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Name :
Course and Year :
Subject : Management Science
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Module 1: Review of Basic Algebraic Operations
Intended Learning Outcomes
Perform basic operations on numbers (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division)
Perform basic operations on similar and dissimilar terms.
Factor Polynomials
Activity
As we start with this topic, contemplate on the question below:
What is the importance of Mathematics in our daily lives? Cite a specific example.
Analysis
Mathematics might be one of the hardest and most boring subjects in school, but it is very
necessary. You yourself have found one of the many reasons why as you cited specific examples
above. In the succeeding sections we will recall the important rules in doing basic arithmetic (add,
subtract, multiply and divide) at the same time we will venture back on the basics of performing
algebraic operations.
Abstraction
1. LAWS OF SIGNED NUMBERS
OPERATION RULE EXAMPLE
a. ADDITION #1: Adding Like Signs: E1. 3 + 4 = 7
(+) To add two numbers having like E2. -3 + (-4) = -7
signs: E3. 10+100+140 = 150
- find the sum of their absolute
values (values regardless of the
sign)
- prefix the common sign
Absence of a sign before a number
means it is positive.
- +
- - - - 0 1 2345
4 3 2 1
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#2: Adding Unlike Signs E1. -3+4 = 1
To add two numbers having unlike E2. 3 + (-4) = -1
signs, E3. -10+10+(-140) =-140
- find the difference of their
absolute values
- prefix the sign of the greater
absolute value
b. SUBTRACTION #3: Subtraction E1. -10 – (-8)
- To subtract two numbers, change the E2. 12 – (-15)
sign of the subtrahend (the number E3. 20 – 100
being subtracted), then follow the rules E4. -8 - 10
of addition of signed numbers. Solution:
E1 E2 E3 E4
-10 12 20 -8
(-)+8(-) +15 (+) -100 (+) -10
-2 27 -80 -18
#4 : Horizontal Subtraction E1. 10-(3+2)
Subtraction when done horizontally has = 10-3-2 = 5
its sign of operation outside the E2. –(3-4+2)
parenthesis is preceded by a negative = -3+4-2 = -1
sign, remove the parenthesis by E3. -5-(-10)
changing the sign(s) inside the = -5+10 = 5
parenthesis.
c. MULTIPLICATION #5: Multiplication E1. (-4)(-6)=24
() or * The product of two numbers having like E2. (4)(6) = 24
signs is positive, while the product of E3. (-4)(6) = -24
two numbers having unlike signs is E4. (4)(-6) = - 24
negative.
d. DIVISION #6: Division E1. (-24)/-4 = 6
÷ or / The quotient of two numbers having E2. 24/4 = 6
like signs is positive, while the E3. -24/4 = -6
numbers having unlike signs is E4. 24/-4 = -6
negative.
2. Operations on algebraic expressions
Rule Example
a. Similar and #7: Adding Similar Terms E1. 2x+1x-5x
Dissimilar Terms having same literal = (2+1-5)x= -2x
Terms coefficients are called similar
terms, while having different E2. 5y+y-a+2a
literal coefficients are known as = (5+1)y (-1+2)a
dissimilar terms. =6y+a
Only similar terms can be
added E3.5m+2m2-5m2
= (2-5)m2+5m
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#8: Adding Dissimilar Terms =-3m2+5m
The sum of dissimilar terms can
only be indicated. E4.2n+3m-10n+8m
To add similar terms: = (2-10)n(3+8)m
- Find the algebraic sum of the =-8n + 11m
numerical coefficients
- Copy the literal parts
b. Multiplication of #9: Multiplication of Monomials E1.(2x2)(-4x3)
Monomials To multiply monomials, find the = (2*-4)x2+3
product of their numerical coefficients = -8x5
