Module'1:'Engineering'Mechanics'

A Module in STCE2: Special Topics for CE 2

!
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!
 UNIT 1:
Engineering Mechanics
I.#INTRODUCTION##

E#
ngineering#mechanics#is#the#application#of#mechanics#to#solve#problems#involving#common#
engineering#elements.#The#goal#of#this#Engineering#Mechanics#course#is#to#expose#students#
to# problems# in# mechanics# as# applied# to# plausibly# realBworld# scenarios.# Problems# of#
particular# types# are# explored# in# detail# in# the# hopes# that# students# will# gain# an# inductive#
understanding#of#the#underlying#principles#at#work;#students#should#then#be#able#to#recognize#
problems#of#this#sort#in#realBworld#situations#and#respond#accordingly#[1].##

Fig. 1. Most applied branches of classic physics in engineering

Statics#is#a#branch#of#mechanics#which#studies#the#effects#and#distribution#of#forces#of#rigid#bodies#
which#are#and#remain#at#rest.#In#this#area#of#mechanics,#the#body#in#which#forces#are#acting#is#
assumed#to#be#rigid.#The#deformation#of#non'rigid#bodies#is#treated#in#Strength#of#Materials#[2].#
!
Dynamics#is#the#branch#of#mechanics#which#deals#with#the#study#of#bodies#in#motion.#Dynamics#
is#divided#into#two#branches#called#kinematics#and#kinetics.#Kinematics#is#the#geometry#in#motion.#
This#term#is#used#to#define#the#motion#of#a#particle#or#body#without#consideration#of#the#forces#
causing#the#motion.#Kinetics#is#the#branch#of#mechanics#that#relates#the#force#acting#on#a#body#to#
its#mass#and#acceleration#[3].#
#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Fig. 2. Distinction between branches of engineering mechanics

#
II.#DIAGNOSTIC#ASSESSMENT#
Before#proceeding,#it#is#essential#to#review#principles#by#answering#this#diagnostic#assessment.##
#
a.! What#are#the#branches#of#engineering#mechanics?#
b.! What#are#the#branches#of#Dynamics?#
c.! What#are#the#three#kinematic#equations?#
#
III.#INTENDED#LEARNING#OUTCOMES#
At#the#end#of#this#unit,#the#student#should#be#able#to:#
•! Define#the#principles#involving#resultant#of#force#systems,#trusses#and#friction.#
•! Discuss#the#fundamentals#of#nonBcoplanar#forces#and#forces#in#space.#
•! Explain#the#principles#in#the#analysis#of#centroids#and#moment#of#inertia.#
•! Solve#problems#involving#kinematics#and#projectile#motion.#
•! Define#the#principles#of#energy#and#momentum.#

#
#
#
#

2#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

IV.#THEORY#AND#CONCEPTS#[4]#
Components)of)a)Force)
Forces#acting#at#some#angle#from#the#the#coordinate#axes#can#be#resolved#into#mutually#
perpendicular#forces#called#components.#The#component#of#a#force#parallel#to#the#xBaxis#is#called#
the#xBcomponent,#parallel#to#yBaxis#the#yBcomponent,#and#so#on.#
#
A.!Components!of!a!force!in!XY!Plane!

#
Fx = F cosθ x = F sin θ y
Fy = F cosθ y = F sin θ x

( Fx )2 + ( Fy )
2
F=
Fy
tan θ x =
Fx
#
Given#the#slope#of#the#line#of#action#of#the#force#as#v/h.#

#
r = h +v2 2

Fx = F ( h r )
Fy = F ( v r )
#
#
B.!Moment!of!a!Force!
Moment#is#the#measure#of#the#capacity#or#ability#of#the#force#to#produce#twisting#or#turning#
effect#about#an#axis.#This#axis#is#perpendicular#to#the#plane#containing#the#line#of#action#of#the#
force.# The# magnitude# of# moment# is# equal# to# the# product# of# the# force# and# the# perpendicular#
distance#from#the#axis#to#the#line#of#action#of#the#force.#The#intersection#of#the#plane#and#the#axis#
is#commonly#called#the#moment#center,#and#the#perpendicular#distance#from#the#moment#center#
to#the#line#of#action#of#the#force#is#called#moment#arm.#
#
#

3#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

#
From#the#figure#above,#O#is#the#moment#center#and#d#is#the#moment#arm.#The#moment#M#of#
force#F#about#point#O#is#equal#to#the#product#of#F#and#d.#
M = F (d ) #
C.! Couple!
Couple#is#a#system#of#forces#whose#magnitude#of#the#resultant#is#zero#and#yet#has#a#moment#
sum.#Geometrically,#couple#is#composed#of#two#equal#forces#that#are#parallel#to#each#other#and#
acting#in#opposite#direction.#The#magnitude#of#the#couple#is#given#by#
C = F (d ) #
Where#F#are#the#two#forces#and#d#is#the#moment#arm,#or#the#perpendicular#distance#between#the#
forces.#

