stop watch is used to measure time. Time is
b). True mass of rock = Measured value – Error measure of duration. The S. I. unit of time is
= 154.0 g – 2.0 g second. 1 hour = 60 minutes
= 152.0 g = 3600 seconds
Error
c). Percentage error   100 %
True value
2.0
  100 %
152.0
 1.32 %
REASONS FOR AVOIDING Note: Always reset the stop watch to zero
ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT before using it to prevent systematic error.
a). To maintain the integrity of scientific research.
b). To ensure consistency and reliable results.
METRE RULE
c). To make informed decisions. Metre rule is used to measure straight lengths up
d). To uphold quality standards. to 1 m (100 cm). Length is a measure of distance.
e). To promote scientific progress. Example: Measuring the length of a textbook.

LEAST COUNT OF A
MEASURING INSTRUMENT
Least count is the smallest value that an
instrument can accurately measure. Least count VERNIER CALLIPER
aids in selecting appropriate instruments for a Vernier calliper (named after a French technician,
given measurement to minimise errors. A Pierre Vernier) is used to measure short
smaller least count means a higher precision.
lengths usually in centimetres (cm).
EQUIPMENT LEAST COUNT KEY COMPONENTS OF A
Metre rule 0.1 cm
VERNIER CALLIPER
Vernier calliper 0.01 cm
a). Internal jaws to measure inner dimensions.
Micrometer screw gauge 0.001 cm/0.01 mm
External jaws to measure outer dimensions.
Protractor 1o
b). Stem (orblade) for depth measurements.
ELECTRONIC BALANCE
Electronic balance is used to mass of a substance. c). Two scales (Main scale and Vernier scale).
The S. I. unit of mass is kg. 1000 g = 1 kg. Internal jaws Main scale
Stem
Sliding Sliding
scale Slidi
scale
ng
scale
External jaws Movable Vernier scale

How to find theSliding

Sliding overall
scalereading (R)
Note: Always press the ‘tare’ or ‘zero’ button
scale of a Vernier calliper
before using it to prevent systematic errors.
1). Read and record from the main scale, the value
MEASURING CYLINDER that appears very close to the zero mark of
It is used to measure volume of a substance. the Vernier scale reading as M.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
2). Read and record also from the Vernier scale, Examples: To measure the
the value that is in-line with one of the main i). diameter of a human hair or a thin wire.
scale value and multiply by 0.01 cm as V. ii). thickness of a sheet of paper or metal.
KEY COMPONENTS OF A
Main scale value, M
Main scale cm MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
a). Anvil
Vernier scale
b). Spindle
Vernier scale value, V c). Ratchet which is screwed gently to hold the
3). Determine the overall reading (R) of the object tightly between the anvil and the spindle.
d). Two scales (Sleeve scale and Thimble scale).
Vernier calliper using: R=M+V
Worked examples Anvil Sleeve scale
1). The device shown below is used to measure the Spindle Thimble scale
Ratchet
depth of a liquid. What is its overall reading?
cm
5 6
0 10
0
Solution
Main scale value, M = 4.7 cm Turning the ratchet too hard can compress the
Vernier scale value, V = 5 x 0.01 cm
object being measured leading to random errors.
= 0.05 cm
Overall reading, R = M + V How to find the overall reading (R)
= 4.7 + 0.05 of a micrometer screw gauge
= 4.75 cm 1). Read and record from the sleeve scale, the
2).A student used the instrument below to measure value that appears very close to the thimble
the diameter of a circular bob. scale as S.
i). Identify the instrument. 2). Read and record also from the thimble scale,
ii). What is the diameter of the bob? the value that is in-line with the centre-line in
the sleeve scale and multiply by 0.01 mm as T.
10 20 cm Thimble scale
0 10
Sleeve scale mm
Thimble scale reading