and add the exponents of the same
base. E2.(3by)(5ab)
= (3*5)ab1+1y
= 15ab2y
E3.(2a)(-10a2y)(5by)
= (2*-10*5)a1+2by1+1
=-100a3by2
E4.(3x)(2x3)(axy2z)
= (3*2)ax1+3+1y2z
=6ax5y2z
c. Division of #10: Division of Monomials E1. (-4x5)÷(2x3)
Monomials To divide monomials, find the = (-4÷2)x5-3
quotient of their numerical = -2x2
coefficients and subtract the
exponents of the same base. E2.(24am)÷12a
= (24÷12)a1-1m
= 2m
E3. (6my2)÷(-3my)
=(6÷-3)m1-1y2-1
= -2y
d. The Product of a #11: The Product of a Monomial E1. a (x+y)
Monomial and a and a Polynomial =a(x) + a(y)
Polynomial To multiply a monomial by a = ax+ay
polynomial, use the distributive
property of multiplication. E2. 2x(a-b+c)
= 2x(a) -2x(b) +2x(c)
= 2ax-2bx+2cx
E3. m2(y-2m+n)
= m2(y)-2(m2+1)+m2(n)
=m2y-2m3+m2n
e. The product of #12: The Product of Polynomials E1. (x+y) (a+b)
Polynomials To multiply polynomials, apply the = (x)(a)+(x)(b)+(y)(a)+(y)(b)
distributive property of = ax+bx+ay+by
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multiplication. That is, multiply each
term in the multiplier by each term in E2. (m-n)(a+b+c)
the multiplicand. =m(a)+m(b)+m(c)-n(a)-n(b)-n(c)
X(Y)=xy =am+bm+cm-an-bn-cn
X= multiplicand / factor
Y = multiplier / factor
XY = product
3. Special Products
Rule Example
# 13 : Product of Two Binomials with similar literal 1st Binomial 2nd Binomial
coefficients 1st term 2nd term 1st term 2nd term
The product of two binomials (the first and second
terms of which are similar respectively – with similar E1: (a+2b)(2a+b)
literal coefficients, regardless of the numerical) is called
a quadratic trinomial Middle terms
End Terms
A trinomial has three terms.
- First term: multiply the first two terms;
- Second term: add the product of the middle First Term: (a)(2a)= 2(a1+1)=2a2
terms to the product of the end terms Second Term:
- Third term: Multiply the two second terms of the Middle Terms: (2b)(2a)=4ab
binomials End Terms: (a)(b) = ab
Sum (2+1)ab = 5ab
Third Term: (2b)(b)=2(b1+1) = 2b2
Final Answer: 2a2+5ab+2b2
(a+2b)(2a+b)
(a)(2a)+ (a)(b)+(2b)(2a)+(2b)(b)
2a2+ab+4ab+2b2
2a2+5ab+2b2
E2. (x-3y)(2x+y)
First Term: multiply the first terms of the
binomials
(x)(2x) = 2(x1+1) = 2x2
Second Term: get the product of middle
terms and the product of the end/outer
terms, then add the computed
products
Middle: (-3y)(2x) = -6xy
End: (x)(y) = xy
Sum -5xy
Third Term: get the product of the
second terms of the binomials
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(-3y)(y) = -3(y1+1) =-3y2
Final Answer = 2x2-5xy-3y2
#14: The Square of a Binomial E1. (a+b)2
The square (raised to the power of two) of binomial is a 1st term 2nd term
perfect square trinomial
42 = 4(4)
To find the square of a binomial: X2 = x(x)
- Square the first term (a+b)2 = (a+b)(a+b)
- Find twice (times / multiply it by 2) the product of a(a)+(a)(b)+b(a)+(b)(b)
first and second term a2+ab+ab+b2
- Square the second term a2+2ab+b2
First term: a1(a1) = a1+1 = a2
Second term: 2(a*b)= 2ab
Third term: b(b) = b2
Final answer: a2+2ab+b2
E2.(a-b)2
First Term: square the first term:
(a)(a) = a2
Second Term: multiply the two terms
then multiply by two (twice the product of
the two terms)
(a*-b)(2)) = -2ab
2(a*-b)=-2ab
Third Term: square the last term of the
binomial
b2
Final answer: a2-2ab+b2
E3.(x-2y)2
First Term:x2
Second Term: 2(1x*-2y)=2(-2xy)=-4xy
Third Term: (-2y)2 =(-2y)(-2y)
=(-2*-2)y1+1
= 4y2
Final answer: x2-4xy+4y2
#15: Product of the Sum and Difference of Two E1.(a+b)(a-b)