#
Couple# is# independent# of# the# moment# center,# thus,# the# effect# is# unchanged# in# the# following#
conditions.#
!! The#couple#is#rotated#through#any#angle#in#its#plane.#
!! The#couple#is#shifted#to#any#other#position#in#its#plane.#
!! The#couple#is#shifted#to#a#parallel#plane.#
In#a#case#where#a#system#is#composed#entirely#of#couples#in#the#same#plane#or#parallel#planes,#
the#resultant#is#a#couple#whose#magnitude#is#the#algebraic#sum#of#the#original#couples.#
#
D.!Resultant!of!Concurrent!Force!System!
Resultant#of#a#force#system#is#a#force#or#a#couple#that#will#have#the#same#effect#to#the#body,#both#
in#translation#and#rotation,#if#all#the#forces#are#removed#and#replaced#by#the#resultant.#
#
The#equation#involving#the#resultant#of#force#system#are#the#following:#
R = ∑ Fx = Fx1 +Fx2 + Fx3 +!
1.! x ##
The#xBcomponent#of#the#resultant#is#equal#to#the#summation#of#forces#in#the#xBdirection.#

4#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Ry = ∑ Fy = Fy1 +Fy2 + Fy3 +!

2.! ##
The#yBcomponent#of#the#resultant#is#equal#to#the#summation#of#forces#in#the#yBdirection.#
Rz = ∑ Fz = Fz1 +Fz2 + Fz3 +!
3.! ##
The#zBcomponent#of#the#resultant#is#equal#to#the#summation#of#forces#in#the#zBdirection.#

Note#that#according#to#the#type#of#force#system,#one#or#two#or#three#of#the#equations#above#will#
be#used#in#finding#the#resultant.#
#
E.! Resultant!of!Coplanar!Concurrent!Force!System!
The#line#of#action#of#each#forces#in#coplanar#concurrent#force#system#are#on#the#same#plane.#
All#of#these#forces#meet#at#a#common#point,#thus#concurrent.#In#xBy#plane,#the#resultant#can#be#
found#by#the#following#formulas:#

#
Rx = ∑ Fx
Ry = ∑ Fy

( Rx )2 + ( Ry )
2
R=
Ry
tan θ x =
Rx
#
#
F.! Coplanar!Parallel!Force!System!
Parallel#forces#can#be#in#the#same#or#in#opposite#directions.#The#sign#of#the#direction#can#be#
chosen# arbitrarily,# meaning,# taking# one# direction# as# positive# makes# the# opposite# direction#
negative.#The#complete#definition#of#the#resultant#is#according#to#its#magnitude,#direction,#and#
line#of#action.#
R = ∑ F = F1 + F2 + F3 +!
Rd = ∑ Fx = F1 x1 + F2 x2 + F2 x2 +!
#

5#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

#
G.!Resultant!of!Distributed!Loads!
The#resultant#of#a#distributed#load#is#equal#to#the#area#of#the#load#diagram.#It#is#acting#at#the#
centroid#of#that#area#as#indicated.#The#figure#below#shows#the#three#common#distributed#loads#
namely;#rectangular#load,#triangular#load,#and#trapezoidal#load.#

#
Rectangular#Load:#
R = wo L #
#
Triangular#Load:#
1
R = wo L
# 2 #
#
Trapezoidal#Load:#
1
R = wo1 L + ( wo2 − wo1 ) L
# 2 #

6#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

H.!Resultant!of!NonDConcurrent!Force!System!
The#resultant#of#nonBconcurrent#force#system#is#defined#according#to#magnitude,#inclination,#
and#position.#
The#magnitude#of#the#resultant#can#be#found#as#follows:#
Rx = ∑ Fx
Ry = ∑ Fy

( Rx )2 + ( Ry )
2
R=
#
# The#inclination#from#the#horizontal#is#defined#by#
R
tan θ x = y
Rx
# # #
# The#position#of#the#resultant#can#be#determined#according#to#the#principle#of#moments.#
M R = ∑ MO
Rd = M R
Ryix = M R
Rx ix = M R #
# # Where:#
Fx#=#component#of#forces#in#the#xBdirection#
Fy#=#component#of#forces#in#the#yBdirection#
Rx#=#component#of#thew#resultant#in#xBdirection#
Ry#=#component#of#thew#resultant#in#yBdirection#
R#=#magnitude#of#the#resultant#
θx#=#angle#made#by#a#force#from#the#xBaxis#
MO#=#moment#of#forces#about#any#point#O#
d#=#moment#arm#
MR#=#moment#at#a#point#due#to#resultant#force#
ix#=#xBintercept#of#the#resultant#R#
iy#=#yBintercept#of#the#resultant#R#
#
Equilibrium!of!Force!System!
The#body#is#said#to#be#in#equilibrium#if#the#resultant#of#all#forces#acting#on#it#is#zero.#There#
are# two# major# types# of# static# equilibrium,# namely,# translational# equilibrium# and# rotational#
equilibrium.#
#
Formulas:3
# Concurrent#force#system#
∑ Fx = 0
∑F y =0
#
#
#

