MOMENTUM TRASNFER
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Q. What are Transport Phenomena ?
Ans. A combination of three closely related topics
Fluid Dynamics Momentum Transfer/Transport
Heat Transfer Energy Transfer/Transport
Mass Transfer Chemical Species Mass Transfer/Transport
Q. Why these transfer processes be studied together ?
1. They very frequently occur simultaneously in nature
2. The basic equations describing these transfer processes are very
closely related
3. The close similarity of these equations .
4. Mathematics required for the three transfer processes equations
is very similar
5. The basic molecular mechanism of the three transfer processes is
very similar. The same molecules transfer momentum, energy
and mass, through viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusivity
INTRODUCTION, contd. - 2
THREE LEVELS OF STUDY OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
1. Macroscopic Level
2. Microscopic Level
3. Molecular Level
Integral Analysis Macroscopic Level
No attempt to understand the
A Macroscopic Balance of details of what is going on
1. Mass within the control volume
2. Momentum
3. Energy
Due to various inputs & outputs Mainly used for the global
from our control volume assessment of the problem
INTRODUCTION, contd. - 3
Differential Analysis Microscopic Level
A Microscopic Balance of
1. Mass An attempt to understand the
2. Momentum details of what is going on
3. Energy within the control volume
Due to various inputs & outputs
from our control volume
Mainly used to get information of
1. Velocity profiles
2. Temperature profiles
3. Concentration profiles
To understand the process and optimize it
INTRODUCTION, contd. - 4
Molecular Level
To seek the fundamental understanding of the process of
1. Mass transfer
2. Momentum transfer
3. Energy transfer
In terms of molecular structure & intermolecular forces
A job primarily for
1. Theoretical Physicists
2. Physical Chemist
Some times Engineers/applied scientists do get involved in cases of
Complex molecules
INTRODUCTION, contd. - 5
Each of these levels involve typical length scales
Macroscopic Level Order of cm or m
Microscopic Level Micron to cm range
Molecular Level 1 to 1000 nanometers
Requirements For Good Understanding Of This Subject
MATHEMATICS, Differential Equations, Vectors, Calculus
Physical Interpretation of key mathematical results
Comparison of results obtained
Understanding of dimensional analysis
Viscosity and Newton’s Law of Viscosity
Example of two parallel plates
• Top layer stationary,
• Bottom layer moves with constant velocity V
• A fluid is filled between the plates
Shear force acting on the second
molecular layer of fluid is due to
the difference in the velocities of
the two adjacent layers
Viscosity and Newton’s Law of Viscosity, contd. -2
Fluid initially
y
Y t<0
at rest Common sense suggests the following.
x 1. A constant force F is required to
t=0
Lower plate set maintain the motion of lower plate
y in motion 2. This force is directly proportional to
x V 1. Area of plates
Velocity buildup
y
vx(y, t) small t
in unsteady flow
2. Velocity of lower plate
x V 3. This force is inversely proportional
Final velocity
vx(y) to
y large t distribution in
steady flow 1. Distance between the plates
x V
Mathematical Interpretation Of Common Sense
F V F V
=
A Y A Y
V/Y is the gradient or slope
The force applied, F is the shear force V dv
− x
Y dy
Viscosity and Newton’s Law of Viscosity, contd. -3
The shear stress exerted in the x-direction on a
fluid surface of constant y by the fluid in the
region of lesser y is designated as
Shear Stress τ yx
fluid surface of constant y, Shear x-direction
force on unit area perpendicular to
the y-direction
Shear stress is induced by the
The shear stress is moving in the motion of the plate.
direction of y because the bottom
layer of fluid exerts a shear stress
on the next layer which then exerts
a shear stress on subsequent layer
Pressure force is a force acting on
a surface while the gravity force is
the force acting on a fluid volume
Viscosity and Newton’s Law of Viscosity, contd. -4
The shear stress is a function of
1. Velocity gradient
2. Properties of the fluid
If this functional dependence is linear: dvx
yx = −
fluids are called Newtonian Fluids dy
Where, vx = fluid velocity in the x-direction
μ = fluid viscosity, a property of the fluid, not the physical system
The viscosity of Newtonian fluids is constant
Behaviour Of Gases At Moderate Pressures
Viscosity Is Independent Of Pressure Increases With Temperature
Viscosity and Newton’s Law of Viscosity, contd. -5
Behaviour Of Liquids
Viscosity Is Independent Of Pressure Decreases With Temperature
Units of viscosity is g/cm/sec (poise) or Pa-s.
Magnitudes:
Air @ 20C 0.00018 g/cm/sec
Liquid water @ 20 C 0.001 Pa-s, 0.01 g/cm/s
Non-Newtonian Fluids
For non-Newtonian fluids
• The functional dependence between the shear stress and the
velocity gradient is more complex.
• We can write in the most general format:
non-Newtonian
Newtonian
yx
dvx
f yx , , fluid properties = 0
dy non-Newtonian
− dvx dy
Non-Newtonian Fluids, contd. -2
Mathematically one can write for Non-Newtonian Fluids in the form
dvx
yx = −
dy
Where,
η = Fluid Viscosity, a function of either τyx / dvx/dy / both
Effects of η
1. Thus fluid viscosity is dependent on the current state of fluid
2. If viscosity decreases with increasing rate of shear (-dvx/dy)
1. The behaviour is termed pseudoplastic
3. If viscosity increases with increasing rate of shear (-dvx/dy)
1. The behaviour is termed dilatant
Non-Newtonian Fluids, contd. -3
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids
Bingham model: applicable for fine suspensions and pastes Bingham
Ostwald-de Waele model: e.g. used for CMC
Ostwald
(Carboxymethyl cellulose) in water
Eyring model: derived from the Eyring kinetic theory Eyring
Ellis model: CMC in water Ellis
Reiner-Philippoff model Reiner
Non-Newtonian Fluids, contd. -4
Graphical representation of two-parameter model
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids - 1
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids - 2
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids - 3
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids – 4
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids – 5
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