Encyclopedia OF GENERAL SCIENCE

704
COMPUTER & IT
Laureate
Robert G. Edwards (2010)
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W.
Greider and Jack W. Szostak (20c9)
Herald Zur Hausen (2008)
Contribution
For the development of in vitro fertilization
Discovered how chromosomes are protected by telomeres
and the enzyme telomerase
1 Introduction
Postulated that oncogenic Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

to Computer
caused cervical cancer
Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc
Discovered Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV)
Montagnier (2008)
Mario Capechi, Sir Martin Evans and Discovered the introduction of specific gene modifications
Oliver Smith (2007) in mice by use of embryonic stem cells loomnuter is an electronicmachine that accepts data from the user, processes the data by
Andrew Z. Fire (USA) and Craig Discovered RNA interference gene silencing by orforming calculations and operations on it and generates the desired output as a result. The
C. Mello (2006) double-stranded RNA term computer is derived from the Latin word 'computerae' which means 'to compute.
Barry [Link] (Australia) and Discovered the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in
J. Robbin Warren (Australia) (2005) gastritis and peptic ulcer disease History of Computer Evolution
Computer is not the creation of one day, rather it took a long period for the development of
Emil Adolf von Behring For the development of serum therapies against diptheria modern Computer.
(First Nobel Laureate) (1901) and tetanus
Invention Inventor Time Characteristics Applications
Abac
acus China 16th | First mechanical Used for addition and,
century calculating device. Subtraction operation.
Nobel 2014 for locating brain's GPS y tiinath Napier's Bones John Napier 1617 Holding numbers 0 to 9 Perform multiplication on
only. numbers.
British-US scientist John O'Keefe and married couple May-Britt and Edvard Moser Pascaline Blaise Pascal 1642 First mechanical adding Perform addition and
from Norway have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the machine. subtraction of two numbers.
brain's "inner GPS". The "place cells" and "grid cels" they discovered make it possible Card of Holes Joseph 1801 First mechanical loom.
for our brins to work out where we are .The Nobel Assembly said the discoveries for Weaving Jacquard Mainly weaved a silk
show how the brain creates "a map of the space surrounding us and how we can Pattern
based pattern.
navigate our way through a complex environment." Analytical Charles 1834 First general-purpose Generally used for basic
Engine Babbage. 1871 computer. arithrmetic operations.
The knowledge about the brain's positioning system may "help us understand the " It was a decimal machine
mechanism underpinning the devastating spatil memory loss" that affects people used sign and magnitude for
with Alzheimer's disease. representation of a number.
Tabulating Herman 1880 It used punched cards " It was the first
Machine Hollerith with round holes. electromechanical
Read one card at a time. machine, which was
designed to process the
data for census in 1890.
MARK-I Howard Aiken 1944 Data can be entered Mainly used in the war
manually. effort during World War-l.
ENIAC JP Eckert and 1950
JW Mauchly
EDSAC John Von 1946-52 " It was first computer
Neumann which provided storage
capacity.
UNIVAC Eçkert and JW 1951 First general-purpose Used magnetic tapes as
Mauchly electronic computer with input and output.
large amount of input
and output.
IBM-650 IBM Company 1954 Provided input/output
Computer units converting
alphabetical and special
characters to two-digit
decimal code.
 cOMPUTER & |T

Encyclopedia OF GENERAL SCIENCE

706 Sorme types of microcomputer are 707
Desktop computer or
personal computer
Generations of Computer Handheld Computers or
palmtops Notebock
Ageneration refers to the state of improvement in the development of system. Computers are Smart phones Tablet computer
built of Electromechanical, before generation. Each generation of computer is characterized by
amajor technological development thatfundamentally changed the way, computers operate. loMainframe Computer
Mainframe Computers are those
Switching Storage Operating range of having large internal
Generation Year Speed Language l c o m p r e h e n s i v e

software. Mainframe Inernory storage and

Device Device System business world.
Mainframe computers computer
First 1940-56 Vacuum tubes Magnetic 333 Batch Machine language lentire
are IBM-370,serves as a backbone for the
drums micro operating (Binary number s 3. Minicomputer IBM-S/390, UNIVAC1110.
second system and 1s) Minicomputers are smaller in size, faster, cost
Assembly language, lower
to carry out somethan mainframe computers. Inítially.
Second 1956-63 Transistors Magnetic 10 micro Time-sharing minicomputer was designed
Core second system, high level language the
technology Multitasking Computer
Aided Design (CAD) calculations. But specific tasks, like engineering
computer which is called as Server. Mini now, they are being and
computers are IBM-17, DEC PDP-11, used as central
Third 1964-71Integrated Circuits Magnetic 100 Real-time High level language
(ICs) Core asS nano system (FORTRAN, etc. HP-9000.
primary seconds COBOL) ALGOL 4. S u p e r c o m p u t e r
storage
medium Canercomputers are the Tastest and the most expensive machines.
Fourth 1971 Large Scale Semi 10 pico Time sharing PASCAL, ADA, Ping speed compared to other computers. They have high
1980 Integrated (LSI) Conductor second network, GUI COBOL-74 measured in FLOPS (Floating Point Operations The speed of supercomputers are
circuit memory, interface. FORTRAN IV Per Second).
microprocessor Winchester inercomputers are used for highly calculation intensive tasks. such as weather
disk oresting. nuclear research, military agencies and scientific research
Fifth 1980 Super Large Scale laboratories.
Beyond Integrated (SLSI) Siddhartha was thefirst computer developed in India. (42g6)
chips CRAY-1 was the world's first supercomputer introduced by Seymour RCRAY in 1976.
Charles Babbage is called the father of computer. SAGA-220 stands for Supercomputer for .Aerospace with GPU (Graphic Process Unit)
Alan Turing is known as the father of modern computer. Architecture-220 teraflops. It is built by Indian Space and Research Organisation (SRO).
The First Computer architecture was introduced by John Von Neumann in 1948. Titan is the first supercomputer which is based on GPU system.
EDVAC MaS the first electronic computerconstructed at the Moore School of Engineering (USA. PARAM YUVA Il is the latest machine in the series of PARAM made by C-DAC (Pune) in incia. lt
ENIAC Was the worlid's first succesful electronic computer which was developed by the two scientists performs at a peak of 524 teraflops. It has been ranked 33rd in the list of Top 500 Supercomputers ir
world.
namely J P Eckert andJW Mauchy. twas the beginning of first generation computer.
Electnonic Nune ncal Pntegrator Calcu lar PARAM ANANT is a low-cost süpercomputing solution based on C-DACS unique open frame
Classification of Computer architecture.
Tianhe-2is the world's fastest supercomputer launched by China at NUDT University in 2013. It is
Computers are mainly classified as two types
based on Rylin Linux operating system with 33.86 petaflops.
Classification of Computer
BSNL Penta Tablet
BSNL initially launched four tablets manufactured by Pantel. The tablet's brand
Based on Size Based on Work
name is Penta.
Microcomputer Minicomputer Analog
Computer
Hybrid
Computer
Aakash/Sakshat Tablet the India's aim to link 25000 colleges and 400
Mainframe Supercomputer Digital It was developed as part of series of Android-based tablet
Computer an e-learning proaram. It is a
Computer universities in
British company data wind. Aakash (formeriy, it was called
Based on Size Computers produced by
as Sakshat) is a low-cost tablet computer.
On the basis of size, computer are categorise as
follows Aakash 2 (Ubirlate 7C)Android-based by British
tablet computers produced
1. MicrOComputer Is second in the series of for Development of Advanced
It was developed by
Centre
Microcomputers are the least powerful, yet the most widely used and Company data wind. It original Aakash tabiet.
type of computers and are also called portable fastest growing Omputing (C-DAC) to replace the
three basic categories of physical computers. Microcomputer consists of
equipment i.e system unit, input/output and memory.
Nov
 Encyclopedia 0F GENERAL SCIENCE
708