7#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

# Parallel#Force#System#
∑F = 0
∑M #
O =0
# NonBConcurrent#NonBParallel#Force#System#
∑ Fx = 0
∑F = 0
y

∑M = 0# O

#
A.! Equilibrium!of!Concurrent!Force!System!
In#static,#a#body#is#said#to#be#in#equilibrium#when#the#force#system#acting#upon#it#has#a#zero#
resultant.#
#
Conditions3of3Static3Equilibrium3of3Concurrent3Forces3
The#sum#of#all#forces#in#the#xBdirection#or#horizontal#is#zero.#
∑ Fx = 0
or
∑F H
#
=0
# The#sum#of#all#forces#in#the#yBdirection#or#vertical#is#zero.#
∑ Fy = 0
or
∑F V
#
=0
#
Important3Points3for3Equilibrium3Forces3
!! Two#forces#are#in#equilibrium#if#they#are#equal#and#oppositely#directed.#
!! Three#coplanar#forces#in#equilibrium#are#concurrent.#
!! Three#or#more#concurrent#forces#in#equilibrium#form#a#close#polygon#when#connected#in#
headBtoBtail#manner.#
#
B.! Equilibrium!of!Parallel!Force!System!
Conditions3for3Equilibrium3of3Parallel3Forces3
The#sum#of#all#the#forces#is#zero.#
∑F = 0#
# The#sum#of#moment#at#any#point#O#is#zero.#
∑ MO = 0 #
#
#
#
#

8#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

C.! Equilibrium!of!NonDConcurrent!Force!System!
There# are# three# equilibrium# conditions# that# can# be# used# for# nonBconcurrent,# nonBparallel#
force#system.#
The#sum#of#all#forces#in#the#xBdirection#or#horizontal#is#zero.#
∑ Fx = 0
or
∑F H =0
#
# The#sum#of#all#forces#in#the#yBdirection#or#vertical#is#zero.#
∑ Fy = 0
or

# # # ∑ FV = 0 #
# The#sum#of#moment#at#any#point#O#is#zero.#
∑ MO = 0 #
# The# three# equilibrium# conditions# can# solved# up# to# three# unknowns# in# the# system.# If# the#
system#involves#more#than#three#unknowns,#it#is#called#indeterminate.#Indeterminate#structures#
are#beyond#the#scope#of#Engineering#Mechanics,#it#is#one#of#the#topics#in#Strength#of#Materials#
and#Theory#of#Structures.#
#
Analysis!of!Structures!
There#are#many#kinds#of#structure.#This#section#will#limit#to#those#that#are#pinBconnected.#
Two# types# of# pinBconnected# structures# will# be# covered# here;# pinBconnected# trusses# and# pinB
connected#frames.#In#the#actual#structure,#the#joints#may#be#welded,#riveted,#or#bolted#to#a#gusset#
plate#at#the#joint.#However#as#long#as#the#centerBline#of#the#member#coincide#at#the#joint,#the#
assumption#of#a#pinned#joint#maybe#used.#
#
Analysis3of3Simple3Trusses3
An#ideal#truss#is#a#structure#which#is#composed#completely#of#axial#members#that#are#assumed#
to# be# weightless.# Members# are# connected# by# pinned# joints,# forming# triangular# substructures#
within#the#main#structure#and#with#the#external#loads#applied#only#at#the#joints.#

9#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

In#real#trusses,#of#course,#the#members#have#weight,#but#it#is#often#much#less#than#the#
applied#load#and#may#be#neglected#with#little#error.#Sometimes,#the#weight#maybe#included#by#
dividing#the#weight#in#half#and#allowing#half#the#weight#to#act#at#each#end#of#the#member.#
Our#primary#interest#is#to#know#the#forces#acting#in#the#bars#and#upon#the#pins#of#the#
structure.#Each#member#of#the#truss#is#either#in#tension#or#compression.#A#member#in#tension#
causes# forces# which# pull# away# from# its# end# joints# whereas# a# member# in# compression# causes#
forces#which#push#towards#the#end#joints.#
#
A.!Method!of!Joints!
The#freeBbody#diagram#of#any#joint#is#a#concurrent#force#system#in#which#the#summation#of#
moment#will#be#of#no#help.#Recall#that#only#two#equilibrium#equations#can#be#written#
∑ Fx = 0
or
∑F y
#
=0
This#means#that#to#solve#completely#for#the#forces#acting#on#a#joint,#we#must#select#a#joint#with#
no#more#than#two#unknown#forces#involved.#This#can#be#started#by#selecting#a#joint#acted#on#by#
only#two#members.#We#can#assume#any#unknown#member#to#be#either#tension#or#compression.#
If#negative#value#is#obtained,#this#means#that#the#force#is#opposite#in#action#to#that#of#the#assumed#
direction.#Once#the#forces#in#one#joint#are#determined,#their#effects#on#adjacent#joints#are#known.#
We#then#continue#solving#on#successive#joints#until#all#members#have#been#found.#
#
B.!Method!of!Sections!
In#this#method,#we#will#cut#the#truss#into#two#sections#by#passing#a#cutting#plane#through#the#
members#whose#internal#forces#we#wish#to#determine.#This#method#permits#us#to#solve#directly#
any#member#by#analyzing#the#left#or#the#right#section#of#the#cutting#plane.#
To#remain#each#section#in#equilibrium,#the#cut#members#will#be#replaced#by#forces#equivalent#
to#the#internal#load#transmitted#to#the#members.#Each#section#may#constitute#of#nonBconcurrent#
force#system#from#which#three#equilibrium#equations#can#be#written.#
∑ FH = 0
∑F = 0V

