College of Information Technology

Second Semester, A.Y. 2025-2026

MODULAR LEARNING

I. COURSE TITLE ADVANCE DATABASE SYSTEMS

[Link]. of Units:
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[Link] OVERVIEW

[Link] Description

[Link] Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. Create your database or interact with existing databases

2. Write complex SQL join queries across multiple tables
3. Master MySQL 8 Window Functions (LEAD, LAG, RANK, etc.)
4. Model real-world data and generate reports using SQL
5. Answer company performance or sales questions using data
6. Learns the ins and outs of MySQL 8. x syntax

[Link] Topics
These are the topics to be covered for the whole course:

 PRELIM
TOPICS
 Getting Started Overview and Installation XAMPP
 Creating Databases and Tables
 CRUD commands/ advance commands
 MIDTERM
TOPICS
 The World Of String Functions
 The Magic of Aggregate Functions
 One To Many
 Many To Many
  FINALS
TOPICS
 Instagram Database Clone
 Introducing Node
 Building Our Web App
 Database Triggers
[Link] GUIDE/LEARNING INSTRUCTIONS (This should be tackled during Orientation-1st
meeting)
 Welcome, and I hope everyone is feeling good!
 You are reminded to prepare yourselves by observing the following:
 Manage your time well.
 Wear proper uniform during online synchronous classes (previously
prescribed uniforms should be followed except for first-year
students who should look simple and smart)
 Focus your attention.
 Give your best.
 Submit requirements on time.
 Be patient.
 Work independently and answer confidently.
 Motivate yourself.
 Contact me.
 Be oriented on your category for the mode of delivery. We have classified
three groups namely:
Category A – All Online (for students with gadgets and with good wifi
connectivity) Category B – Mix Online and Print Materials (for students with
gadgets but with weak wifi connectivity)
Category C – All Print Materials (for students with no smartphones and no wifi connectivity)
 College of Information Technology
Second Semester, A.Y. 2025-2026

PRELIM MODULE

MODULE 1
Getting Started Overview and Installation XAMPP

Introduction

Embarking on the journey of advanced databases involves navigating through

critical stages. Begin with the foundational step of Getting Started Overview and
Installation of XAMPP, a pivotal platform for database management. Delve into the
intricacies of Creating Databases and Tables, shaping the architecture that
underpins data organization. Explore the dynamic realm of CRUD commands,
fundamental for data manipulation, and elevate your proficiency with
advanced commands that unveil the true power of database management. This
comprehensive introduction lays the groundwork for a deep dive into the
multifaceted landscape of advanced databases, emphasizing practical skills in
installation, design, and command execution..

Date and Time Allotment

I. Objectives

At the end of the end of this prelim module, students should be able to:
1. Use Database
2. Introduction to Tables
3. Official Introduction to SELECT
4. Introduction to Aliases
5. The UPDATE Command.

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The history of databases is intertwined with the evolution of computing and

information management. Here's a brief overview of the key milestones in the history
of databases:
1950s-1960s: Early Database Concepts

The concept of organizing and storing data in a structured manner emerged during the
early days of computing.
Hierarchical and network databases were developed to manage data in a tree-like or
graph-like structure.

The 1970s: Relational Database Model

Edgar F. Codd introduced the relational database model in his groundbreaking paper
"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks" in 1970.
IBM's System R and Oracle were among the first relational database management
systems (RDBMS) to implement Codd's ideas.
1980s: Commercialization and Standardization

The 1980s saw the commercialization of relational databases, with Oracle, IBM's DB2,
and Microsoft SQL Server entering the market.
SQL (Structured Query Language) became the standard language for interacting with
relational databases.

1990s: Rise of Client-Server Architecture

Client-server architecture gained popularity, enabling distributed databases and

improving scalability.
Object-oriented databases and object-relational databases emerged to handle complex data types.

2000s: Web and NoSQL Databases

The rise of the internet and web applications led to increased demand for scalable and
flexible databases.
NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra) were developed to handle large
volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data.

2010s: Big Data and Cloud Databases

Big Data technologies (e.g., Apache Hadoop, Spark) emerged to process and analyze
massive datasets.
Cloud databases gained popularity, allowing organizations to scale and manage
databases in the cloud.
2020s: Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies

Blockchain technology introduced decentralized and distributed databases, providing

transparency and security for certain applications.
Continued advancements in database technologies, including graph databases and
time-series databases.