Sleeve scale reading

Solution
i). Vernier calliper 3). Determine the overall reading (R) of the
ii). Main scale value, M = 12 cm micrometer screw gauge using:
Vernier scale value, V = 8 x 0.01
= 0.08 cm R=S+T
Overall reading, R = M + V Worked examples
= 12 + 0.08 1). The device below is used to measure the
= 12.08 cm thickness of an aluminium sheet.
MICROMETER SCREW mm
GAUGE 18 23 90
Micrometer screw gauge is used to measure
45
extremely short lengths usually in mm.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
i). Identify the device. ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL
ii). Measure the thickness of the aluminium sheet.
Solution INSTRUMENTS
i). Micrometer screw gauge 1). They have high storage capacity.
ii). Sleeve scale value, S = 30 mm 2). They are easy to process.
Thimble scale value, T = 75 x 0.01 mm 3). They are not prone to parallax error.
4). They are noise -resistant.
= 0.75 mm
Overall reading, R = S + T DISADVANTAGES OF
= 30 + 0.75 DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS
= 30.75 mm 1). They give faulty and erratic values at different
2). Find is the micrometer screw gauge reading atmospheric conditions.
shown below? 2). They need high bandwidth.
mm 4
6 15
40
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Scientific notation is a way of expressing numbers
35
small or too large in a concise
that are too
Solution
Sleeve scale value, S = 21.5 mm and manageable format. It is in a form of:
Thimble scale value, T = 39 x 0.01 mm
= 0.39 mm n x 10P
Overall reading, R = S + T Where:
= 21.5 + 0.39
= 21.89 mm
‘n’ is any number between 1 and 10 and it is
PROTRACTOR called coefficient,
A protractor is used to measure the size of angles. ‘P’ is the power or exponent, showing
Incorrect placement of the protractor’s base-line
how many places the decimal point should be
leads to random errors.
moved either left for a positive power or right
AMMETER
for a negative power.
Ammeter is used to measure the amount of electric P
current flowing through a closed circuit. 10 is the prefix called a unit multiplier.
It has a circuit symbol of: A Examples:
1). The standard form of mass of an electron is
It is connected in series to a load e.g. a resistor etc.
0.00000000000000000000000000000091 kg.
VOLTMETER
In scientific notation, it is 9.1 x 10-31 kg.
Voltmeter is used to measure the potential
2). Speed of light in vacuum is 299792458 ms-1.
difference or voltage across a load in a closed
In scientific notation, it is 2.99792458 x108 ms-1.
circuit. It has a circuit symbol of: V
It is connected in parallel to a load.
A UNIT MULTIPLIER
V A unit multiplier is a conversion factor used to
I
A change a quantity from one unit to another.
V
B
Wrong connection of an ammeter and a voltmeter
PREFIXES
ul A prefix is a symbol or group of symbols added in
in a circuit leads to random errors.
b front of a unit of measurement to indicate a
The least count of analogue ammeter is 0.1 A and
that of digital ammeter is 0.01 A. Guess that of multiple or submultiple of the unit. There are
analogue voltmeter and digital voltmeter. negative prefixes and positive prefixes.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
Negative Prefix Symbol Multiplier 3). Convert
a). 9.0 cm to m
Deci d 10-1
b). 1.4 dm3 to m3
Centi c 10-2 c). 2.7 Mm2 to m2
Milli m 10-3 d). 50 kV to volts
Micro µ 10-6 e). 145 g to kg.
Solution
Nano n 10-9
a). 9.0 cm = 9.0×10-2 m
Pico p 10-12 b). 1.4 dm3 = 1.4 (dm)3
Femto f 10-15 = 1.4 (10-1 m)3
Positive Prefix Symbol Multiplier = 1.4×10-3 m3
c). 2.7 Mm2 = 2.7 (Mm)2
Deka da 101
= 2.7 (106 m)2
Hecto h 102 = 2.7 ×1012 m2
Kilo k 103 d). 50 kV = 50 ×103 Volts
= 5.0 ×104 Volts
Mega M 106
145
Giga G 109 e). 145g   kg
1000
Tera T 1012  0.145kg
Peta P 1015 4). Analyse why it is important for scientists to use
Questions standardized SI unit rather than non-standard unit.
1). Express the value below in a scientific notation Evaluate the potential consequences if different
i). 101325 Pa countries used different unit systems when
ii). 4200 Jkg-1K-1 collaboration on international projects like climate
iii). 0.0000000567 Wm-2K-4 research.
iv). 0.0000000000000000000000602 mol-1 Solution
Solution Standardized SI units are important for scientists
5
i). 1.01325 x10 Pa because they enable clear and unambiguous
ii). 4.2 x103 Jkg-1K-1 communication across countries, institutions and
iii). 5.67 x10-8 Wm-2K-4 disciplines. When all scientists use the same units,
iv). 6.02 x10-23 mol-1 data can be shared, compared, and verified without
2). A student measures a distance as 0.0000456 m. confusion or error. By using standardized SI units,
Convert this to scientific notation and justify why the global scientific community ensures accuracy,
this form is more useful for scientific safety, and the ability to build upon each other’s
communication than the original measurement. work. In international climate research, if different
Solution countries reported temperature, pressure, and
4.56 × 10⁻⁵ m precipitation in different units, data integration
The scientific notation form is more useful in that would be impossible, making it difficult to
- it clearly shows the order of magnitude at a understand global climate patterns and develop
glance. coordinated responses.
- it reduces the risk of misleading or miscounting 5). Explain the difference between fundamental
zeros (a common source of error). and derived units. Provide four examples of each.
- it makes it easier to compare measurements. Solution
- it makes performing calculations involving very Fundamental units are the seven independent units
large or small numbers much simpler that cannot be defined in terms of other units.