Based on Working of System

On the basis of work, computers are categorised as follows
1. Analog Computer
Analog computers are the job-oriented computers. They carry out arithmetic and logical
2 Computer Architecture
operations by manipulating and processing of data. e.g, speedometers, seismograph, etc.
Quantum computers was first introduced by Richard Feynman. It uses quantum mechanical
phenomena. It is the fastest computer imitating Brain working.
and I/O Devices
2. Digital Computer
ncomputer
science,
computer architecture is a
Digital computers work by calculating the binary digits. A digital computer, not only system and their relations. set of disciplines that
describes the part of
performs mathematical problems, but also combines the bytes to produce desired. omputer Computer architecture deals with the functional
graphics, sounds. e.g., desktop (PC). hehaviour of a computer system as viewed by a
programmer.
3. Hybrid Computer Components of a Computer
Hybrid computers are the combination of analog and digital computers. Machines used in
hospitals like ECG and DIALYSIS are the commonly used hybrid compúters. Acomputer consists of three main components
Applications of Computer Input/Output
Some of the areas where computers are being used are Lomnuter accepts coded information through input unit by the
e etc. The output unit sends the processed results user. e.g,. keyboard.
Education Computers have proved to be exXcellent teachers. Educational institutes are to the user. e.g., video monitor
brinter and plotter, etc.
using computers in many ways like tele-education, virtual classroom, online classes, etc.
Science Scientists have long been users of it. A new adventure among scientistsis the idea Central Processing Unit (CPU)
of a collaboratory, an internet based collaborative laboratory, in which researchers all over hentral Processing Unit (CPU) is often called the brain of computer. The CPU is fabricated
the world can work easily together even at a distance. ks a single Integrated Circuit ((C) chip and is also known as Microprocessor. A CPU
Industry Computers are used here to control manufacturing system and continuous ontrols all the internal and external devices and performs arithmetic and logic operations.
running of the machinery. he CPU consists of three main sub- systems;,Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit
Parameters like temperature, pressure, volume are monitored and controlled by CU) and registers.
computers. Robotics,developed with the help of computers plays a very crucial role here. ) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) It is used to perform all arithmetic calculations
Recreation and Entertainment Our entertainment and pleasure-time have also been (addition., sub- traction, multiplication and division) and logical calculation (s> 5
affected by computerisation. AND, ORetc). aet em eemln
Government Various departments of the Government use computer for their () Registers Éssentially. they hold the information th2t theCH¯Is currently working
planning, control and law enforcement activities. on. Registers store data, instructions, address and intermediate results of processing.
() Control Unit (CU) Control unit coordinates with the input and output devices of a
Health Computer plays a very crucial role in this area. Activities like computer. It directs the computer to carry out stored program instructions by
scanning, X-ray,
tele-medicine, patient monitoring, patient records, diagnosis, etc are performed with the Communicating with the ALUand the registers.
help of computers.
Banks Computers can be used in the banks to keep the records of
B. Memory Unit
customer'saccounts. Ory 1s that part of the computer. which holds data and
instructions. The memorY
Business Using a wide range of business software a company's
produce sales forecasts and devise new strategies. marketing division can COnSISts of primary memory and secondary memory.
Primary Memory to store the data and
is used
Primary memory or main memory of the computer The primary memory
is oftwo types:
nstructions during execution of the instructions. Memory (ROM).
Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only information to the
provides the required
Random Access Memory (RAM) It directlyprovides temporary storage for data and
processOr. RAM is a volatile memory. It categories
Instructions. RAM is classified into two
(SRAM).
(i) Static Randomn Access Memory
(DRAM).
i) Dynamic Random Access Memory
 toMPUTER
R& IT
710 Encyclopedia 0F GENERAL SCIENCE

Read Only Memory (ROM) It is used for storing standard processing programs that nputand
permanently reside in the computer. Generally, designers program ROM chips at the timemputer interacts with nthe external
Output Devices 711
of manufacturing circuits. ROM is a non-volatile memory. It can only be readnot
written. environment
nput t device is used for providing data via the
ROM is classified into three categories inputt data, computer provides
and instructionsInput-Output (I/O) devices attached
() Programmable ROM (PROM. he
attached, externally to the
output to the user via the to the computer. After
(ii) Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) re computer output processing
machine are also called devices. The I/O devices
peripheral that
(iüi) Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM) nput
Devices devices.
device can be defined as
Secondary Memory Aninput an electro
eed data into the computer for
analysis mechanical
and storage anddevice that allows the user to
Secondary memory, also known as secondary storage or auxiliary mnemory, Some of the
storing data and instructions permanently. e.g., hard disks, CDs, is used for omputer. Commonly used input devices are to give commands to the
DVDs, etc. Keyboard A keyboard is one of the
described ahead.
Touchscreen
accepts Touchscreen is an input device
Motherboard most common input device. The layout that
The main circuit board contained in any computer is called a
motherboard. It is fthe keyboard was borrowed from the fingertip on input when the user places a
also known as the mainboard or logic board or system board or egular typewriter with some additional the computer screen.
biggest piece of silicon housed in the system unit of a computer planar board. The keys. Keyboard is used to enter data or Touch screen generally used in
is motherboard.
All the other electronic devices and circuits of
computersystem are attached to nformation, which may be in numeric like ATM, hospitals, airline applications
thisboard like, CPU, ROM, orm or alphabets form, in a computer Supermarkets and so on. reservation,
RAM expansion slots, PCl slots and USB ports. It also includes
devices like the hard drive, DVD drive, keyboard and mouse. controllers for ystem. Digitizers and Graphic Tablets It allowS
In other words, motherboard makes everything in a Kouse Mouse is a small artists to create handmade
computer work together. handheld
Hevice having twO or three buttons on graphical images with motion andimages
action.
and
Memory Measurement Ünits is upper side and also has a small wheel Dar Code Reader It is an input device 1sei
Units of computer mermory measurements
1Bit = Binary Digit
between the buttons. It is a pointing for reading printed bar codes (Universal
8 Bits =1 Byte = 2. Nibble Bevice which provides a means toinput Product Code) available on product to be sold.
1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilo Byte) -1024 KB =1 MB (Mega Byte) bata and commands in graphic form by Optical Mark Reader (OMR) OMR is the
1024 MB= 1GB (Giga Byte) . 1024 GB =1TB (Tera Byte) electing through moving an arrow process of detecting the presence of intended
1024 TB=1 PB (Peta Byte) 1024 PB=1EB (Exa Byte) alled pointer on monitor. marked responses.
1024 EB=1ZB (Zetta Byte) 1024 ZB1YB (Yotta Byte) Mouse was invented by DauglasEngelbert OMR is widely used to read answer of
1024 YB =1 (Bronto Byte) at Stanford Research Centre in 1963 objective type tests, voting applications and
1024 Brontobyte =1(Geop Byte)
Optical mouse was introduced hy other evaluation studies.
Instruction Cycle Microsoft in 1999. It uses a light beam to Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
detect the movement. (MICR) MICR reads the characters by
The instruction cycle represents the sequence
of events that -Fetch
takes place as an instruction is read from memory and |rackball Trackball is another pointing examining their shapes in amatrix form
Asimple instruction cycle consists of the executed. evice Which is an alternative to a It is generally used in banks to process the
Step IFetching the instruction from the following steps Instruction nouse. cheques for recognising the magnetic
Store
Step II Decoding the instruction for memory. Cycle Decode
is used on CAD, CAM workstations. encoding numbers printed at the bottom of a
Step IiI Executing the instruction. operation. loystick It is a device that moves in all
cheque.
which is
Step IV storing in Execute movement Smart Card Reader It is a device
memory. haOn1s and controls the of a smart
Instruction Cycle Joysticks are used in flicht used to access the microprocessor companies
large
. Machine cycle is defined by
the time, it takes to fetch two
i u I SOr. card. Smart cards are used in
operation and stores the result in a register. operands from registers. Itpertorms the ALU Slmulators, CAD/ CAM system, etc. and organisations for stronger security
Pipelining improves execution speed by putting the Light Pen Iicht nen is a
parallel. It isalso called execution steps of several instructions into hananeld authentication.

