MATHEMATICS

Chapter 6: Triangles
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Triangles
1. Congruent figures:
Two geometrical figures are called congruent if they superpose exactly on each other,
that is, they are of the same shape and size.
2. Similar figures:
Two figures are similar, if they are of the same shape but not necessarily of the same
size.

3. All congruent figures are similar but the similar figures need not to be congruent.
4. Two polygons having the same number of sides are similar if
i. their corresponding angles are equal and
ii. their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion).
Note: Same ratio of the corresponding sides means the scale factor for the polygons.
5. Important facts related to similar figures are:
i. All circles are similar.
ii. All squares are similar.
iii. All equilateral triangles are similar.
iv. The ratio of any two corresponding sides in two equiangular triangles is always
same.
6. Two triangles are similar (∼) if
i. Their corresponding angles are equal.
ii. Their corresponding sides are in same ratio.
7. If the angles in two triangles are:
i. Different, the triangles are neither similar nor congruent.
ii. Same, the triangles are similar.
iii. Same and the corresponding sides are of the same size, the triangles are congruent.
In the given figure, A ↔ D, B ↔E and C ↔ F, which means triangles ABC and DEF are similar
which is represented by Δ ABC ∼ Δ DEF
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8. If Δ ABC ∼ Δ PQR, then

i. ΔA=ΔP
ii. ΔB=ΔQ
iii. ΔC=ΔR
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
iv. = =
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

9. Equiangular triangles:
Two triangles are equiangular if their corresponding angles are equal. The ratio of any
two corresponding sides in such triangles is always the same.
[Link] Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem):
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect other two sides in distinct
points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
[Link] of BPT:
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio then the line is parallel to
the third side.
12.A line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle which is parallel to another
side bisects the third side. In other words, the line joining the mid-points of any two
sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side.
[Link] (Angle-Angle-Angle) similarity criterion:
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in
the same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar.
[Link] (Angle-Angle) similarity criterion:
If two angles of a triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another triangle, then
by the angle sum property of a triangle their third angles will also be equal.
Thus, AAA similarity criterion changes to AA similarity criterion which can be stated as
follows:
If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of other triangle, then
the two triangles are similar.
[Link] of AAA similarity criterion:
If two triangles are similar, then their corresponding angles are equal.
[Link] (Side-Side-Side) similarity criterion:
If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional to (i.e., in the same ratio of) the
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sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the two
triangles are similar.
[Link] of SSS similarity criterion:
If two triangles are similar, then their corresponding sides are in constant proportion.
[Link] (Side-Angle-Side) similarity criterion:
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides
including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar.
[Link] of SAS similarity criterion:
If two triangles are similar, then one of the angles of one triangle is equal to the
corresponding angle of the other triangle and the sides including these angles are in
constant proportion.
[Link] (Right angle-Hypotenuse-Side) criterion:
If in two right triangles, hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are proportional to the
hypotenuse and one side of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar. This
criteria is referred as the RHS similarity criterion
[Link] Theorem:
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides.
Thus, in triangle ABC right angled at B, AB2 + BC2 = AC2
[Link] of Pythagoras Theorem:
If in a triangle, square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
sides, then the angle opposite the first side is a right angle.
[Link] ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ∆ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 2 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 2
Thus, if Δ ABC ∼ Δ PQR, then =� � =� � =� �
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ∆ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