- it is the standard format ensuring consistency They form the basis of all other units in Science.
across all scientific disciplines and countries. Examples are m, s, K and mol.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
Derived units are units formed from combination
SCALAR QUANTITIES
of fundamental units through multiplication or
division. Examples are ms-2, kgm-1, kgms-1 and AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
m 3. Physical quantities can be grouped into scalars
6). A student conducts an experiment to measure
(scalar quantities) and vectors (vector quantities),
the density of a stone. The student measures the
mass using a balance with a zero-error of +5 g and based on having magnitude without direction
measures the volume using a displacement or having both.
method. Evaluate how the zero-error in the balance Scalar quantities are physical quantities which
would affect the calculation of the density.
have only magnitude but no direction.
Solution
Vector quantities are physical quantities which
The zero-error causes the measured mass to be 5 g
higher than the true mass. The measurement of have both magnitude and direction.
volume is unaffected, but the calculated density Below are examples of each quantity:
will be higher than the true density. This error Scalar quantities Vector quantities
consistently makes the density appear larger. Distance Displacement
7). Explain why it is more appropriate to use a Speed Velocity
vernier calliper rather than a metre rule to measure
Time Acceleration
the diameter of a small wire.
Solution
Mass Force
A vernier calliper has a smaller least count of Volume Impulse
0.01 cm compared to that of a metre rule (0.1 cm). Density Momentum
This means the vernier calliper can measure more Area Electric field
precisely and accurately. The metre rule would not Pressure Magnetic field
provide sufficient precision for measuring small Work Gravitational field
diameters, and the measurement would be Energy Torque
unreliable.
Temperature
8). Evaluate the statement: ‘A measurement can be
Current
precise but not accurate’. Justify your answer with
a practical example from laboratory work. Resistance
Solution Voltage
This statement is true. A measurement can be Questions
precise (repeatable and consistent) but not accurate 1). A student claims that ‘distance and
(not close to the true value).
displacement are the same’. Evaluate this claim by
For example: A student uses a metre rule with explaining the key differences and providing an
+0.5 as zero-error to measure the length of a pencil example that demonstrates why this distinction
five times, obtaining: 14.2 cm, 14.2 cm, 14.2 cm,
matters in Physics.
14.2 cm and14.2 cm. The measurements are very
Solution
precise, but the true length is 13.7 cm, so the
This claim is incorrect. Distance and displacement
measurements are not accurate. are fundamentally different. Distance is a scalar
whiles displacement is a vector. A runner
completing a round of 400 m in a circular track has
distance of 400 m and displacement of 0 m in that
he or she returns to the starting point.
This matters in Physics because displacement
is used to calculate velocity and acceleration,
while distance is used to calculate speed.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
2). Analyse the relationship between the concepts
of speed and velocity. Explain why velocity is MATTER
considered a vector quantity while speed is a scalar Matter refers to anything that has mass and
quantity, and provide a real-world scenario where occupies space (volume). Matter is made up of
this distinction is critical. tiny particles which are atoms, molecules and
Solution
ions. The idea that matter is made up of particles
Velocity requires both the magnitude (speed) and
is known as the particulate nature of matter.
the direction of motion making it a vector. Speed
These particles are held together by
only requires magnitude making it a scalar. In
aviation, a pilot must know not only the aircraft's
intermolecular forces of attraction.
speed but also its direction. Knowing only the EVIDENCES THAT SUPPORT THE
speed could result in the aircraft deviating from its PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER
intended course or colliding with obstacles. The 1). Osmosis
velocity information is essential for navigation and 2). Diffusion
safety. 3). Evaporation
3). Two forces acting on an object are described as 4). Surface tension
follows: Force A is 50 N to the right, and Force B 5). Brownian motion
is 50 N upward. Explain why these two forces 6). Thermionic emission
cannot be simply added together to obtain 100 N 7). Photoelectric emission
as their resultant force. Analyse what additional MOLECULAR ARRANGEMENT
information is needed to find the resultant force.
Solution
OF MATTER
Forces are vector quantities, not scalars. When This refers to how the individual particles in a
adding vectors, both magnitude and direction must matter are organised and positioned.
be considered. Simply adding the magnitudes STATES OF MATTER
ignores the fact that the forces are acting in The states of matter are the distinct forms in which
different directions. This would give an incorrect matter exists. They are:
result. To find the resultant force, Pythagoras a). Solid
theorem can be used as: b). Liquid
Resultant force = √(50² + 50²) c). Gas
≈ 70.7 N
d). Plasma
50
tan θ 
50 SOLIDS
 50  The particles (atoms) in solids are tightly packed
 θ  tan 1  
 50  in fixed positions and are highly organised.
 45 o
The particles are held together by strong
intermolecular forces resulting in a
definite volume and definite shape. This
makes solids rigid and incompressible.