∑M = 0# O

Because# we# can# only# solve# up# to# three# unknowns,# it# is# important# not# to# cut# more# than# three#
members#of#the#truss.#Depending#on#the#type#of#truss#and#which#members#to#solve,#one#may#
have#to#repeat#Method#of#Sections#more#than#once#to#determine#all#the#desired#forces.#
#
Friction!
Friction#is#the#contact#resistance#exerted#by#one#body#when#the#second#body#moves#or#
tends#to#move#past#the#first#body.#Friction#is#a#retarding#force#that#always#acts#opposite#to#the#
motion#or#to#the#tendency#to#move.#
#
#

10#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

A.!Types!of!Friction!
! Dry#Friction#
Dry#friction,#also#called#Coulomb#friction,#occurs#when#unlubricated#surfaces#of#two#
solids#are#in#contact#and#slide#or#tend#to#slide#from#each#other.#If#lubricant#separates#these#
two#surfaces,#the#friction#created#is#called#lubricated#friction.#This#section#will#deal#only#
with#dry#friction.#
! Fluid#Friction#
Fluid#friction#occurs#when#layers#of#two#viscous#fluids#moves#at#different#velocities.#
The#relative#velocity#between#layers#causes#frictional#forces#between#fluid#elements,#thus,#
no#fluid#friction#occurs#when#there#is#no#relative#velocity.#
! Skin#Friction#
Skin#friction#also#called#friction#drag#is#a#component#of#the#force#resisting#the#motion#
of#a#solid#body#through#a#fluid.#
! Internal#Friction#
Internal#friction#is#associated#with#shear#deformation#of#the#solid#materials#subjected#
to# cyclical# loading.# As# deformation# undergo# during# loading,# internal# friction# may#
accompany#this#deformation.#
#
B.!Elements!of!Dry!Friction!
# N#=#Total#reaction#perpendicular#to#the#contact#surface#
f#=#Friction#force#
μ#=#Coefficient#of#friction#
R#=#Resultant#of#f#and#N#
φ#=#angle#of#friction#

#
C.! Formulas!for!Dry!Friction!
f = µN
f
tan φ =
N
tan φ = µ #
Consider#the#block#shown#to#the#right#that#weighs#W.#It#is#placed#upon#a#plane#that#
inclined#at#an#angle#θ#with#the#horizontal.#

11#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

#
!! If#φ#<#θ#the#maximum#available#friction#force#f#is#less#than#Wx#thus,#the#block#will#slide#
down#the#plane.#
!! If#φ#=#θ#the#friction#force#f#will#just#equate#to#Wx#thus,#the#block#is#in#impending#motion#
down#the#plane.#
!! If#φ#>#θ#the#maximum#available#friction#resistance#f#is#greater#than#Wx#thus,#the#block#is#
stationary.#
We# can# therefore# conclude# that# the# maximum# angle# θ# that# a# plane# may# be# inclined# without#
causing#the#body#to#slide#down#is#equal#to#the#angle#of#friction#φ.#
#
Force!Systems!in!Space!
!
A.! Forces!in!Space!(3D!Forces)!
Magnitude#of#a#force#F#in#space#
( Fx )2 + ( Fy ) + ( Fz )
2 2
F=
#
Components#of#a#force#in#space#
Fx = F cosθ x
Fy = F cosθ y
Fz = F cosθ z #
Direction#cosines#
Fx
cosθ x =
F
F
cosθ y = y
F
F
cosθ z = z
F #
Proportion#of#components#
Fx Fy Fz F
= = =
x y z d #
#
#
#

12#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Moment#of#a#Force#about#an#Axis#
M x = zFy ± yFz
M y = zFx ± yFz
M z = zFx ± yFy
#
#
B.! Resultant!of!Concurrent!Force!Systems!in!Space!
Components3of3the3Resultant3
Rx = ∑ Fx
Ry = ∑ Fy
Rz = ∑ Fz
3 3
Magnitude3of3the3Resultant3
( Rx )2 + ( Ry ) + ( Rz )
2 2
R=
3 3
3
C.! Equilibrium!of!Concurrent!Space!Forces!
The#resultant#of#all#forces#is#zero#
∑ Fx = 0
∑F = 0
y

∑F = 0 #
z

# The#sum#of#moment#is#zero#
∑ Mx = 0
∑M y =0

# ∑M z = 0
#
3
Centroids!and!Centers!of!Gravity!
!
A.! Centroids!of!Composite!Figures!
3 Center3of3gravity3of3a3homogeneous3flat3plate3
W x = ∑ wx
W y = ∑ wy
3
3 Centroids3of3Areas3
Ax = ∑ ax
Ay = ∑ ay
3
3 Centroids3of3Lines3
L x = ∑ lx
L y = ∑ ly
3