Also, the ration of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ration of the squares
of the corresponding medians.
[Link] important results of similarity are:
In an equilateral or an isosceles triangle, the altitude divides the base into two equal
parts.
If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right triangle to the hypotenuse then
triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and to each
other.
The area of an equilateral triangle described on one side of a square is equal to half the
area of the equilateral triangle described on one of its diagonal.
Sum of the squares of the sides of a rhombus is equal to the sum of the squares of its
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diagonals.
In an equilateral triangle, three times the square of one side is equal to four times the
square of one of its altitudes.
[Link]
A triangle can be defined as a polygon which has three angles and three sides. The interior
angles of a triangle sum up to 180 degrees and the exterior angles sum up to 360 degrees.
Depending upon the angle and its length, a triangle can be categorized in the following
types-
• Scalene Triangle – All the three sides of the triangle are of different measure
• Isosceles Triangle – Any two sides of the triangle are of equal length
• Equilateral Triangle – All the three sides of a triangle are equal and each angle
measures 60 degrees
• Acute angled Triangle – All the angles are smaller than 90 degrees
• Right angle Triangle – Anyone of the three angles is equal to 90 degrees
• Obtuse-angled Triangle – One of the angles is greater than 90 degrees
[Link] Criteria of Triangles
To find whether the given two triangles are similar or not, it has four criteria. They are:
Side-Side- Side (SSS) Similarity Criterion – When the corresponding sides of any two
triangles are in the same ratio, then their corresponding angles will be equal and the
triangle will be considered as similar triangles.
Angle Angle Angle (AAA) Similarity Criterion – When the corresponding angles of any
two triangles are equal, then their corresponding side will be in the same ratio and the
triangles are considered to be similar.
Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity Criterion – When two angles of one triangle are respectively
equal to the two angles of the other triangle, then the two triangles are considered as
similar.
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Similarity Criterion – When one angle of a triangle is equal to one
angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are in the same ratio
(proportional), then the triangles are said to be similar.
[Link] of Pythagoras Theorem
Statement: As per Pythagoras theorem, “In a right-angled triangle, the sum of squares of
two sides of a right triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse of the triangle.”
Proof –
Consider the right triangle, right-angled at B.
Construction-
Draw BD ⊥ AC
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Now, △ADB ~ △ABC

So, AD/AB = AB/AC
or AD. AC = AB2 ……………(i)
Also, △BDC ~ △ ABC
So, CD/BC = BC/AC
or, CD. AC = BC2 ……………(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii),
AD. AC + CD. AC = AB2 + BC2
AC (AD + DC) = AB2 + BC2
AC (AC) = AB2 + BC2
⇒ AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Hence, proved.
[Link] Related to Triangles
A girl having a height of 90 cm is walking away from a lamp-post’s base at a speed of 1.2
m/s. Calculate the length of that girl’s shadow after 4 seconds if the lamp is 3.6 m above
the ground.
S and T are points on sides PR and QR of triangle PQR such that angle P = angle RTS.
Now, prove that triangle RPQ and triangle RTS are similar.
E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD
at F. Show that triangles ABE and CFB are similar.
[Link] Theorem Statement
Pythagoras theorem states that “In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse
side is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides“. The sides of this triangle
have been named as Perpendicular, Base and Hypotenuse. Here, the hypotenuse is the
longest side, as it is opposite to the angle 90°. The sides of a right triangle (say a, b and c)
which have positive integer values, when squared, are put into an equation, also called a
Pythagorean triple.
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History
The theorem is named after a greek Mathematician called Pythagoras.
Pythagoras Theorem Formula
Consider the triangle given above:
Where “a” is the perpendicular,
“b” is the base,
“c” is the hypotenuse.
According to the definition, the Pythagoras Theorem formula is given as:
Hypotenuse2 = Perpendicular2 + Base2
c2 = a2 + b2
The side opposite to the right angle (90°) is the longest side (known as Hypotenuse)
because the side opposite to the greatest angle is the longest.

Consider three squares of sides a, b, c mounted on the three sides of a triangle having
the same sides as shown.
By Pythagoras Theorem –
Area of square “a” + Area of square “b” = Area of square “c”
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Pythagoras Theorem Proof

Given: A right-angled triangle ABC, right-angled at B.
To Prove- AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Construction: Draw a perpendicular BD meeting AC at D.