is a device which
instruction prefetch. ectro-optical pointing device. which Biometric Sensor It traits of
Sockets are the connecting points of chip on the sed for making drawings, graphics and recognises physical
or behavioural mainly
motherboard. or rnenu selection. Biometric sensors
are
the individual. and for making
security purpOse
used for the in
Scanner t is optical input device
and uses light anas an input source to
of employees/students

attendance
organisations/institutions.

|Lonvert an image into an

electronic
orm that can be stored on the
computer.
 Encyclopedia oF GENERAL SCIENCE
712

Output Devices
An output device isany piece of computer hardware equipment used to Communicate the
results of data processing carried out by an information processing to the outside world
The output produced by the output devices can be of the following forms. Number
Monitor Monitor is also known by Visual Display Unit (VDU). The monitor is provided
along with the computer to view the display result.
The popular type of monitors are
CRT (CathodeRay Tube) LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)
system definessa set of values that is
System
LED (Liquid/Light Emitted Diode) TET(Thin Film Transistor) Anumber

theibinary number system represent used to

Printer A printer prints information and data from the computer onto a paper. It can
nternally use represent data and performquantity.
to Digital computers
arithmetic calculations.
print documents in colour as well as in black and white. The quality of a printer is nes ofNumnber SyStem
determined by the clarity of a print. Printers are divided into two basic categories; impact systems generally
and non-impact printers. he number used by a computer
Plotter Aplotter is an output device that uses a pen, pencil, marker or other writing tool) Binary
Number System It contains two unigquearedigits
as follows
Base 2 system. 0s and 1s. It is also known as
for making vector graphics. A plotter is a special kind of output channel, like a printer.
that produces images on paper. They are mainly used to produce large drawings or images robinary numbers 0 and 1 called a bit. The
binary form.
computer always calculates input in
such as construction plans, blueprints for mechanical objects, AUTOCAD, CAD/CAM, etc.
. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz developed the binary system.
Input/Output (I/0) Ports Decimal Number System It consistsof ten digits from Oto 9.
11sed to represent any numeric value. It is These digits can be
Input/output ports are the external interfaces that are used to connect input and output also known as Base 10 system or positional 2
devices like printer, modem, plotter, etc. number system.
The I/O devices are connected to the computer via the following ports. ia OctalNumber System It consists of 8 digits from 0 to 7. It is
also known as Base 8
Parallel Port A parallel port is an interface for connecting eight or more data wires. The systerm.\b
data flows through the eight wires simultaneously. Parallelport is used to connect printer vHexàdeçimal Number System It provides us witha shorthand method of
to the computer. working with binary numbers. There ar16 unigue digits|available in this system. 2
Serial Port Aserial port transmits one bit of data through a single wire. Serial port is These are Oto 9 and A to F, where Adenotes 10, B denotes 11...F denotes 15. It is
used to connect external modemns, plotters, bar code reader, etc. also known as Base 16 system or simply Hex.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) It is a common and popular external port available with OnputeICOdes
computers. Normally, two or four USB ports are provided on a PC. A single USB port can h computer. any
Support connection of upto 127 devices.
characters like alphabet, digit or any special character is represented by
rollection ofT and '0' in a unique coded pattern. In computers, the code is made up of fixed size
Firewire It is used to connect audio and video multimedia deyices like video camera. It is roups of binary positions.
an expensive technology used for large data movement.
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
inary coded decimal is a number system where four bits are used to represent each
Rcimal digits,. BCD is amethod of using binary digits to represent the decimal digits l0 9.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASC)
codes are of two types
lcharacters are represented by seven bits. Basically, ASCIl
ASCII-7 and ASCII-8.
ASCI-7 is a 7-bit standard ASCIl code.
ASCII-8 is a extended version of ASCII-7. It is
an 8-bit code.
Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
tended Binary Coded Decimal codes store
information which
hEBCDIC, characters are represented by eight bits. These
Sreadable by other computers.
character,
corporation.
bCDsystem was developed by IBM
non-english
represents any
data. It
a symbol in the
UNICODE uses 16-bits to represent
like Chinese, Japanese.
scientific symbol in any language i
 koMPUTER & IT

oc as
Apple
Macintosh-7
715
Most recent
versions of OS are
based on Unix
stable (does not crash

4
both
so,it is because it
Computer systems may and easy to [Link] or have as nanyhas agood graphical interface.
have)
run on Apple produced products. One drawback of this Sssoftware problerns as other
systern is that it can only be