13#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

B.! Centroids!of!Gravity!of!Bodies!and!Centroids!of!Volumes!
Center3of3Gravity3of3Bodies3
W x = ∑ wx
W y = ∑ wy
W z = ∑ wz
#
# Center3of3Volumes3
V x = ∑ vx
V y = ∑ vy
V z = ∑ vz
3
#
C.! Centroids!Determined!by!Integration!
Center3of3Area3
b
Ax = ∫ xc dA
a
b
Ay = ∫ yc dA
a 3
Centroid3of3Lines3
b
L x = ∫ xc dL
a
b
L y = ∫ yc dL
a 3
Center3of3gravity3of3Bodies3
b
W x = ∫ xc dW
a
b
W y = ∫ yc dW
a
b
W z = ∫ zc dW
a 3
Centroids3of3Volumes3
b
V x = ∫ xc dV
a
b
V y = ∫ yc dV
a
b
V z = ∫ zc dV
a 3
#
#
#
#
#
#

14#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

D.! Centroids!of!Common!Geometric!Shapes!
Shape! Length,!Area!and!Centroid!
!! Rectangle!

A = bd
1
x= b
2
1
y= d
2 !

!
!! Triangle!

1
A = bh
2
1
y= h
3 !

!
!! Circle!

A = πr2
x=0
y=0 !

!
!! SemiDCircle!
1
A = πr2
2
x=0
4r
y=
3π !

15#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

!! SemiDcircular!Arc!

L = πr
2r
x=
π
y=0 !

!
!! Quarter!Circle!

1 2
A= πr
4
4r
x=
3π
4r
y=
3π !

!
!! Sector!of!a!Circle!

A = r 2θ rad
2r sin θ
x=
3θ rad
y=0 !

!
!! Circular!Arc!

L = 2rθ rad
r sin θ
x=
θ rad
y=0 !

16#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

!! Ellipse!

A = π ab
x=0
y=0 !

!
!! Half!Ellipse!
1
A = π ab
2
x=0
4b
y=
3π !
!
!! Quarter!Ellipse!
1
A= π ab
4
4a
x=
3π
4b
y=
3π !
!
!! Parabolic!Segment!

2
A = bh
3
3
x= b
8
2
y= h
5 !

!
!! Spandrel!
1
A= bh
n +1
1
x= b
n+2
n +1
y= h
4n + 2 !
!

17#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Dynamics!!
Dynamics#is#the#branch#of#mechanics#which#deals#with#the#study#of#bodies#in#motion.#
!
A.!Branches!of!Dynamics!
Dynamics#is#divided#into#two#branches#called#kinematics#and#kinetics.#
!Kinematics#is#the#geometry#in#motion.#This#term#is#used#to#define#the#motion#of#a#particle#
or#body#without#consideration#of#the#forces#causing#the#motion.#
!Kinetics#is#the#branch#of#mechanics#that#relates#the#force#acting#on#a#body#to#its#mass#and#
acceleration.#
3
B.!Symbols!and!Notations!
s#=#distance#
x#=#horizontal#displacement#
y#=#vertical#displacement#
v#=#velocity#
vf#=#final#velocity#
vi#=#initial#velocity#
a#=#acceleration#
g#=#acceleration#due#to#gravity#
t#=#time#
#
C.! Rectilinear!Translation!(Motion!Along!a!Straight!Line)!
Particle# is# a# term# used# to# denote# an# object# of# point# size.# A# system# of# particles# which#
formed# into# appreciable# size# is# termed# as# body.# These# terms# may# apply# equally# to# the# same#
object.#The#earth#for#example#may#be#assumed#as#a#particle#in#comparison#with#its#orbit,#whereas#
to#an#observer#on#the#earth,#it#is#a#body#with#appreciable#size.#In#general,#a#particle#is#an#object#
whose#size#is#so#small#in#comparison#to#the#size#of#its#path.#
a.! Motion3with3Constant3Velocity3(uniform3Motion)3
s = vt #
b.! Motion3with3Constant3Acceleration3
v f = vi ± at
1
s = vi t ± at 2
2
v f = vi ± 2as
2 2
#
c.! Free3–3Falling3Body3
v = gt
1
h = gt 2
2
v = 2gh #
2

18#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Note:3From3motion3with3constant3acceleration,3set3vi3=30,3vf3=3v,3s3=3h,3and3a3=3g3to3get3the3
free'fall3formulas.3
d.! Motion3with3Variable3Acceleration3
dv
a=
dt
ds
v=
dt
v ( dv ) = a ( ds ) #
#
D.!Curvilinear!Translation!(Projectile!Motion)!
Projectile#motion#follows#a#parabolic#trajectory.#The#vertical#component#of#projectile#is#
under#constant#gravitational#acceleration#and#the#horizontal#component#is#at#constant#velocity.#
For#easy#handling,#resolve#the#motion#into#x#and#y#components#and#use#the#formulas#in#rectilinear#
translation.#
# From#the#figure:#
vox = vo ( cosθ )
voy = vo ( sin θ )
3

3
At#any#point#B:#
For#the#xBcomponent#of#motion,#acceleration#is#zero#(constant#velocity),#thus#ax#=#0.#
vBx = vox
x = vox t
#
# For#the#yBcomponent#of#motion,#ay#=#Bg.#Notice#that#the#first#three#formulas#that#follow#
are#taken#from#motion#with#constant#acceleration.#
vBy = voy − gt
1
y = voyt − gt 2
2
vBy = voy − 2gy
2 2
#
#
#