Terms Final answer: (a2 - b2)
The product of the sum and difference of two terms is (a+b)(a-b)
a difference of two squares (a)(a)+a(-b)+(b)(a)+b(-b)
a2-ab+ab-b2
a2-b2
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E2.(m-9)(m+9)
Final answer: (m2 - 81)
4. Factoring of Polynomials
Factors are numbers that are being multiplied
Rule Example
#16: Common Factor E1. ax+bx = x(a+b)
To factor a polynomial by finding the common factor, E2. am-bm+cm= m(a-b+c)
divide each term in the polynomial by the greatest E3.25-50a2=25(1 -2a2)
common factor, then write the quotient inside a E4.2ax-4= 2(ax-2)
parenthesis E5. a2-a5= a2(1 - a3)
E6.a(b+y)-x(b+y) = (b+y)(a-x)
#17: Factoring Quadratic Trinomials E1. a +3ab+2b2 = (a+b) (a+2b)
2
To factor quadratic trinomial: ( a + 2b )( a + b )
1. Factor the first term
2. Factor the last term such that the algebraic First term: product of the first terms:
sum of the products of the middle terms (a)(a) = a2
and end terms in the binomials, is equal to Middle term: sum of the middle and outer
the middle term in the trinomial terms
(2b)(a) = 2ab
Opposite of rule 13 (a) (b) = ab
Sum = 3ab
Last term: product of the second terms
(2b)(b) = 2b2
Answer: a2+3ab+2b2
E2. a2-3ab+2b2 = (a-b) (a-2b)
(a - 2b ) (a - b )
E3. a2-ab-2b2 = (a-2b)(a+b)
(a + b)(a – 2b )
E4. a2+ab-2b2 = (a+2b)(a-b)
(a+2b) (a- b)
2b (b)
E5. 2x2-xy-3y2 = (x+y )(2x-3y)
(2x-3y)(x+y)
3y2= 3y(y)
Checking: (Middle term)
(x+y)(2x-3y)
Middle: Y(2x) =2xy
Outer: (x)(-3y) = -3xy
-xy
#18: Factoring the Difference of Two Squares E1. a2-b2 = (a+b) (a-b)
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The factors of a difference of two squares are two E2. x2 – 9 = (x+3) (x – 3)
binomials which are sum and difference of their square E3. 1 - 100y2 = (1+10y) (1-10y)
roots E4. y4-1= (y2+1)(y2-1)
= (y2+1)(y+1)(y-1)
Opposite of rule 15 C2 - 81 =(c + 9)(c - 9)
PST (perfect square trinomial) –
opposite of rule #14
Trinomial, first and second terms are
perfect squares
a2-2ab+b2
(a-b)2
#19: Factoring by Grouping E1. ax + bx + ay + by
Steps: = (ax+bx) + (ay + by)
1. Group the terms with a common factor in one =x(a+b) + y (a+b)
parenthesis =( x(a+b) + y (a+b) )
2. Put out the common factor of each group = (a+b) (x+y)
3. Factor further by finding the common factors
E2. am + an - ay – bm – bn + by
= (am+an-ay) – (bm+bn-by)
=a (m+n-y) – b(m+n-y)
= (m+n-y)(a-b)
5. Operations for Fractions
Rule Example
a. Adding and Subtracting #20: Adding / Subtracting Similar E1. ½ + ½
Similar Fractions Fractions = 2/2 or 1
While adding or subtracting two
fractions; we need to make sure that the E2. ¼ + 2/4
denominators are the same. =¾
Steps:
Add or subtract the numerators. E3. 1/12 + 3/12
Keep the denominator the same. = 4/12 or 1/3
Reduce the answer, if possible.
b. Adding and Subtracting #21: Adding / Subtracting Dissimilar E1. ½ + ¼
Dissimilar Fractions Fractions = 4+2
8
Adding or subtracting fractions with the
different denominators:
6/8 or ¾
If the denominators are not the same:
First, make them the same (get E2. 1/3 + 2/4
the LCD then, divide both =4+6
denominators with the LCD/ then 12
multiply with the numerator) Or
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simply multiply the denominators, = 10 / 12 or 5/6
then cross multiply.
Then add or subtract like
fractions with the same
denominators.
c. Multiplying Fractions #22: Multiplying Fractions E1. 2/3 x 3/15
To multiply two fractions we simply = 6/ 30 or 1/5
multiply the numerators and
denominators.
NOTHING FOLLOWS