Software BIOS
The Basic
Input/Output system (BIOS) is
RIOS cOntrols various electronic
The initial function
commonly known as System
of the BIOS is components within Bi0S. The
to initialize system the main computer syster.
computing gnd
hard disk, CD/DVD drive, devices sUch
AComputer system consists of hardware, the electronic devices capable of the machine hardware video display card and other as the RAM,
manipulating information, and software that carries out predefined instructions to complete a confiqure the hardware into a known state that helps thehardwares. The BiOS sets
operating system to
given task. The combination of physical equipment (hardware) and_logical instructions components. This process is known as Booting Up.
Booting
(software) givespower and versatility to the modern computing systems. Booting is a boot strapping
Software is acollection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions process
computer is switched on and the which starts the operating system when a
for telling acomputer what to do and how to do
it main memory. operating system gets loaded from hard
disk to
Types of Software There are two types of booting
v Cold Booting When a
Software can be divided into two major categories. shutdown.
computer is turned on after it has been
completely
1. System software. v Warm Booting When a
2. Application softw¡re. computer is restarted by pressing the combination of
Ctr + Alt+ Del key or by restart button.
System Software
Mobile Operating System
System software consists of several programs, which are directly responsible
pontrolling integrating and managing the individual narawalecopoetso
for Mobile operating system can be clasified os
1 Android Android was introduced by Google in 2007. Android is an OS
Computer system.
Linux. It is basically based on
It also provides the interface between the user and component of the computer. designed for touch screen mobile devices like Tablets, sn¡rt
phones, etc. The latest version of Android is Kitkat launched in January,
(1) Operating System 2014.(Aried l2
2. Symbian It is the OS developed and sold by Synbar Ltd. ta Symbian
Svm is an open-source o c o21
It consists of programs, which controls, coordinates and supervises the activitiesof the mobile OS designed for smart phones. It has been used by many major handsetyi*
various componentsof a computer system. Its function is to provide link between the manufacturers including Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sony, etc. versr
computer hardware and the user. 3. iOS It is the popular mobile operating system developed by Apple incorporation.
The operating systen performs the following functions This operating system is commonly used in Apple iPhone, iPod Touci, iPad and
(1) It recognises input from keyboard, sends output to the display screen. second-generation Apple TV. rac
(i) It makes sure that programs running at the same time do not interfere with each other. 4. BlackBerry This is the most secure operating system used in leading smart phones
(iii) It isalso reponsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the developed by blackberry company. It also supports WAP 1.2. The latest version of
system. blackberryoperating system is Blackberry 10.
There are many types of OS. The most common are as under 5. Windows Phone 8-Apollo Windows Phone 8 is the second generation of the
Windovws Phone mobile operating system, as officially confirmed by Microsoft at a
Microsoft Window_ Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) seminar in August, 2011 and previewed at
initially
It is afamily of operating systems for personalcomputers. Windows provides agraphical Microsoft's sneak peek at Windows Phone on June 20, 2012. Devices were
Huawei and HTC.
user interface. virtual memory management, multitasking and support for various launched by four companies; Nokia, Samsung,
peripheral devices. otte
rdc-/Bran a o n y a n
WhatsApp Messenger->l subscription
BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions) WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary,
cross-platform instant messaging
BOSS GNU/Linux developed by.C-DAC(Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) send text messaging, images,
this facility, user can
services for smartohones. Using available for Android,
BlackBerry
derived from Debian for enhancing the use of Free/Open source software audio media messages. This messenger is Phone.
India. throughout the VIdeo and Symbian (960) and Windows
Series 40,
DS, BlackBerry 10, ioS, monthly active users, 700
million
April2014, WhatsApp had over 500 million the messaging system handles
As of 22 and
videos are sharedeach day,
photos and 100 milion
messages each day.
more than 10 billion
 Encyclopedia oF GENERAL SCIENCE
716
(ii) Device Drivers
À Software, which is written with the objective of making a device functional
connected to the computer is called device driver.
(iii)System Utilities
when it is
5 Data Communication
These programs perform tasks related to the maintenance of the computer system. These are
the packages which are loaded into computer during time of installation of operating system.
System utility mainly consists of the following functions
and Networking
Disk Compression Disk Fragmenters
Backup Utilities Disk Cleaners communication is the
. Anti-virus
Data
transmission media.
exchange of data between two devices using sorne form of
(iv) Lanquage Translator Data is transferred from one place to another in the
Àlanguage translator helps in converting programming languages to machine language. form of signals.
There are three types of signals; digital
There are three different kinds of language translator Louw te vel Layy signa, analog signal and hybrid
signa.
la) Assembler It is used to convert the assembly language into machine language (ie. 0Types of
or 1). CorAMunication Channel
(b) Compiler Itis used to convert the source code (written in high level language) into The communication channel refers to the direction of
Signal flow between two linked
machine language. San the devices.
-(c) Interpreter This language processor converts a high level languagé program into There are mainly three types of transmission of data
machine language by converting it line-by-line. ( Simplex Channel In this channel, the flow of
data is
no capability to support response in other direction. always in one direction, with
Application Software Lowwleve languogeamby
Application software is a computer software designed to help the user to perform e.g.,Radio, Television, Keyboard, etc.
singular or multiple tasks. It is a set of instructions or programn designed for specific uses (i1) HalfDuplex Channel In this channel, the data can flow in
bothdirections, but not
or applications, that enable the user to interact with a [Link] software are at a same time. e.g., Walkie-Talkie.
also called the end-user programs. These programs do the real work for users. (6i) FullDuplex Channel In this channel, the flow of data is in both directions at a
There are two types of application software time
e.g.,Wireless handset(mobile phone..
General Purpose Software
General purpose softwares are designed to perform general tasks. Communication Media
(i) Word Processing Software Commurnication media of a network refer to the transmission media or the connecting
(ii) Presentation Software media used in the network.
(ii) Electronic Spreadsheets
Transmission media can be divided into two broad categories: guided and unguided media.
(iv), Database Management System (DBMS)
Specific Purpose Software
Guided Media or Wired Technologies
Specific purpose software are designed to perform specific tasks. This type of application It consists of a cable composed of metalslike copper, tin or silver.
software generally has one purpose to execute. Basically, these are divided into three categories
Some of the specific purpose application softwares are described below 1. Ethernet Cable or Twisted Pair
Physically flexible
Ö) Inventory Management System and Purchasing System Simple in its structure
Has low weight
(ii) Payroll Management System Can be easily connected
(ii) Hotel Management System Low in cost
2. Coaxial Cable cable.
Transmission quality of coaxial
cable is better than twisted pair
for shared cable network.
Can be successfully used
band
simultaneously, so can be used for broad
channels
Cantransmit several
transmission.
 cOMPUTER & |T
Encyclopedia 0F GENERAL SCIENCE
718
(i) Wide Area Network
3. Fiber-Optic Cable LANS. A WAN like WAN) A WAN is: 719
" It is immune to electrical and magnetic fields. So, the data does not get disturbed router thefnternet
Connects LANS to a spans rnost
a
geographically dispersed
and pure data is retrived on the other end. tAN. of the
world. Anetwork collection of
Kii) Metropolitan Area device called
an areaNetwork (MAN) It is a data
a
Highly suitable for harsh industrial environment. city. It connects
It guarantees secure transmission and has a very high transmission capacity. with dedicated or high larger thana LAN, but network
Unquided Media or Wireless Technologies performance hardware. srnaller than designed for a
a WAN, Such astown or
acity.
When the computers in a network are interconnected and data is transmitted through Network Devices
waves, then they are said to be connected through unguided media. Network devices arerequired to
Some commonly used unguided mediaof transmission are signal. There are many types of amplify the signal to restore
1. Radiowave Transmission Some of them are
network devices used in the original strength of
Cheaper than wired network.
Bandwidth determines the data
transfer [Link] is measured in () Repeater (ii) Hub
networking.
. Provides mobility. cycle per second (ps) or Hertz (v) Bridge (vi) Router (ii) Gateway (iv) Switch
Easy to use over difficult terrain. (Hz). (vii) Modem.
2. Microwave Transmission Throughput is the amount of Integrated
data that is actually transmitted t
Service Digital Network (1SDN)
is a digital
Cheaper than digging trenches for laying cables between the two computers. It is telephone
and using repeaters. pY +ecommuniahin specified in bits per second (bps). Over an existing single service that can transmit voice. data and
analysis phone [Link] line. It was the control inforrmation
Using microwave, communication is possible even Giga bits per second (Gbps) is It is widely used for first high speed alterrmative to reguBar
in difficult terrains. the fastest speed unit per data business purpose.
transnission. Mobile Telephony
3. Satellite Communication It is the phone which may
B It covers a vast range of area.
Broadband refers to a data line
that willallow large amounts of Mobile phones connect to move around freely rather
a terrestrial cellular networkthan stay fixed in one location.
whereas satellite phones connect of base stations (cellsites).
The wired communication is almost impossible data to be transferred very to orbiting satelites. Both networks
and too costly to use across the continents where quickly. Fibre optics, microwave interconnected to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to allowareany phone in
and coaxial cable are used for the world to be dialled.
the satellite communication proves to be the best
broadband communication.
alternative. Cell Phone/ Mobile Phone Jammer
Ais very useful in television transmission. A mobile phone jammer is an instrument
used to prevent cellular phones from receiving
4. Infrared Wave Transmission signals from base stations. When used, the jammer effectively disables cellular phones.
These devices carn be used in practically any location, but are found
Power consumption is less. Circuitry cost is less. Circuitry is simple. where a phone call would be particularly disruptive because silence isprimarily in places
expected. Celi
phone jammer works through a special method by creating signal noise right through the
5. Bluetooth
z We are able to share data without any cord. area and making it impossible for mobile phones to work properly with the indistinct
signals.
e We are able to share data without disclosing our private data.