19#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

From#x#=#voxt,#t#=#x/vox.#Substitute#t#=#x/vox#to#y#=#voyt#B#½#gt2.#
2
⎛ x ⎞ 1 ⎛ x ⎞
y = voy ⎜ ⎟ − g ⎜ ⎟
⎝ vox ⎠ 2 ⎝ vox ⎠
#
⎛ x ⎞ 1 ⎛ x ⎞ 2
y = voy ⎜ ⎟ − g ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ vox ⎠ 2 ⎝ vox ⎠
#
⎛ x ⎞ 1 ⎡ x2 ⎤
y = vo sin θ ⎜ − g ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎝ vo cosθ ⎟⎠ 2 ⎢⎣ ( vo cosθ ) ⎥⎦
#
⎛ x sin θ ⎞ gx 2
y=⎜ −
⎝ cosθ ⎟⎠ 2vo 2 cos 2 θ
#
gx 2
y = x tan θ −
2vo 2 cos 2 θ #
At#point#A,#
At#the#highest#point#or#summit,#vAy#=#0.#
voy 2
H=
2g
v
t = oy
g #
At#point#C#
x#=#R,#y#=#0,#vC#=#vo,#and#vy#=#Bvoy#
vo 2 sin 2θ
R=
g
2v 2v sin θ
t = oy = o
g g #
Note:#
!! vy#is#positive#if#directed#upward#and#negative#if#directed#downward#
!! At#any#point#D#below#the#origin#O,#the#sign#of#y#is#negative.#

Sample)Problem)1:)
# The#log#is#being#towed#by#two#tractors#A#and#B.#If#the#resultant#force#has#a#magnitude#of#
FR#=#10kN#and#directed#along#the#x#–#axis.##
1.! Determine#the#magnitude#of#the#towing#force#FA#if#the#value#of#θ#=#15#degrees.#
2.! Determine#the#magnitude#of#the#towing#force#FB#if#the#value#of#θ#=#15#degrees.#

20#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

#
#
Sample!Problem!1!Solution:!

! *+ *-
= =
sin 135° sin 30° sin 15°

FA= 3.660 KN
FB= 7.071 KN

Sample)Problem)2:)
# For#the#force#system#below:#

1.! What#is#the#magnitude#of#the#horizontal#component#of#the#resultant?#
2.! What#is#the#magnitude#of#the#vertical#component#of#the#resultant?#
3.! What#is#the#magnitude#of#the#resultant?#

)
)

21#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Sample)Problem)2)Solution:)

#
12 4
!. / = 300/ sin 40°/ − 250/ / − 280 sin 20° + /360/ = 154.301//78
13 5
5 5
!9 / = 300/ sin 40° + 250/ / − 280 cos 20 ° + /360/ = 153.147//78
13 5
> >
!/ = / != + /!? = 217.400/7@
!?
tan C = = 44.785°/D/EF/G
!=

Sample)Problem)3:)
# The#force#system#shown#consists#of#the#couple#C#and#the#four#forces.#The#resultant#of#this#
system#is#500#kN.m#counter#clockwise#couple.#

!
1.! What#is#the#value#of#P?#
2.! What#is#the#value#of#Q?#
3.! What#is#the#value#of#C?#

Sample)Problem)3)Solution:)
H*. = 0/
12 4
−I − 80 + J/ = /0
13 5

H*9 = 0

22#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

5 3
−I − 80 + J/ = /0
13 5
J = 200//78/
I = 260//78

HK- = / −500
3 4
−500 = −80 4 + /20 3 + /L − J/ 6 − J/ 6 /
5 5
L = 1440//78
)
Sample)Problem)4:)
# A#boom#AB#is#supported#in#a#horizontal#position#by#a#hinge#A#and#a#cable#which#runs#from#
C#over#a#small#pulley#at#D#as#shown#below.#If#the#cable#pulls#the#boom#AB#into#a#position#at#which#
it#is#inclined#at#30#degrees#above#the#horizontal#and#the#loads#remain#vertical.#
1.! Compute#the#tension#T#in#the#cable.#
2.! Compute#the#horizontal#reaction#at#A.#
3.! Compute#the#vertical#reaction#at#A.#

#
Sample)Problem)4)Solution:)
HK- = /0
200/(2 cos 30°/×/3) − P cos 60°/(4 sin 30°)/
−P/ sin 60°/(2 cos 30°×2) = /0
T= 216.506 lb
H*Q = 0
−P cos 60° + !-. = 0
!-. = 108.235/RS

*T = 0
P sin 60° − 200 − 100 + !-9 − /0
!-9 = 112.50016 ↑

23#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

#
#
Sample)Problem)5:)
# A#truss#is#shown#in#the#figure.#
1.! What#is#the#axial#force#in#member#FI?#
2.! What#is#the#axial#force#in#member#DI?#
3.! What#is#the#axial#force#in#member#CJ?#

#
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

24#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Sample)Problem)5)Solution:)