Throughout history, databases have played a crucial role in organizing,

managing, and retrieving information, supporting various applications and industries.
The landscape continues to evolve as new technologies and paradigms emerge to
address the growing complexity and diversity of data management requirements.

A database is a structured collection of data that is organized in a way that

makes it easy to manage, retrieve, and update information. It serves as a central
repository for storing and managing data, allowing users and applications to interact
with it efficiently. Here are key components and concepts related to databases:

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- Databases store data, which can be facts, figures, text, images, or any
other type of information.
- Data in a database is organized into tables, rows, and columns.

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- A table is a fundamental component of a database.
- It consists of rows and columns, where each row represents a record and
each column represents a field or attribute.

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- Rows, also known as records or tuples, contain the actual data entries in a table.
- Each row typically corresponds to a unique instance of the entity being represented in the table.

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- Columns, also known as fields or attributes, define the different data types that can
be stored in a table.
- Each column has a specific data type, such as text, numeric, date, etc.

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- Fields are individual data elements in a record. They represent specific
properties or characteristics of the entity stored in the database.
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- Keys are used to uniquely identify records within a table.
- A Primary Key is a unique identifier for each record in a table.
- Foreign Keys establish relationships between tables by linking the Primary Key of one
table to a column in another table.

[Link] Databases:
- In a relational database, data is stored in multiple related tables.
- Relationships between tables are established using keys.

[Link] Management System (DBMS):

- A DBMS is software that provides an interface for interacting with a database.
- It manages the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data.

[Link] (Structured Query Language):

- SQL is a language used to communicate with relational databases.
- It is used for tasks such as querying data, updating records, and defining the
structure of a database.

10. Normalization:
- Normalization is the process of organizing data to eliminate redundancy and
improve data integrity.
- It involves breaking down large tables into smaller, related tables.

11. Indexing:
- Indexing is a technique used to optimize the retrieval of data by creating a data
structure that allows for faster access to specific records.

12. Transactions:
- A transaction is a sequence of one or more database operations executed as a single unit.
- It ensures the consistency and integrity of the database.

In summary, a database is a systematic and organized collection of data,

typically managed by a Database Management System (DBMS). It provides a
structured way to store, retrieve, and manage information, making it an essential
component in various applications and systems.
Databases play a crucial role in various aspects of modern computing and information
management. Here are 10 important reasons why we need databases, along with a
brief explanation for each:

[Link] Organization:
- Explanation: Databases help organize large volumes of data systematically. They
provide a structured way to store and retrieve information, facilitating efficient data
management.

[Link] Retrieval:
- Explanation: Databases enable quick and easy retrieval of specific data. Through
querying, users can extract relevant information without having to sift through
massive amounts of unstructured data.

[Link] Integrity:
- Explanation: Databases enforce data integrity by implementing constraints and
rules that ensure the accuracy and reliability of the stored data. This helps in
maintaining consistent and reliable information.

[Link] Security:
- Explanation: Databases offer security features such as access controls,
authentication, and encryption to protect sensitive information from unauthorized
access, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity.

[Link] Control:
- Explanation: In multi-user environments, databases implement concurrency
control mechanisms to manage simultaneous access to data by multiple users,
preventing conflicts and ensuring data consistency.

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- Explanation: Databases can scale vertically or horizontally to accommodate growing
amounts of data and increasing user demands. This scalability is essential for handling
the expanding data requirements of businesses and applications.

[Link] Relationships:
- Explanation: Databases allow the establishment of relationships between different
sets of data, providing a means to represent complex structures and dependencies.
This is vital for modeling real-world scenarios accurately.
 [Link] Independence:
- Explanation: Databases provide a layer of abstraction between the application and
the physical storage of data. This data independence allows for changes in the database
structure without affecting the applications using the data.

[Link] Redundancy Reduction:

- Explanation: Databases aim to minimize data redundancy by storing each piece of
information in a single location. This reduces the chances of inconsistencies and
makes data maintenance more straightforward.

10. Data Analysis and Reporting:

- Explanation: Databases support complex queries and reporting functionalities,
enabling organizations to analyze trends, make informed decisions, and generate
valuable insights from their data.

In summary, databases are foundational to effective data management, providing a

structured and efficient way to store, retrieve, and manage information while ensuring
its integrity, security, and scalability