Proof:
We know, △ADB ~ △ABC
Therefore,
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
=
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
(corresponding sides of similar triangles)
Or, AB2 = AD × AC ……………………………..……..(1)
Also, △BDC ~△ABC
Therefore,
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
=
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
(corresponding sides of similar triangles)
Or, BC2= CD × AC ……………………………………..(2)
Adding the equations (1) and (2) we get,
AB2 + BC2 = AD × AC + CD × AC
AB2 + BC2 = AC (AD + CD)
Since, AD + CD = AC
Therefore, AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Hence, the Pythagorean theorem is proved.
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Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
AB AC
1. If in triangles ABC and DEF, = , then they will be similar when
EF DE

(a) ∠A = ∠D

(b) ∠A = ∠E

(c) ∠B = ∠E

(d) ∠C = ∠F

2.A square and a rhombus are always

(a) similar

(b) congruent

(c) similar but not congruent

(d) neither similar nor congruent

1
3. If ΔABC ~ ΔDEF and EF = BC, then ar(ΔABC):(ΔDEF) is
3

(a) 3 : 1.

(b) 1 : 3.

(c) 1 : 9.

(d) 9 : 1.

4. If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between same parallels,
then what is the ratio of the area of the triangle to the area of parallelogram?

(a) 1 : 2

(b) 3 : 2

(c) 1 : 3

(d) 4 : 1

5. D and E are respectively the points on the sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC such
that AD = 2 cm, BD = 3 cm, BC = 7.5 cm and DE || BC. Then, length of DE (in cm) is

(a) 2.5
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(b) 3

(c) 5

(d) 6

6. Which geometric figures are always similar?

(a) Circles

(b) Circles and all regular polygons

(c) Circles and triangles

(d) Regular

7. ΔABC ~ ΔPQR, ∠B = 50° and ∠C = 70° then ∠P is equal to

(a) 50°

(b) 60°

(c) 40°

(d) 70°

8. In triangle DEF,GH is a line parallel to EF cutting DE in G and and DF in H. If DE =

16.5, DH = 5, HF = 6 then GE = ?

(a) 9

(b) 10

(c) 7.5

(d) 8

9. In a rectangle Length = 8 cm, Breadth = 6 cm. Then its diagonal = …

(a) 9 cm

(b) 14 cm

(c) 10 cm

(d) 12 cm

10. In triangle ABC ,DE || BC AD = 3 cm, DB = 8 cm AC = 22 cm. At what distance from

A does the line DE cut AC?

(a) 6
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(b) 4

(c) 10

(d) 5

Very Short Questions:

1. Two sides and the perimeter of one triangle are respectively three times the
corresponding sides and the perimeter of the other triangle. Are the two
triangles similar? Why?

2. A and B are respectively the points on the sides PQ and PR of a ∆PQR such that
PQ = 12.5 cm, PA = 5 cm, BR = 6 cm, and PB = 4 cm. Is AB || QR? Give reason.
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥) 9
3. If ∆ABC ~ ∆QRP, = , AB = 18 cm and BC = 15 cm, then find the length
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥) 4
of PR.
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥)
4. If it is given that ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR with = , then find
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 3 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥)

5. ∆DEF ~ ∆ABC, if DE : AB = 2 : 3 and ar(∆DEF) is equal to 44 square units. Find

the area (∆ABC).

6. Is the triangle with sides 12 cm, 16 cm and 18 cm a right triangle? Give reason.

7. In triangles PQR and TSM, ∠P = 55°, ∠Q = 25°, ∠M = 100°, and ∠S = 25°. Is

∆QPR ~ ∆TSM? Why?

8. If ABC and DEF are similar triangles such that ∠A = 47° and ∠E = 63°, then the
measures of ∠C = 70°. Is it true? Give reason.

9. Let ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF and their areas be respectively 64 cm2 and 121 cm2. If EF =
15.4 cm, find BC.

10. ABC is an isosceles triangle right-angled at C. Prove that AB2 = 2AC2.

Short Questions :
1. In Fig. 7.10, DE || BC. If AD = x, DB = x – 2, AE = x + 2 and EC = x – 1, find the
value of x.
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2. E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a ∆PQR. Show that EF
||QR if PQ = 1.28 cm, PR= 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.36 cm.