Tightly or closely packed

particles (atoms)

The particles vibration in fixed positions.

Examples of solids include: Ice, Wood, Stone,
Chalk, Gold, Magnet, Book, Cutlass etc.

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
LIQUIDS i). The Sun and the Stars: The Sun and all the
stars are composed of hot plasma.
The particles (molecules) in liquids are loosely
Significance
packed. The particles are held together by weak
Nuclear fusion that occurs in the core of the sun
intermolecular forces allowing particles to releases vast amount of energy in the form of light
slide past one another. This gives liquids a and heat to sustain life on earth. Understanding the
definite volume but no definite shape plasma state in stars helps to know the evolution of
(they take the shape of their container). stars and the formation of heavier elements
through nuclear fusion.
Loosely packed particles
ii). Lightning: During thunderstorm, the
(molecules)
strong electric field produced ionises the air,
Examples of liquids include: Oil, Water, creating a plasma channel through which electric
Turpentine, Petrol, Kerosene, Alcohol, Milk etc. charge flows.
Significance
GASES Lightning strikes produce chemical reactions in the
The particles (molecules) in gases are widely atmosphere, creating ozone which plays a role in
spaced with very weak intermolecular the earth’s atmosphere. Lightning again produces
forces. This allows the particles to move freely nitrogen oxide which is deposited in the soil as a
and randomly. Such a motion is referred to as natural fertilizer.
Brownian motion. Gases have no definite iii). Ionosphere: Ionosphere is a layer of the
volume and shape and as such expand to fill any Earth’s upper atmosphere that is partially ionized
available space. by the solar radiation. It therefore contains plasma.
Significance
Widely spaced particles (molecules)
The ionosphere reflects radio waves, allowing
long-distance communication around the globe.
Examples of gas include: Oxygen, Carbon It also absorbs harmful solar radiation and thereby
dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Nitrogen, Helium etc. protecting life on Earth.
iv). Auroras: Auroras are luminous displays
PLASMA in the sky. They are caused by charged particles
Plasma is considered as an ionized state of matter. from the sun interacting with the Earth’s magnetic
Plasma is formed when a gas is heated to field and colliding with atoms in the ionosphere,
extremely high temperature causing electrons to be creating plasma.
stripped away from its atoms. This results in Significance
the formation of positively charged particles and Studying auroras help scientists to understand the
negatively charged electrons. Thus: composition and behaviour of the upper
atmosphere.
EFFECT OF HEAT ON
The charge particles in plasma move
independently at extremely high speeds. Plasma is
MATTER
Heating a substance (matter) increases the thermal
electrically conductive. The charges have no fixed
energy of its particles. The particles vibrate more
arrangement.
vigorously and this weakens the intermolecular
The following are some examples of naturally
forces of attraction between the particles. The
occurring plasma and their significance in the
substance may change state. The reverse is true.
universe:

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 McMoonney Simplified Physics 1
Increasing thermal energy Earth. Understanding plasma is crucial for
advancing technologies like fusion energy and
Sublimation
space exploration.
Melting Evaporation Ionization
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition

Questions
1). Explain why ice, water and water vapour are
all the same substance but exist in different states
of matter. What causes the differences?
Solution
Ice, water, and water vapour are all composed of
H₂O molecules, but they exist in different states
because of differences in thermal energy and
intermolecular forces.
In ice (solid), molecules have low thermal energy
and vibrate in fixed positions. Strong
intermolecular forces hold them tightly together,
resulting in a definite shape and volume.
In water (liquid), molecules have more thermal
energy than in ice, allowing them to move and
slide past one another. Intermolecular forces are
weaker, so water takes the shape of its container
but maintains a definite volume.
In water vapour (gas), molecules have high
thermal energy and move rapidly and randomly.
Intermolecular forces are very weak, so vapour has
no definite shape or volume and expands to fill
available space
2). Plasma is often called the ‘fourth state of
matter’, yet it is rarely mentioned in everyday
discussions about mater. Analyse why plasma is
less commonly discussed that the other three states
and explain its significance in the universe.
Solution
Plasma requires extremely high temperatures to
form, making it uncommon in everyday
environments on Earth. Most matter we encounter
in daily life exists as solids, liquids, or gases under
normal conditions.
Plasma is the most abundant state of matter in the
universe; it makes up stars, including our Sun.
Plasma is essential for nuclear fusion in stars,
which produces the energy that sustains life on

16