Computer Network Network Topology

Acomputer network is a collection of two or morecomputers, which are connected together to The term 'topology' refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically or logicaliy.
share information and resources. The most commonly used topologies are
Benefits of Networking (1) Bus Topology Abus topology is such that there is asingle line to which all nodes are
Connected.
Computer network is very useful in modern environment.
in form of Token
Some of the benefits of network are (1) Ring or Circular Topology In ring topology, data is transmitted
returns to the sending node.
through each node, the data
() File Sharing (ii) Hardware Sharing Over a network. After passing
peripheral nodes are connected to a
(i) Application Sharing (iv) User Communication (11) Star Topology In this network topology, the
central node.
Types of Computer Network topology,every node has a dedicated potnt to point ink to
Conputer network is broadly classified into following (v)Mesh Topology In mesh
every other node. tree.
(0) Local Area Network (LAN) It is a network topology in which nodes are arranged as a
system (V) Tree Topology This is a
and the geographical area such as home, in which computers are interconnected
building to 1 km. office, buildings, school may be within a
 Encyclopedia OF GENERAL SCIENCE
720
Generations of Mobile Phone
1G : Analog Cellular Networks
The main technological development that distinguished the first generation
from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites and the
mobile phones
ability to transfer
6 Internet and
calls from one site to the next as the user travelled between cells during a conversation.
2G: Digital Networks
These 2G phone systems differed from the previous generation in their use of digital
Computer Security
transmission instead of analog transmission and also by the introduction of advanced for
and fast phone-to-network signaling. Internet
stands
International Network, which began in 1950's by
The term Internet
3G:High Speed IP Data Networks Father of the Internet. is derived VíntCurf known as the
networks, also referred to as 'Net!. from two Words-Interconnections and
The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the demand for data services, so the industry a'network Kof networks' that consists
Internet is
began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main
to global scope. milions of private and public network of local
technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use
of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission. Advantages of the Internet
to Intranet It is a private network for
General Packet Radio Service (6PR`) (i) Greater access
information reduces Internet tools, but available within an
research times.
It is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication organisation. In large organisation,
system's global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS was originally (i) Allows you to easily communicate with other intranet allows an easy access to
standardised by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETS) in response to people. corporate information for employees.
the earlier Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) and i-mode packet-switched cellular (ii) Global reach enables one to Connect anvone Extranet ltis aprivatenetwork that uses
technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). on the Internet. the Internet Protocol and the public
4G: Growth of Mobile Broadband fiv) Publishing documents on the Internet saves
telecommunication system to security
share part of a business information.
It is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and paper. ERNET It is the short form of Education
preceding 5G. A4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, (v) Avaluable resource for companies to advertise and Research Network. It combines the
provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access. Conceivable applications include and conduct business. main educational institution and
amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high definition mobile TV. Disadvantages of the Internet
research centre of the country.
video conferencing, 3D television, etc.
5G:Wireless Systems (i) Cyber frauds may take place involving Credit/Debit card numbers and details.
(ii) Unsuitable and undesirable material available that sometimes are used by notorious
It is a term used to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunication standards people such as terrorists.
beyond the current 4G/MT-Advanced standards. Although updated standards that define (ii) It is a major source of computer viruses.
capabilities beyond those defined in the current 4G standards are under consideration, (iv) Much of the information is not checked ard may be incorrect or irrelevant.
those new capabilities are stillbeing grouped under the current 4G standards.
(v) Messages sent across the Internet can be easily intercepted and are open toabuse by
Video Scape others.
The system, called Video Scape, includes a set-top box. Software interface and other gear, Internet Connections
allows people to watch and search across live, on-demand and recorded television
which Internet
programming and a smattering of online video. Bandwidth and cost are the two factors that help you in deciding
connection is to use.
are
Some of the Internet connections available for 0nternet access
Dial-up is a method of connecting to the Internet using an
) Dial-Up Connection A
existing telephone. refers to high speed
The term broadband commonly
(1) Broadband Connection on and faster than the traditional dìal-up access.
always
Internet access that is
connect to the [Link] such as
It uses a telephone line to transmission
Broadband includes
several high speed
Cable Modem
(DSL) (BPL)
Digital Subscriber Line Broadband over Power Line
Fibre
 coMPUTER & |T
SCIENCE
Encyclope dia 0F GENERAL
722
Web Search Engine 723
connects a home or business to the
fi) Wireless Connection Wireless broadband #is desIgned to search for
Internet using aradio link between the customer's location
and the service provider's
Google It is a web search
information on the World
Wide Web
facility. most used search engine onengine owned by Google (WwW).
Some ways to connect the Internet wirelessly are the WWw. eIncorporatíon. Google
It is a search is
. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-F)
Google+
multilingual social networking
operated by Google Incorporation.
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and identity service owned arnd
Mobile Wireless Broadband Services Google Earth It is a virtual
globe
was originally called Earth Viewermap and goegraphical
created byinformation
Satellite 3D and was prograrnthat
Cmail It is a free, Keyholr Incorporation.
advertising supported ermail service provided by Google.
Hyperlink & HyperText Voutube It is a video sharing website
Hyperlink is simply called a link and is a reference in a hypertext document to in 2005. under the Google Incorporation,
another document or to another place on the same text.
Vahoo Yahoo! search originally
developed
HyperText is the text that appears on the page, on which we can click and reach to referred to
andsend queries to a searchable index of as Yahoo! provided search interface
another page with which it is linked. pages supplermented with its
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
sites. directory of
AWAP browser is a commonly used web browser for smallmobile devices such as cell Other Search Engines
phones. Laicos Laicosmaintains important index of all websites home pages.
Internet Telephony or VOIP . Altavista It helps you find
exactly what you are looking for. It provides
A
category of hardware and software that enables people to use the Internet as the information in all languages.
transmission medium for telephone calls. Internet telephony products are sometimes
called IP telephony, Voice Over Internet (VO) or Voice Over IP (VOIP) products. Hot Bot It is mainly used to search media files,
multimedia files. geographical websites and
Internet Protocol Version 6 (PV6)
It is the latest version of Internet protocol 4, the primary communication protocol . Bing It is a web search engine developed bý MicrosoftIncorporation.
upon which the entire Internet built.
Services of Internet
Internet Related Terms Some of the important services provided by the Internet are briefed in the following sectiorns.
There are some terms related to internet Chat Chatting is the online textual or multimedia conversation.
World Wide Web (WwW) The world wide web is a way of exchanging information E-mail (Electronic mail) E-mail is an electronic version of sending and receiving letter.
between computers on the Internet, try to tie them together into a vast collection of
interactive multimedia resources. Video Conferencing Video conferencing is a communication technology that
integrates video and audio to connect users anywhere in the world as if they were in the
Web Page The backbone of the world wide web is made of files, called pages or same room.
web pages, containing information and links to resources both text and
multimedia-throughout the Internet. Social Networking AsOcial networking service is an online service, platform or site
Website A group of web pages that follow the same theme and are connected together that focuses on facilitating the building of social networks or social relations among
with hyperlinks is called a website. people.
Web Browser Web browsers are programs used to explore the Internet. The most popular socil networking sites are
2004. owned
Facebook it is a social networking service launched in February by
e.g.. Netscape, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, etc. the Mark
and operated byfacebook incorporation. Facebook established
Web Server Aweb server isa computer prograrm that serves requested
HTMLpages or files. Zuckerberg with his friends.
Web Address or URL A web address identifies the for people in professional occupations.
location
the Internet, such as [Link] On the web, of a specific web page on Linkedin Itis a social networking website
web addresses are called networking service owned by
specific Media LLC and POP
URLS. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. VIyspace Itis a social
Timber Lake.
Domain Name Domain is a group of network music singer and actor Justin that
and micro blogging service
domain name is a way to identify and locate resources assigned to a group of users. A Jwitter It is an online
social networking service
message of upto 140 characters known
computers connected to the Internet. and read text based
enables its user to send
as tweets.
Tacle l o r s y
 cOMPUTER & IT
Encyclopedia oF GENERAL SCIENCE
724
2007. It provides the facilit,
Software
Technology Parks of India 725
Tumbler Tumbler established by the David Karp in
10 crore blogs.
It is a governmentagency in, India, (STPI)
of blogging of social networking sites having more than [Link] Information established
Cyber Crimes
development and
export Technology. It is anin
of
1991,
under the Ministry ot
computer software, export oriented scherme
services. for the
Cyber crimes can involve criminal activities such as theft, fraud, forgery, defamation including export of professional
and mischief, allof which are subject to the Indian Penal Code. National ee-Governance
Cyber crimes cause physical or mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly, using NeGP is a plan of the
Plan (NeGP)
modern telecommunication network such as Internet (Chatrooms, E-mails, notice government of India to make all
to the citizen of India via
boards and groups) and mobile phones (SMS/MMS). l earning It electronic media. government services available
We can categorise cyber crimes into two ways includes all forms of
v The computer as atarget; using a computer to attack other computers. e.g., including educaion technology. electronically supported learning and
Hacking, Virus/Worm attacks, etc. e-Government lt 1s short for electronic teaching.
v The computer as a weapon; usinga computer to commit real world crimes. GOvernment serVIces available on Internet government. The provision of
is known as
e.g., cyber terrorism, credit card frauds, Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) frauds, etc. e-Parliament It 1S a non-profit organisation e-Governent.
democratic members of parliament and that links together the
Internet Television (Online TV) congress into a single forum. world's
It is a television service distributed via the Internet using IPTV. Internet television allows
the users to choose the program or the TV show, they want to watch from an archive of
Information
Tt is
and Library Network (NFLIBNET)
an autonomous
Inter-University
programs or from a channel directory. Commission (UGC) of India. It is involved inCentre (IUC) of the University Grants
modernising university libraries in India
Internet Protocoi Television (PTV) and connecting them.
It is a system through which Internet television services are delivered, using the DigitalLibrary
architecture and networking methods of the Internet protocol Suite over a packet
Tt is a library in which collections are stored in
switched network infrastructure. digital formats and accessible via
computers. A digital library is a type of information retrieval systém.
Three-Dimensional (3D) Television Multimedia
It is a television set that employs depth perception technigques of 3D presentation
such as stereoscopic capture, multi-view displäy or 2D plus depth and a 3D display It is a media and content that uses a combination of different content forms.
This
which is a special viewing device to project a television program intO a realistic contrastswith media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only
three-dimensional field. or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material.
Fuzzy Logic
Information Technology It isa form of many-valued logic or probalistic logic; it deals with reasoning that is
IT, new mantra well known for India, has its root in the strategic infection started by approximate rather than fixed and exact.
the success of India's export led software industry. The Information Technology
industry in India has gained its brand identity as a knowledge economy due to its IT Virtual Reality (VR)
and IteS sector. It is a term that applies to computer simulated environments that can stimulate
physical presence in places in the real world, as well as in imaginary worlds.
National Informatics Centre (NIC)
It is a premier organisation in the field of Information Technology
provides state of the art solutions to the information management(IT) in India. It Artificial Intelligencedeals with helping machines find solutions to complex
Support requirements of the government and corporate sectors. and decision It is a branch of science that
problems in a more human like fashion.
Bio-Technology Information System Network (BTISNET)
It established on the basis of
Database and Network Organisation by the Robotics construction,
that deals with the design, robots and
Bio-Technological Department of Indian Government. Robotics is the branch of technology
manufacture and application of
found in New Delhi, coordinates all these The main centre of BTISNET, disposition,
Operation, structural and information processing.
activities. systems for their control, sensury feedback
Computer
NICNET (NIC Network)
NICNET was designed and implemented by Robot manipulators, power
supplies