3. A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and at the
same time a tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
4. In Fig. 7.13, if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that =
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

5. In Fig. 7.14, DE || OQ and DF || OR Show that EF || QR.

6. Using converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem, prove that the line joining
the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side.

7. State which pairs of triangles in the following figures are similar. Write the
similarity criterion used by you for answering the question and also write the
pairs of similar triangles in the symbolic form.

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 1
8. In Fig. 7.17, = = and AB = 5cm. Find the value of DC.
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 2

9. E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects

CD at F. Show that ∆ABE ~ ∆CFB.

10. S and T are points on sides PR and QR of ∆PQR such that ∠P = ∠RTS. Show that
∆RPQ ~ ∆RTS.

Long Questions :
1. Using Basic Proportionality Theorem, prove that a line drawn through the mid-
point of one side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third side.

2. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
at the point O. Show that = .
𝐵𝐵𝑂𝑂 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
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3. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR respectively, where ∆ABC
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
~ ∆PQR, prove that =
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

4. In Fig. 7.37, ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC. If ∆AED is similar to ΔBEC,

prove that AD = BC.

5. Prove that the area of an equilateral triangle described on a side of a right-

angled isosceles triangle is half the area of the equilateral triangle described
on its hypotenuse.

6. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent.

7. Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square
of the ratio of their corresponding medians.

8. In Fig. 7.41,0 is a point in the interior of a triangle ABC, OD ⊥ BC, OE ⊥ AC and

OF ⊥ AB. Show that

(i) OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2

(ii) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2

9. The perpendicular from A on side BC of a ∆ABC intersects BC at D such that DB

= 3CD (see Fig. 7.42). Prove that 2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2

10. In an equilateral triangle, prove that three times the square of one side is
equal to four times the square of one of its altitudes.

Case Study Questions:

1. Rahul is studying in X Standard. He is making a kite to fly it on a Sunday. Few questions
came to his mind while making the kite. Give answers to his questions by looking at the

figure.

i. Rahul tied the sticks at what angles to each other?

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a. 30º
b. 60º
c. 90º
d. 60º

ii. Which is the correct similarity criteria applicable for smaller triangles at the upper
part of this kite?

a. RHS
b. SAS
c. SSA
d. AAS

iii. Sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 4:9. Corresponding medians of these
triangles are in the ratio:

a. 2:3
b. 4:9
c. 81 : 16
d. 16 : 81

iv. In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides, then the angle opposite the first side is a right angle. This theorem
is called.

a. Pythagoras theorem
b. Thales theorem
c. The converse of Thales theorem
d. The converse of Pythagoras theorem

v. What is the area of the kite, formed by two perpendicular sticks of length 6cm and
8cm?

a. 48 cm2
b. 14 cm2
c. 24 cm2
d. 96 cm2

2. There is some fire incident in the house. The fireman is trying to enter the house from the
window as the main door is locked. The window is 6m above the ground. He places a ladder
against the wall such that its foot is at a distance of 2.5m from the wall and its top reaches
the window.
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i. Here, ________ be the ladder and ________ be the wall with the window.

a. CA, AB
b. AB, AC
c. AC, BC
d. AB, BC

ii. We will apply Pythagoras Theorem to find length of the ladder. It is:

a. AB2 = BC2 - CA2

b. CA2 = BC2 + AB2
c. BC2 = AB2 + CA2
d. AB2 = BC2 + CA2

iii. The length of the ladder is ________.

a. 4.5m
b. 2.5m
c. 6.5m
d. 5.5m

iv. What would be the length of the ladder if it is placed 6m away from the wall and
the window is 8m above the ground?

a. 12m
b. 10m
c. 14m
d. 8m

v. How far should the ladder be placed if the fireman gets a 9m long ladder?
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a. 6.7m (approx.)
b. 7.7m (approx.)
c. 5.7m (approx.)
d. 4.7m (approx.)