*V = 25/7@
WV = 45/7@
LX = 36.056/7@
#
Sample)Problem)6:)
# A#rod#is#connected#to#a#pin#at#A#and#a#chord#at#B#as#shown.#It#holds#a#cylindrical#drum#
which#weighs#176#N.#The#drum#has#a#diameter#of#1m.#Neglect#the#weight#of#the#rod.#
1.! What#is#the#force#between#the#drum#and#the#rod?#
2.! What#is#the#force#in#chord#BC?#
3.! What#is#the#reaction#at#the#pin#at#A?#

25#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Sample)Problem)6)Solution:)

H*T = 0
−176 + !> cos 60° = 0
!> = 352.00/8

HK- = 0
4
352 3.732 − P (10 sin 60°)
5
3
−P (10 sin 60°) = 0
5
P = 132.316/8

H*T = 0
3
−352 sin 30° + P + !-T = 0
5
!-T = 96.610/8

H*Q = 0
4
+352 cos 30° − P − !-Q = 0
5
!-Q = 198.988/7@
!- = 96.610² + 198.988² = 221.201/8

)
)

26#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Sample)Problem)7:)
# A#load#of#6kN#is#supported#as#shown#in#the#figure.#The#weight#of#the#pulley#is#2kN.#
Neglect#the#weight#of#the#bars.#

#
1.! What#is#the#reaction#at#D?#
2.! What#is#the#reaction#at#C?#
3.! What#is#the#angle#that#the#reaction#at#C#makes#with#the#horizontal?#

Sample)Problem)7)Solution:)

H*T = 0
-200-6000+Dy = 0
Dy= 8000 N
H*Q = 0
Dx= 6000 N
D= 8000> + 6000>
D= 10000 N

27#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

HK+ = 0
800(7)-Cy(4.5)=0
Cy= 12444.444 N

HK- = 0
750(2)(1.5) + Cy(4.5) - Cx(3) + 6000(3.75)= 0
Cx= 26916.666 N
C= 29654.192 N
\]
Tan ∅/=/ /
\^
∅=/24.81°
#
Sample)Problem)8:)
# Block#A#weighs#120#N,#block#B#weighs#200#N#and#the#chord#that#is#parallel#to#the#incline.#
If#the#coefficient#of#friction#is#0.60#and#C#=#30#degrees.#
1.! What#is#the#value#of#force#P#applied#to#B#acting#down#and#parallel#to#the#incline#that#will#
start#motion?#
2.! What#is#the#tension#in#the#chord#attached#to#A?#
3.! What#is#the#frictional#force#between#block#B#and#the#floor?#

#
)
)
)

28#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Sample)Problem)8)Solution:)
120 N

H*_ = 0
8` = 120 cos 30° = 0
8` = 103.9238
*` = a8` = 0.6 103.923 = 62.3538

H*Q = 0
−P + *` + 120 sin 30° = 0
P = 122.3538

H*T = 0
−200 cos 30° − 8` + 8+ = 0
8+ = 277.1288
*> = 0.68+ = 166.2778

H*Q = 0
J + 200 sin 30° − *` + *> = 0
J = 128.638
)
)

29#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Sample)Problem)9:)
# In#the#given#figure,#W#=#200kg.#Assume#that#the#coefficient#of#friction#between#surfaces#is#
0.40.##

#
1.! What# is# the# reaction# between# the# block# and# the# wall# if# the# block# is# raised# due# to# the#
applied#force#P?)
2.! What#is#the#reaction#between#the#block#and#the#wedge#if#the#block#is#raised#due#to#the#
applied#force#P?3
3.! What#is#the#required#force#P#to#raise#the#block?3

Sample)Problem)9)Solution:)
a = 0.40
∅ = tanb` 0.40 = 21.801°

c = 180°/80° − ∅ − 68.199° = 10°

Considering Block A

d !` !>
= =
sin 36.398° sin 31.801° sin 111.801°

30#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

!` = 1742.3878
!> = 3069.9448

J !> !e
= =
sin 53.602° sin 68.194° sin 58.199°
J = 2661.3878
!e = 2810.0738
)
Sample)Problem)10:)
# A#system#of#concurrent#forces#having#the#following#magnitudes#and#passing#through#the#
origin#and#the#indicated#points:#F1#=#145#kN#(B1,5,3);#F2#=#80kN#(5,#B4#,B6);#F3#=#32kN#(4,1,3).#
1.! What#is#the#xBcomponent#of#the#resultant#of#the#set#of#forces?)
2.! What#is#the#yBcomponent#of#the#resultant#of#the#set#of#forces?)
3.! What#is#the#magnitude#of#the#resultant#of#the#set#of#forces?)