computer communication technology. It NICusing state-of-the art control systems,

ensures extremely cost effectivesatellite based that contains sensors,
Robot is a system perform a task.
implermentation. and reliable and software all
working together to
 cOMPU TER &

726 Encyclopedia OF GENERAL SCIENCE

Wornfs->27 Ypliah
Important Robots and their Functions worm is a standalone 727
other computers. [Link]
C o m p u t e r

A to
Bagle,cornput
I loveeryou,program that
Advanced Step in Innovation Mobility (ASIMO) It is humanoid robot order to
spread
g.
Honda. It was created as a helper to people. created by
Femi Sapien It is a female humanoid robot. It canrespond to right, Toial- Uaconeln Morris, [Link].s itself in
and can be programmed with a sequence of sound and touch or Trojan Horse, is a non
movements.
HRP-2M Choromet It runs on ART-Linux, which is a hard
A Trojan,a desirable function but -self-replicating type of nalwware
instead facilitates unauthorized which appears to
perform

the National Institute of Advanced Industrial real-time developed at computersystem.

. Ibn Sina Robot It is the world's first

Science and Technology in Japan. eg., Beast [Link], ZeroAccess Rootkit etc. access to the
android robot with Arabic language users
Conversational abilities. Spyware

Swarm Robotics It is the coordination of is a program which is

multi-robot systems which consists of
large numbers of mostly simple physical robots. Spyware installed on acomputer
activity and collects all the
owner's
systern to spy on the
information which is misused
Web Search. FinFisher, Zango, Zlob Trojan, systern
Computer Security Keyloggers etc. afterwards. e.g. Cool
The computers are being used frequently in our Hacking
daily life and it has proven
and every field. We do alltypes of work which may be simple and some importance in each Hacking is the act of intruding into someone else's
may be computer or
them personal and secure, otherwiseconfidential
and secret, so we expect our system to keep network.
misused by anybody or may be attacked by viruses. it may get Cracking
Computer security is also known as cyber security His theact of breaking into Computers.
branch of information technology known as or IT security. Computer security is a
information Antivirus Software
computers. It is the protection of computing systems 'security, which is intended to protect
and the datathat they store or access. kksinis software is a application Software
that
and other malicious are designed to prevent, search for
Sources of Attack detect and remove viruses software like worms, trojans, adware and
The most potent and vulnerable threat of more.