Assertion Reason Questions-

1. Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

a. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).

b. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).

c. Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

d. Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

Assertion: If two sides of a right angle are 7 cm and 8 cm, then its third side will
be 9 cm.

Reason: In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides.

2. Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a

statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.

a. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).

b. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).

c. Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

d. Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

Assertion: If ∆ABC and ∆PQR are congruent triangles, then they are also similar
triangles.

Reason: All congruent triangles are similar but the similar triangles need not be
congruent.
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Answer Key-
Multiple Choice questions-
1. (b) ∠A = ∠E

2. (d) neither similar nor congruent

3. (c) 1 : 9.

4. (a) 1 : 2

5. (b) 3

6. (b) Circles and all regular polygons

7. (b) 60°

8. (a) 9

9. (c) 10cm

10. (a) 6

Very Short Answer :

1. Since the perimeters and two sides are proportional

∴ The third side is proportional to the corresponding third side.

i.e., The two triangles will be similar by SSS criterion.

2.

3.
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4.

5.

6. Here, 122 + 162 = 144 + 256 = 400 ≠ 182

∴ The given triangle is not a right triangle.

7. Şince, ∠R = 180° – (∠P + ∠Q)

= 180° – (55° + 25°) = 100° = ∠M

∠Q = ∠S = 25° (Given)

∆QPR ~ ∆STM

i.e., . ∆QPR is not similar to ∆TSM.

8. Since ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF

∴ ∠A = ∠D = 47°

∠B = ∠E = 63°

∴ ∠C = 180° – (∠A + ∠B) = 180° – (47° + 63°) = 70°

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∴ Given statement is true.

9.

10. ∆ABC is right-angled at C.

∴ AB2 = AC2 + BC2 [By Pythagoras theorem]

⇒ AB2 = AC2 + AC2

[∵ AC = BC]

⇒ AB2 = 2AC2

Short Answer :
1. In ∆ABC, we have

DE || BC,
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
∴ = [By Basic Proportionality Theorem]
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 + 2
⇒ =
𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
⇒ x(x – 1) = (x – 2) (x + 2)

⇒ x2 – x = x2 – 4

⇒x=4

2.
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We have, PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm

PE = 0.18 cm, PF = 0.36 cm

Now, EQ = PQ-PE = 1.28 – 0.18 = 1.10 cm and

FR = PR – PF = 2.56 – 0.36 = 2.20 cm

Therefore, EF || QR [By the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem]

3. Let AB be a vertical pole of length 6m and BC be its shadow and DE be tower

and EF be its shadow. Join AC and DF.

Now, in ∆ABC and ∆DEF, we have

h = 42 Hence, height of tower, DE = 42m

4.
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Firstly, in ∆ABC, we have

LM || CB (Given)

Therefore, by Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have

5. In ΔPOQ, we have

DE || OQ (Given)

[Applying the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem in ∆PQR]

6.
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Given: ∆ABC in which D and E are the mid-points of sides AB and AC

respectively.

To prove: DE || BC

Proof: Since D and E are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively

∴ AD = DB and AE = EC

DB EC Therefore, DE || BC (By the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem)

7. (i) In ∆ABC and ∆QRP, we have

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∆NML is not similar to ∆PQR.

8.

⇒ DC = 10 cm.

9.

In ∆ABE and ∆CFB, we have

∠AEB = ∠CBF (Alternate angles)

∠A = ∠C (Opposite angles of a parallelogram)

∴ ∆ABE ~ ∆CFB (By AA criterion of similarity)

10.

In ∆RPQ and ∆RTS, we have

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∠RPQ = ∠RTS (Given)

∠PRQ = ∠TRS = ∠R (Common)

∴ ∆RPQ ~ ∆RTS (By AA criterion of similarity)

Long Answer :
1.

Given: A ∆ABC in which D is the mid-point of AB and DE is drawn parallel to BC,

which meets AC at E.