Sample)Problem)10)Solution:)
FORCE FINAL - INITIAL FORCES
X Y Z d *. *9 *f
*` = 1457@ -1 5 3 5.916 -24.510 122.549 73.529
*> = 807@ 5 -4 -6 8.775 45.584 -36.467 -52.701
*e = 327@ 4 1 3 5.099 25.103 6.276 18.827
H*. = 46.177/7@ H*f = 37.655
H*9 = 92.358/7@ ! = H*^ g + H*9 g + H*f g = 109.91/7@

A (0, 2.4, 0)
B (-0.9, 0, +1.8)
C (-0.9, 0, -1.8)
D (1.8, 0, 0)

H*9 = 0
h9 + L9 + W9 = d
3
)
)
)

31#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Sample)Problem)11:)
# A#1500#kN#weight#is#supported#by#three#cables#AB,#AC#and#AD.#

3
1.! What#is#the#tension#PAD?3
2.! What#is#the#tension#PAC?3
3.! What#is#the#tension#PAB?3

Sample)Problem)11)Solution:)
A (0, -2.5, 0)
B (0, 0, +2)
C (-1.2, 0, -3)
D (1.5, 0, 0)

H*T = 0
h9 + L9 + W9 = 1500 − − − ① h9 = 681.818/7@
[Link] = 0 L9 = 454.545/7@
h9 2 − L9 3 = 0 W9 = 363.636/7@
[Link] = 0
L9 1.2 − W9 1.5 = 0

32#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

FORCE X Y Z d *. *9 *f
AB = ? 0 -2.5 -2 3.202 h9 = 681.818
AC = ? 1.2 -2.5 3 4.055 L9 = 454.545
AD = ? -1.5 -2.5 0 2.915 W9 = 363.636

lh h9
= ////////lh = 873.7/7@
3.262 −2.5
lL L9
= /////////lL = 742.727/7@
4.085 −2.5
lW W9
= //////////lW = 424/7@
2.915 −2.5
#
Sample)Problem)12:)
# A#stone#is#thrown#vertically#up#from#the#ground#with#a#velocity#of#300#ft#per#sec#(91.44#
m/s).#How#long#must#one#wait#before#dropping#a#second#stone#from#the#top#of#a#600Bft#(182.88B
m)#tower#if#the#two#stones#are#to#pass#each#other#200#ft#(60.96#m)#from#the#top#of#the#tower?#
#
Sample)Problem)12)Solution:)
Stone#from#the#ground:#
s=vit+(1/2)at2#
h1=vi1t−(1/2)gt2#
600−200=300t−(1/2)(32.2)(t2)#
16.1t2−300t+400=0#
t=17.19#sec#and#1.44#sec#
#
Stone#from#the#top#of#the#tower:#
Let#t2#=#time#to#wait#before#dropping#the#second#stone#
h=(1/2)g(t−t2)2#
##
With#t#=#17.19#sec#
200=(1/2)(32.2)(17.19−t2)2#
t2=13.67#sec#
##
With#t#=#1.44#sec#
200=(1/2)(32.2)(1.44−t2)2#
t2=−2.08#sec###(meaningless)#
##
Use)t2=13.67)sec)))))))))))answer)
#
Sample)Problem)13:)
# The#motion#of#a#particle#is#given#by#the#equations#s=2t4B(1/6)(t3)+2t2#where#s#is#in#meter#
and#t#in#seconds.#Compute#the#values#of#v#and#a#when#t#=#2#sec.#
#
#
#

33#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

Sample)Problem)13)Solution:)
s#=#2t4B(1/6)t3+2t2#
#
v#=#(ds/dt)#
v#=#8t3B(1/2)t24t#
#
a#=#(dv/dt)#
a#=#24t2#–#t#+4#
#
when#t#=#2#sec#
v#=#8(23)B(1/2)(22)+4(2)#
v)=)70)m/s) answer)
#
# a#=#24(22)B2+4#
# a)=)98)m/s2) answer)
#
Sample)Problem)14:)
# A# projectile# is# fired# up# the# inclined# plane# at# an# initial# velocity# of# 15# m/s.# The# plane# is#
making#an#angle#of#30°#from#the#horizontal.#If#the#projectile#was#fired#at#30°#from#the#incline,#
compute#the#maximum#height#z#measured#perpendicular#to#the#incline#that#is#reached#by#the#
projectile.#Neglect#air#resistance.#
#
Sample)Problem)14)Solution:)
# vo = 15 m s #
# vox = 15 cos 60 0 = 7.5 m s #
voy = 15sin 60 0 = 12.99 m s
# #
#
# vAx = vox = 7.5 m s #
vAy = 7.5 tan 30 0 = 4.33m s
# #

#
# #

34#
#
 Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics

vAy = voy − gt
4.33 = 12.99 − 9.81t
# t = 0.8828sec #
#
x = vox t = 7.5 ( 0.8828 )
# x = 6.62m #
#
vAy 2 = voy 2 − 2gy
4.332 = 12.99 2 − 2 ( 9.81) y
# y = 7.64m #
#
a = x tan 30 0 = 6.62 tan 30 0
# a = 3.82m #
#
z
cos 30 0 =
y−a
z = ( y − a ) cos 30 0
z = ( 7.64 − 3.82 ) cos 30 0
# z = 3.31m #
#
V.#ASSESSMENT#
The#assessment#for#this#module#is#available#in#the#canvas#classroom#created#for#this#course.#
#
V.#MODULE#FEEDBACK#
An#evaluation#of#this#module#unit#is#required#to#be#submitted#for#continuation#of#this#module.#
You#may#visit#the#evaluation#published#in#the#canvas#classroom#created#for#this#course.#
#
VI.#REFERENCES#
!
[1][Link]
0is%20the%20application,to%20plausibly%20real%2Dworld%20scenarios.
[2]#[Link]
[3]#[Link]
[4]#[Link]
#
#

35#
#