virus is a small software program that computer users is virus attacks. A computer Some Popular Antivirus
interferes with computer operation. spreads from one computer to another and that v Avast V AVG v K7
Kaspersky
The sources of attack can be v Trend Micro v Quick Heal v Symantec v Norton
V MCAfree
Downloadable Prograrns
Cracked Software Firewall
E-mail Attachments BN6i Afirewall can either be software based or hardware based and is used to heip in
Internet (Best Possible Source of Viruses) keeping a network secure. The primary objective of a firewallis to control the incoming
Booting from Unknown CD and outgoing network traffic by analysing the data packets and determining whether it
should be allowed through or not based on a pre-determined rule set
Malware:Threats to Computer Security
Malware is an unwanted software that any
unauthorized person wants to run on your
-computer. These are known as security threats. It includes computer viruses, worms,
trojan horses, rootkits, spyware, adware etc.
Virus
Virus stands for vital information resource
under siege. Computer Viruses or perverse
software are srnall programs that can negatively
and attach itself toother programs which affect the computer. Viruses copy itself
further spread the infection.
Some common types of viruses are
() Resident Virus
(i1) Direct Action Virus
(iii) Overwrite Virus
(v) Macros Virus (iv) Boot Sector Virus

|986.
 Sumit VS JA
2)
3)SjeoYa VSA cOMPUTER & iT
>by Riken fujit
18. The main circuitt-board of the system
is
729
Assessment (a) computer program
(b)control unit
(etmotherboard
unit A. .. printer
character at acannot
(a) Line time.
print more than one
[SSC CHSL 2013|
1, Which was the first electronic computer 11. Consider the following statements (d) RAM (c) Laser (b) Daisy-wheel
constructed at the Moore School of 25. The pattern of Dot matrix
Engineering? [CDS 2012] 19. The technique that
(aEDVAC (b) UNIVAC I. Supercomputer Saga-220 is capable of capacities of main memory extends storage printed
products are called lines on most
(c) ENIAC performing at the speed above actual size of the main beyond the (a) prices
(d) EDSAC memory is called (b) OCR
200 Tflops. (a) multitasking (c) scanners
2. Which of the following refers to the
I. India has only 2 (c) multiprocessing brvirtual storage 26. Which of the
ta bar codes
fastest, biggest and most expensive (d)
computer? systems on
supercômputer
the Top on. Consider the following multiprogramming following groups consists of
only input devices?
(a) Note books supercomputers list of the world.
500
I. The Central statements (a) Mouse, Keyboard,
the brain andProcessing Unit (b) Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor
(b)Personal computer Which of the statements given
above most important(CPU) is
part of (c) Mouse, Keyboard. Printer
(c) Laptops
(d) Super comput¹r
is/are correct?
(a) Only I
the computer.
T The CPU is the
(d}Mouse, Keyboard., Plotter
Scanner
Catuiaty (b) Only II software 27. USB refers to
3. ENIAC Was (c) BothI and II (d) Neither I nor II computer system which carrieswithin a
out the (a) a storage device
[SSC Multitasking 2013]
(a) an electronic cálculator 12. Which one of the following instructions of a computer program.
countries (b) aprocessor
(b) an memory device
(c) an electronic digital computer developed the Tianhe-1A, one of has the Which of the statements given
above
(ca port type
(d)an engine world's fastest supercomputer?a) is/are correct? [UPPCS (Pre) 2012]
(d) a serial bus standard
Ne Fugako (Jenah(DS .(a) Only I 28. The transfer of data
4. The first computer language developed (a) Japan 2012] () Both I and II
(b) Only II from a CPU to
peripheral devices of computer is
°b) South Korea (d) Neither I nor II
Was [SSC SO 2010] (c)Ehina (d) Chinese Taipei 21, Which of the following memory achieved through [SSC FCI 2012]
(a) COBOL (b) BASIC 13. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) faster?
chip is (a) interfaces (b) buffer memory
(c) PASCAL in a (c) modems
(a) FORTRAN computer consists of (a) There is no certainty JetIo ports
5. Abacus can perform (a) input, output and processing (b) DRAM 29. Pointing device includes the following
(a) addition (b) control unit, primary Ac) SRAM except
(b) subtraction storage and (d) RAM (a) mouse
secondary storage (b) pen input
(c) multiplication (c) côntrol unit, arithmetic logic unit, (c) trackball (ctkeyboard
22. The CD-ROM drive is used to
(d Both (a) and (b) registers 30. Ahard copy would prepared on a
(a) play compact disks
6. First super computer of the world is (d) None of the above (b)play music (a) line printer
aj CRAY-1 660 14. Both the ALU and control (c) install software (b) dot matrix printer
(b) PARAM section have (c) plotter
(c) Tianhe-2 (d) IBM-370 (76-) special purpose storage locations, called (d)control digital information
in Je All of the above
7. First computer of India is Hado [SSC CHSL 2012] 23. Consider the following statements 31. Extermal devices such as printers,
fint XaPARAM fb SiddhartK
Indi'a
(a) address b) registers CSAT 2011] keyboards and modems are known as
Sv c) IBM-370 (d) CRAY-1 (c) accumulators (d) bus I. Blu-ray Discs (BD) have storage (a) add on devices
8. Which of the following is the smallest 15. Where does computer add and capacity of 25 GB per layer or 50 GB (b) PC expansion slot add-ons
fastest computer imitating and compare
brain data? with dual layer discs (clperipherals
working? (a) Hard disk Ya) special buys
(b) Floppy disk I.. Blu-ray Disc is an optical disc storage
(a) Super computer 32. First computer mouse was built by
serCPU chip (d) Memory chip medium designed to supersede the
(b)Quantum computer 16. The control unit controls other units by DVD format.
[SSC CGL 2013]
c) Param-10000 (aBDouglas Engelbart (b) William English
Cy,e d) IBM chips generating I. The standard physical medium of BD is (c)Oaniel Coogher (d) Robert Zawacki
9. A nibble is equal to Ibe :a4cóntrol signals a 12 cm plastic optical disc, the same 33. Which one of the following printers is
**....... bits. b) timing signal size as DVDs and CDs.
(a) 16 (b) 32 -1 (c) transfer signal known as 'non-impact printer in general?
(c) 4 (d) 8 (d) command signal Which of the statement(s) given above [SSC Grad 2008]
(b) Drum printer
10. Which one of the 17. The most frequently used is/are correct? (a) Line printer
following is the fastest instructions of (a) I, II and III (b)IandII (c) Serial printer (dLaset printer
Indian supercomputer recently developed a computer program are likely (a) Only II
by ISRO? to be (c) II and III 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
[CDS 2012] fetched from 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 20. (a)
(a) Akash-A1 b) Saga-220 (a) hard disk 2. (d) 3. (C) 4. (d) 18. (C) 19. (b)
(c) Jaquar-Cray (b)cache memory 1. (a) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (c) 30. (d)
14. (b) 29. (d)
(d) Tianhe-1A RAM (d) ROM 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (c)
24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a)
-) 220 63 31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (d)
 COMPUTER & |T