To prove: AE = EC

Proof: In ∆ABC, DE || BC

∴ By Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have

AD AAND
= … (i)
DB ANDC

Now, since D is the mid-point of AB

⇒ AD = BD … (ii)

From (i) and (ii), we have

AD AAND
=
DB ANDC

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
⇒ 1 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Hence, E is the mid-point of AC.

2. Given: ABCD is a trapezium, in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each

other at point O.
MATHEMATICS TRIANGLES

3. In ΔABD and ΔPQM we have

∠B = ∠Q (∵ ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR) … (i)

4. In ∆EDC and ∆EBA we have

∠1 = ∠2 [Alternate angles]

∠3 = ∠4 [Alternate angles]

∠CED = ∠AEB [Vertically opposite angles]

∴ ∆EDC ~ ∆EBA [By AA criterion of similarity]

MATHEMATICS TRIANGLES

5.

Given: A ∆ABC in which ∠ABC = 90° and AB = BC.

∆ABD and ΔCAE are equilateral triangles.

1
To Prove: ar(∆ABD) = × ar(∆CAE)
2

Proof: Let AB = BC = x units.

∴ hyp. CA = √x2 + √x2 = x√2 units.

Each of the ABD and ∆CAE being equilateral has each angle equal to 60°.

∴ ∆АВD ~ ∆CAE

But, the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the
squares of their corresponding sides.

6.
MATHEMATICS TRIANGLES

Given: Two triangles ABC and DEF, such that

∆ABC ~ ∆DEF and area (∆ABC) = area (∆DEF)

To prove: ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF

Proof: ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF

⇒ ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, ∠C = ∠F

AB = DE, BC = EF, AC = DF

∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF (By SSS criterion of congruency)

7. Let ∆ABC and ∆PQR be two similar triangles. AD and PM are the medians of
∆ABC and ∆PQR respectively.
MATHEMATICS TRIANGLES

8.

Join OA, OB and OC.

(i) In right ∆’s OFA, ODB and OEC, we have

OA2 = AF2 + OF2 ... (i)

WHETHER2 = BD2 + FROM2 … (ii)

and C2 = EC2 + OE2

Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we have

⇒ 0A2 + OB2 + OC2 = AF2 + BD2 + EC2 + OF2 + FROM2 + OE2

⇒ 0A2 + OB2 + OC2 – IP2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + EC2

(ii) We have, OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – IP2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + EC2

⇒ (OA2 – OE2) + (OB2 – OF2) – (OC2 – IP2) = AF2 + BD2 + EC2

⇒ AE2 + CD2 + BF2 = AP2 + BD2 + EC2

[Using Pythagoras Theorem in ∆AOE, ∆BOF and ∆COD]

9.
MATHEMATICS TRIANGLES

We have, DB = 3CD

Now,

BC = BD + CD

⇒ BC = 3CD + CD = 4CD (Given DB = 3CD)

1
∴ CD = BC
4

1
and DB = 3CD = BC
4

Now, in right-angled triangle ABD using Pythagoras Theorem we have

AB2 = AD2 + DB2 … (i)

Again, in right-angled triangle ∆ADC, we have

AC2 = AD2 + CD2 … (ii)

Subtracting (ii) from (i), we have

AB2 – AM2 = DB2 – CD2

∴ 2AB2 – 2AM2 = BC2

⇒ 2AB2 = 2AM2 + BC2

10.
MATHEMATICS TRIANGLES

Let ABC be an equilateral triangle and let AD ⊥ BC.

∴ BD = DC

Now, in right-angled triangle ADB, we have

AB2 = AD2 + BD2 [Using Pythagoras Theorem]

Case Study Answers:

1. Answer :
i c 90º
ii b SAS
iii b 4:9
iv d The converse of Pythagoras theorem
v a 48 cm2
2. Answer :
i b AB, AC
ii d AB2 = BC2 + CA2
iii c 6.5m
iv b 10m
v a 6.7m (approx)
Assertion Reason Answer-
1. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true
2. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).