Encyclopedia oF GENERAL SCIENCE

730
54. Which type of network would use phone 731
lines? 60. Wi-MAX is
34. TO perform calculation on stored data (to convert assembly language into related which one of the
computer uses number system. machine language (aWAN (b) LAN following? {IAS (Pre) 2010]
(a) decimal (b) hexadecimal (d) to convert assemble language into
(c) WWAN (d) Wireless (a) Biotechnology
(c) octal (a)binary high level language 55. What is the Virtual Private Network'? (b) Space technology
(c) Missile technology
35. A hexadecimal number is represented by 44. The software tools that enable a user to [CSAT 2011] (d) Communication technology
(a) three digits (b)two digits lol It is a private computer network of an
interact with a computer for specific 61, How many bitsS are there in
(e) four digits (d) All of these
purposes are known as
organisation where the remote users the ethernet
36. Decimal number system is the group of can transmit encrypted information address?
(a) hardware through the server provider (a) 64 bits
numbers. (b) networked software bj 48 bits
(h) It is a computer network across a (c) 32 bits
(a)O or 1 b)0 to 9 (c) shareware (d) 16 bits
(c) Oto 7 (d) Oto 9 and A toF public internet that provide users 62. Which one of the following
(d)applications access to their organisation's network statements is
correct?
37. In the binary language, each letter of the 45. MS-D0S is usually supplied on a while maintaining the security of the [CSAT (Pre) 2011]
alphabet, each number and each special fa) hard disk (a) Wi-Fi technology creates
(b) cartridge tape information transmitted Area Network
Metropolitan
character is made up of a unique (c) CD-ROM (d) floppy disk (c) It is a computer network in which while Bluetooth
combination of createsWireless Local Area Network
46. In programming, repeating SOme users can access a shared pool of (b) Both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth uses
(a) 8 bytes (b) 8KB statemernts is usually called computing resource through a service microwave signals to transmit
(c) 8 character a8 bits 1byes [SSC CGL 2013]
provider
information between two terminal
38. Which one of the following programming (d) None of the above devices
alooping (b)control structure
language is commonly used in the (c) compiling (d) structure 56. is the most important/powerful (cNi-Fi can be used in the transmission
embedded computer? [MPPCS (Pre) 2009] 47. Which one of the following is an MS-DOS computer in a typical network. of information more than 100 metres
(a) FORTRAN (b) COBOL ot (a) Desktop while Bluetooth in 100 or less than
(c) Java external command? [SSC CHSL 2012] 100 metres distance
(a)e-language (a) DIR (b) COPY
(b) Network client
39. Which of the following is an example of (CNetwork server (d) Both the statements 'a' and b about
cFORMAT (d) PROMPT Yá) Network station the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are correct
binary number? 48. All computers execute
(a) 6AH1 oi00101 57. Which is the name of the network 63. An alternate name for the completely
(c) 005 (a) BASIC programs
(d) ABCD (b)COBOL programs topology in which there are bidirectional interconnected network topology is
40. The octal system (cmachine language programs links between each possible node? [SSC CGL 2012]
(aneeds less digits to- represernt a a)FORTRAN programs [SSC CGL 2012] (a) mesh (b) star
number than in the binary systemn 49. Which process checks to ensure the (a) Ring (b) Star (c) tree (d) ring
(b) needs more digits to represent a components of the computer (c) Tree (d) Mesh 64. Unsolicited commercial E-mail is
are
number-than in the binary system operating and connected properly? 58. Consider the following statements commonly known as
(c) needs the same number of digits to (a) spam (b) hoaxes
represent a number as in the binary
(aBooting (b) Processing I. Bluetooth creates PerSOnal Area
(c) hypertext (d) virus
(c) Saving (d) Editing Networks (PANS) with high levels of
system
(d) needs the same number of digits to 50. Linux is a type of .......software. security. 65. In HTML, <B> and </B> tags display the
(a) shareware (b) commercial II. Bluetooth use radiowaves to transmit enclosed text in [SSC FCI 2012]
represent a number as in the decimal
system (c) proprietary (copen source data and information between two (a) black colour (b) background
(bold () bright
41. What type of information system would 51. An operating system is a/an terminals wirelessly.
be recognised by digital circuits? (a) accounting software [SSC CGL 2013] 66. The standard protocol of the Internet is
a) Hexadecimal system [SSC CGL 2013]
Which of the statement(s) given above a TCP/IP (b) JAVA
(b) application software is/are correct? [CSAT 2011] (d) Flash
(b)Binary systern (e system software c) HTML
d) utility software sa) Only I (b) Only I
tet Both (a) and (b) 67. Which of the following is the
(d) Octal system (c) Both Iand II (d) Neither I nor II that sets the
52. Multiplexing involves communication protocol
path and 59. Which of the following is an advantage for
42. A computer cannot boot if it does not "....... channels. standard used by every computer that
have the (a) one, one b one, multiple using fibre optics in data transmission? accesses web-based information?

(a) compiler (c) multiple, one (a) Resistance to data theft (b) FTP
(b) loader (d) multiple, multiple (b)Fast data transmission rate
(a) TCP
(d) PPP
coperating system (d) assembler 53. Which of the following items is not used (eLow noise level
(c) HTTP
43. The function of an assembler is in Local Area Networks (LANS)?
(a) to convert basic language (d) All of these 40. (a) 41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c)
into [SSC CGL 20121 38. (d) 39. (b) 53. (d)
machine language 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (d) 51. (c) 52. (b)
(a) Interface card (b) Cable 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (d)
(b) to convert high level language 47. (C) 61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (a)
into (c) Computer 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (a) 59. (c) 60. (d)
machine language (aModem 56. (c) 57. (d) 58. (a)
54. (a) 55. (b)
66. (a) 67. (c)
64. (a) 65. (c)
732 Encyclope dia OF GENERAL:SCIENCE

68. Which one of the following ta) It has a virus

electromagnetic spectrum ranges is (b) It does not have enough memory
mainly used to transmit Wi-MAX signal? (c) There is no printer
[JAS (Pre) 2010] (d) There has been a power surge
(a)0.5 to 2 GHz (b)2to 3.5 GHz 76. Junk E-mail is also called
(c) 4 to 5.5 GHz (d) 6 to7.5 GHz ,(a spam (b) spoof
69. Who is the founder of 'facebook' which is (c) sniffer script (d) spool
currently the no. 1 social networking 77. A hacker contacts your phone or
website in India? ISSC CGL 2013] E-mails and attempts to acquire your
(a) Orkut Buycukkokten password is called
(bMark Zurkerberg (a) spoofing
(c) Bill Gates (bYphishing
(c) spamming (d) buging
(d) Martin Cooper
78. The main reason to encrypt a file is to
70. A chat is (a) reduce its size
(a) an Internet standard that allows users b) secure it for transmission
to upload and download files (c) prepareit for backup
, (b) a'typeof conversation that takes place (d) include it in the start-up
on a computer sequence
(c) an online area in which users conduct 79. The first PC virus was developed in
written discussions about a particular (a)1980 (b) 1984
subject Le1986 (a) 1988
srain vin
(d) the transmission of messages and files 80, Which of the following is a ciminal
via a computer network
71. Telnet is a
activity attempting to acquire sensitive
[SSC CHSL 2012] information such as passwords, credit
(a) search engine (b) browser cards, debits by masquerading as a
(protocol (d) gateway trustworthy person or business in. an
72. In computing Paddress means electronic communication?
(a) International Pin (a) Spoofing Cb) Phishing
(b)nternet Protocol (c) Stalking (d) Hacking
c) Invalid Pin 81. First boot sector virus is
(d) Insert Pin (a) computed (b) mind
73. The last three letters of the URL describes fet brain (d) Elk Cloner
the type of [SSC FCI 2012] 82. It is a self-replicating. program that
let domain name infects computer and spreads by inserting
(b) connectivity copies of itself into other executable code
(c) server or documents.
(d)protocol (a) Keylogger JWorm
74. In HTML, tags consists of keywords (c) Virus (d)Cracker
enclosed within [SSC CHSL 2013] 83. Which of the following inputs
(a) flower brackets computer's memory, but unlike a virus, it
bjangular brackets <> does not-replicate itself ?
(c) parentheses () (a) Trojan Korse Ab) Logic bomb
(d) square brackets [] (c) Cracker (d) Firewall
75. If your computer rebooting itself then it 84. The first computer virus is
is likely that ká) creeper (b) ilove you
(c) the famous d) brain
68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (b) 71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (a) 76. (a) 77. (b)
78. (b) 79. (c) 80. (b) 81. (c) 82. (b) 83. (b) 84. (a)